引自:http://bbs.ecocn.org/thread-41761-1-1.html
Do (more/less than) (no- /every-/some-/any)-thing to +verb 结构小论
在赏析版里,我评论过
Aptly, $10,000 of cash for the project has come from CraigNewmark, of Craigslist, a group of free classified-advertisement websites thathas probably done more than anything to destroy newspapers' income. 该网站集团做得最多的可能就是损害报纸的收入。(章晓英译 http://www.ecocn.org/thread-41046-2-2.html)
评论:该网站集团做得最多的可能就是损害报纸的收入。这句话在中文里到底是什么意思?我的理解是,根据此译,该集团做的事很多,最多的是“损害报纸的收入”,另外言外之意暗含着:次多的是“某某别的事”,最少的又是“某某某别的事”。(这里试图找出more thananything的意思,译者把它当成most,亦即,译者认为more than anything = most, 所以原句= a group ofwebsites that has done probably most to destroy newspapers’ income.
再看一看,按此解释,主谓宾是什么?
为简化分析,改写原句为a group of websites has done more than anything to destroyincome.
主语是a group of websites
谓语是has done,宾语是more than anything 或者是most.
我的看法,跟这不同。我认为,a group of websites 跟anything 是平行的,两者都是主语(但层次不同),has done 是谓语,为两个主语共用(但层次不同),more 是名词,作宾语。这个句子写全了,应是A group ofwebsites has done more, than anything (else) has done, to destroy income.
中文翻译应是:该网站集团, 比任何别的东西,对报纸收入的损害都大。
有else 没有else 都一样。
从此,用演绎法,
我们就能扩大研究课题。 如果没有more than, 只是do anything to +verb,
那是什么意思?平行地, 有more 就有less, 如果用less than 呢?也就是以下这个triplet
Do anything to + v
Do more than anything to +v
Do less than anything to + v
进一步用演绎法推广,跟anything 相仿佛的平行性不定代词还有something,everything,nothing.
每一个都可以形成以上的triplet,一共还有9种可能。它们有意思吗?
这就引起下面这篇短文。
Do (more/less than) nothing /everything/something/anything (else)to +verb 结构
本文写作,靠两样,语料寻找,工具是google;基本逻辑则是人人会的。没有别的理论根据。所以结论是descriptive 而不是prescriptive。敬请读者小心。
本文所有例句来自google搜寻,来源不够权威的已经删除。实例很多,表示搜寻结果超过10句。实例不多,表示搜寻结果 4-10句。实例很少,表示搜寻结果只有1-3句。实例阙如, 0句。(句的清点,以不重复者入计)
为了交互参考方便,本文小节号码用了两位数字。m.n 表示第m小节的第n小小节。
0.0
Do anything to + v. (anything是do的宾语)。
实例很多。
President will do anything to accomplish his ends.
注意,这里是“人(总统)做(do)事(anything)”
意思是:为达目的什么事都会干。
0.1
Do more than anything to + v.(more 是名词,是do的宾语,than anything 是省略形式, 写全了是than anything would do)
实例很多。
这就是我认为章晓英译的不对的句型。 这样的句子,主语往往是“事”或“物”, 因而无法“做事”,所以前事和后事是平行的, 尽管层次不同。搜寻中未见到有用可“做事”的“人”作主语的。这点跟以后的其他三个triplets 不一样。 后头会论及。
0.1(1)
Sunday's vote in Turkey is an example of the kind ofbottom-up reforms that can bring lasting and positive change without inspiringa militant backlash. They also demonstrate to Turkey, to the Middle East, andto the world that Islam and democracy are not mutually exclusive. Far from it.Bringing Islam to the political sphere in a liberal, or liberalizing context,may do more than anything to bring liberal democracy to the Middle East. Wemight prefer that all governments be secular liberal democracies like our own.But if we must choose between an Islamic democracy and a secular autocracy,regional history suggests we should prefer the former every time.
注意, 这里是“事(Bringing Islamto the political sphere in a liberal, or liberalizing context,)做(may do)更多(more)比(than)其他事(anything)”, 也就是“前事比后事做得更多”(我解),而不是“前事做后事最多”(章晓英解)
0.1(2)
None of that was clear in the summer of 2002, when Clintonmade the decision that may do more than anything to shape his post-presidentiallegacy. To launch his HIV initiative, he turned not to a philanthropist orpublic-health doctor or development professional. “It was a system thing,” hesays. “It’s the absence of effective systems that I believe is the primaryfactor holding a lot of these countries back. We wanted people who couldoperate efficiently in the nonprofit field in the same way they had in business.”So he called a business consultant named Ira Magaziner.
分析同上。
以上2句里的Do more than anything to + v.的主语都是事物(thing),不是人。显然,比较存在于该事物(thing)和其他事物(anything)之间。以上2例,如果在anything后加else,则这种事跟事之间的比较更明确。
按do more than anything else to+v 寻找,例子不胜枚举。经分析,这些例子都可以替换为do more than anythingto+v.
实际上,一旦加了else,就一定不会有人把more than anything解为most了。所以,这个else是一个示性符号。在0.1这个句型里,起了加强作用。在以下别的情况下,也可以用来辨别。所以我将一并讨论。
0.2
Do less than anything to + v。
实例阙如。
这个结果让我吃惊。0.2显然形式上跟0.1平行, 为什么不能按同样的思路造出以下句子?
a group of free classified-advertisement websites hasprobably done less than anything to destroy newspapers' income.
译成:该网站集团,比任何别的东西,对报纸收入的损害都小。
如果语言也遵循对称的原则话,这种造句的潜能还未被发掘,有一天人们会造出这样的句子。拭目以待吧。
另外,按do less than anything else to + v也无法找到例子。如果按逻辑,0.2有生成句子的潜能,那么,0.2里的anything加else,更应当有潜能。当然,语言的规律,如果有的话,也不象门捷列夫周期表,可以马上预言某未知元素的存在。假以时日, 也许会出现0.2型的句子。
1.0
Do nothing to + v. (nothing 是do的宾语)
实例很多。
Peacekeepers do nothing to stop killings.
注意,这里是“人(peacekeepers)做(do)事(nothing)”
从这点上说,1.0 平行于0.0 .
意思是什么也没做,做的东西=0。
1.1
Do more than nothing to + v.(more是名词,more than nothing整个作do的宾语)
实例不多 (6)
This is great news. It means that the government will domore than nothing to protect consumers, businesses, and free speech from thegreed of giant internet-providing corporations, and every little bit ofprotection helps.
注意,
这里是ZF(人还是事?偏人吧?ZF跟人一样,可做事)做起码的一点事(more than nothing)
这是另一个让我吃惊的地方。1.1 跟0.1 不平行!0.1 的理解不能用到1.1来。
换言之,章晓英的思路用到这里完全可以。
有几点值得区别和注意。
第一,1.1主语是可“做事”的。0.1 主语则不能。
第二,寻找“do more than nothing else to +v”根本没有例子。所以0.1 的思路不能搬来用。
最后,关键可能出于nothing跟anything的区别。试想一条频谱,nothing是端点零(表示无),everything是端点1(表示全)。0和1都是有definitive 的意义,是确定的点,但是anything,something不是。它们只能定义于一个闭区间[0,1]。
实际上,anything 和something 还有区别,尽管都是定义于一个闭区间。 前者飘忽不定, 是一个线段,后者一旦被发现,只是一个点。也就是 anything 比较不定,形单实复,而something则比较确定,形单实单。
这样的思考,也许有助于解释以下讨论中要区别的一些深层的原因。
那么,do more than nothing to +v是什么意思?
本句中,意思是:ZF为了保护消费者,起码总要做点样子吧。
起码把做事的程度达到0的右边的一点,>0.
1.2
Do less than nothing to + v。(less是名词,less than nothing整个作do的宾语)
实例很多。
What we are witnessing is a slow motion invasion andusurpation of our national sovereignty;the border-states are the first and hardest hit andraising the alarm yet the feds do less than nothing to defend those states.
注意,这里是ZF部门(feds)做比什么都不做还少的事(less than nothing)
1.2 平行于1.1。分析相仿,从略。
翻译应是,可是联邦ZF在捍卫这些州方面,比毫无作为还糟糕。
这毫无作为,本应是0,但是为夸张起见,用<0 来表达。所以1.2 是1.0 的夸张式,加强式。
按do less than nothing else to + v寻找,根本没有例子。
2.0
Do everything to + v. (everything是do的宾语)
实例很多。
We will do everything to catch the murderers
人做事。
这里,2.0 平行于1.0 平行于0.0。姑不赘。
意思是该做的都做了,做的东西=1,全了。
2.1
Do more than everything to + v.(more是名词,more thaneverything整个作do的宾语)
实例很少(2)。
Bong Gu is now ready to do more than everything to get backhis belonging and that includes facing this gangster and his mean bodyguards
人做,凡事皆做,超过也做。尽了力,还超过。
2.1 平行于1.1, 但是不平行于0.1。
意思是:他现在已经准备好尽其所能,甚至超其所能也在所不惜,讨回自己的东西。
做的东西>1, 所以2.1 是2.0 的夸张式,加强式。
按 do more than everything else to +v 寻找,实例不多(4)
Combined, these two things do more than everything else todefine who we are, & who we will become。
很显然,这个句子从本质上相当于
Combined, these two things do more than anything (else) to define whowe are, & who we will become。
也就是说,一般情况下,2.1不平行于0.1, 但是, 如果2.1中的everything变成everything else,(相应的,主语不再是人,而是事)那么,2.1跟0.1可替用。
2.2
Do less than everything to + v。(less是名词,less thaneverything整个作do的宾语)
实例很少(3)。
Either Iran poses a major security threat to the U.S. andothers, or it doesn’t. If it does – and President Obama has said that it does –there can be no reason or logic for the Obama Administration to do less thaneverything to stop Iran – and, remember, President Obama has repeatedly said hewill do ‘everything’ to stop Iran becoming a nuclear power.
意思是:奥巴马没有理由不尽力。
做的东西<1.
注意常用于否定句(no).而less 也具有否定意义,所以实际上是双否定,那就是强肯定。
我觉得可以用2.1 代替这个双否定。
there can be no reason or logic for the Obama Administrationto do less than everything to stop Iran = Obama Administration should do morethan everything to stop Iran.
按do less than everything else to +v 寻找,没有例子。
最后,轮到“比较确定,形单实单”的something。
3.0
Do something to + v. (something是do的宾语)
实例很多。
Everybody can do something to make a greener Indiana。
人做事。
意思是:人人都可以做点什么。
3.1
Do more than something to + v.
实例阙如。
按 do more than something else to +v 寻找,没有例子。
3.2
Do less than something to + v.
实例阙如。
按 do less than something else to + v 寻找,没有例子。
看来,something不喜比较, 3.1,3.2没有孳生句子的能力。
结论:
在这个结论的地方, 是不是还能再提高点什么呢?
跟something有关的3.1/3.2无法生成句子,这是个很强的结论。 这可能是因为something是[0,1]中的某一点,未明确定义前,无法做比较。
跟nothing有关的1.1/1.2(>0, <0)可以生成句子。因为0是一个明确的端点。容易比较。
跟everything有关的2.1/2.2(>1,<1)可以生成句子。因为1是一个明确的端点。容易比较。
Anything跟something/nothing/everything不一样在于一个微妙之处。后三者的比较(包括something不喜比较)都只是限于一个一维的线段。无论>0, <0,>1, <1, 着眼点都在这个[0,1]的线段空间上。都是“某事的自比”,程度可从小于无,到无,到全,到大于全。
但是一旦进入more than anything(else 可加可不加),或是more than everything else (else 一定要加),这时的比较,就跳到一个二维平面上了。这时的比较,不是“某事的自比”,而是“事与事之间的他比”。所以有这样的跳跃,是因为anything这个词的特性:飘忽不定,形单实复,亟欲冲出[0,1]的框框。
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