一些比较有用的分析结论及难句分析、疑句讨论(持续更新中)

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Special report: The world economy - Asia: Crony tigers, divided dragons (Oct 13th 2012)

译文参见221楼

1、It is also a study in contrasts.
难点：句意在语境中的翻译

2、Enterprising local families can make 100,000 yuan ($16,000) a year catering to Beijing tourists, not far off the city’s average white-collar wage.
难点：介词off的理解

3、Shen Zhiyun, a gnarled man in fake US army fatigues, says a village family makes 4,000-5,000 yuan a year, nowhere near Indian levels of poverty, but a far cry from the living standards only a few miles away.
难点：(1)nowhere near的理解；(2)a far cry from ...的理解

4、As people have left subsistence agriculture for more productive work in cities, inequality has risen along with prosperity.
难点：subsistence的理解

5、But that cannot be the whole explanation, if only because the experience of today’s Asian tigers is in striking contrast to that of an earlier pack.
难点：连词if only because的理解，that of an earlier pack与下文的联系。

6、And as Ravi Kanbur of Cornell University points out, the offshoring of tasks that has hit mid-level workers in America and Europe often benefits people higher up the skills ladder in recipient countries.
难点：offshoring of tasks的理解，句子结构
句子结构：as Ravi Kanbur of Cornell University points out非限定性定语从句，主语the offshoring of tasks，that的引导的定语从句that has hit mid-level workers in America and Europe修饰先行词the offshoring of tasks（中心词offshoring），谓语benefit，people higer up the skills ladder in recipient countries是省略引导词that的宾语从句

7、Raghuram Rajan, an Indian-born economist at the University of Chicago who recently became chief economic adviser to India’s government, has pointed out that India has the second-largest number of billionaires relative to the size of its economy after Russia, mainly thanks to insider access to land, natural resources and government contracts.
难点：relative to的翻译，insider的理解，government contract的理解与翻译

8、The state still has huge control over resources, whether directly through state-owned enterprises, monopoly control of industries from railways to mining or the distorted financial system, where interest rates are artificially depressed and access to credit is influenced by politics.
难点：whether directly through state-owned enterprises, monopoly control of industries from railways to mining or the distorted financial system的并列断句
state-owned enterprises、monopoly control of industries from railways to mining 、the distorted financial system三者并列，共同作through的介词宾语，whether a1, a2, ...., or an句式表选择（让步状语）

9、Broader government strategies have distorted countries’ growth paths in a manner that increased income gaps.
难点：in a manner的理解与翻译

10、Unlike China, where the surge in factories assembling goods for export brought millions of migrant workers into the formal urban labour force, India’s formal workforce has barely grown since 1991.
难点：barely表否定(此处不是only，而是little、hardly的意思)

11、Other Asian economies do not suffer from a hukou problem, but there, too, government social policies have often made inequality worse because most social spending, from public housing to health insurance, has traditionally been confined to the formal, urban workforce.
难点：be confined to的翻译，workforce的翻译（不是labour force）

12、Inequality between urban and rural areas has recently stabilised and that between regions has begun to fall slightly, but from an extraordinarily high level.
难点：stabilise的翻译，fall slightly, but from an extraordinarily high level的理解

13、China’s minimum wage, which is set at the provincial level, rose by an average of 17% last year.
难点：be set at the provincial level的理解与翻译

14、Some countries have introduced public-work schemes for the poorest.
难点：introduce的理解与翻译，public-work的理解与翻译

15、Parents’ income and their type of employer explain about two-thirds of China’s inequality of opportunity, a much bigger share than is explained by parental education.
难点：type of employer的理解与翻译，explain about two-thirds的翻译，share的理解，parental education的理解

16、The stakes are high.
难点：stakes的理解

17、Ironically, in that sense they might become more like Latin America just as that continent appears to be moving in the opposite direction.
难点：in that sense的理解与翻译，that continent appears to be moving in the opposite direction的理解与翻译（that是形容词）

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Special report: The world economy - Sweden: The new model (Oct 13th 2012)
译文见215楼

1、The “Saltsjöbaden Accord”, signed there between unions and employers in 1938, ushered in the consensus system of labour relations that remains a pillar of Sweden’s economic model.
难点：usher in的理解，pillar的理解

2、It is one of Stockholm’s fanciest suburbs, and the setting for “Sunny Side”, a popular television comedy that pokes fun at the country’s new rich.
难点：setting的理解，poke fun的理解

3、A badly behaved child is threatened with banishment to Fisksätra, a poor enclave a few train stops away, where immigrants from 100 countries cram into dilapidated blocks of flats.
难点：cram into dilapidated blocks of flats的翻译

4、The most equal country in the world is becoming less so.
难点：be becoming less so的理解

5、A leftist group caused a media hubbub earlier this year by organising a “class safari” bus tour of Saltsjöbaden and Fisksätra.
难点：hubbub的理解，“class safari”的理解与翻译

6、Its experience, he says, shows that dynamism and egalitarianism do not need to be at odds.
难点：do not need to be at odds的理解

7、The facts bear him out.
难点：bear out的理解

8、The new Swedish model is quite different from the leftist stereotype.
难点：stereotype的翻译

9、Before the government steps in, the country’s Gini coefficient for the working-age population is 0.37, close to the OECD average and higher than Switzerland’s.
难点：the government steps in的理解

10、Wage disparities are narrower than in Anglo-Saxon countries, thanks to centralised bargaining between unions and employers that sets minimum wages in different sectors.
难点：bargaining的理解

11、But in other ways Sweden has been in the vanguard of many of the social changes that have boosted inequality in other countries, such as the decline of marriage.
难点：social changes (such as the decline of marriage)的翻译

12、In the early 1990s Sweden introduced a “dual income tax” system, which combined a flat tax on capital with a higher, progressive income tax.
难点：introduce的理解，“dual income tax” system的理解与翻译，flat tax on capital的理解，progressive income tax的理解

13、More recent reforms went further.
难点：句意在语境中的翻译

14、Thanks, in part, to these tax changes, capital income has soared, particularly at the top of Sweden’s income scale.
难点：captical income的翻译，scale的理解

15、For instance, Sweden’s tax code now favours residential property over more productive investment.
难点：tax code的理解，favour A over B的理解，residential property的理解，residential property与more productive investment递进关系的翻译（不能译成并列）

16、Other innovations, such as a credit for hiring household help, are designed to spur demand for low-wage workers.
难点：credit的理解，household help的翻译，be designed for的翻译

17、Union membership dues, in contrast, no longer qualify for tax relief.
难点：dues的理解，tax relief的理解

18、Notice boards at Stockholm’s suburban railway stations are filled with advertisements for cleaners, once an unheard-of luxury.
难点：once an unheard-of luxury的理解与翻译

19、The Iraqis, Somalis and other low-skilled foreigners in Fisksätra, unlike migrants a generation ago, can no longer count on a drip-feed of government support.
难点：count on的理解，drip-feed的理解与翻译

20、Trade unionists worry that the reforms will reduce union membership, undermining the consensual system of labour relations.
难点：undermine的翻译

21、Others suspect a poverty trap in the making, with people stuck with low skills in low-wage jobs.
难点：making的理解（= process）

22、Pernilla Landin, a social worker who runs a multi-faith community centre in Fisksätra, already sees dangerous signs of social exclusion.
难点：multi-faith的理解，social exclusion的理解与翻译

23、But the danger is vastly reduced by Sweden’s all-enveloping public services.
难点：all-enveloping的理解与翻译

24、Many schools are now independently run, and in health care private management is a growing trend.
难点：private management的翻译（不是“私有”）

25、Public services have not entirely escaped cuts, but they started high and were designed to protect the poor.
难点：cuts的理解，started high的理解与翻译

26、Once you allow for the progressivity of public services, the OECD reckons, Sweden’s Gini drops to 0.18.
难点：progressivity的理解

27、Sweden’s citizens are strikingly committed to social cohesion, and willing to pay for a large state.
难点：be committed to的理解，pay for a large state的翻译

28、A revival of America’s union movement would be likely to lead to growth-destroying rigidities.
难点：rigidities的理解与翻译（意为“价格粘性”）

29、Sweden’s remake of the welfare state is most relevant in Europe, where in the aftermath of the financial crisis many countries are now struggling with unsustainable public finances, as Sweden did 20 years ago.
难点：relevant的理解，as Sweden did 20 years ago修饰成分的理解（修饰where引导的定语从句）

30、Sweden’s experience suggests that the welfare state can be trimmed by cutting transfers and maintaining progressive investment in social services, without allowing inequality to surge.
难点：trim的理解与翻译，transfers的理解，progressive的理解

31、All these case studies indicate that the geography of contemporary inequality has as much to do with government policy as with underlying economic forces.
难点：geography的翻译，do with的理解，as ... as ...结构的理解与翻译
结构分析：
比较的两句句子：
A. The geography of contemporary inequality has much to do with government policy.
B. The geography of contemporary inequality has much to do with underlying economic forces.
比较的内容：两句句子的程度（much）
比较结果：程度相同

32、But it has not been a simple tale of tax and redistribution, nor is there a simple trade-off between efficiency and inequality.
难点：nor导致倒装的理解，trade-off的理解与翻译

33、America’s system of taxes and transfers is less progressive than it was in the 1970s, yet the state is no smaller.
难点：progressive的理解，yet the state is no smaller句意在语境中的理解

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Special report: The world economy - Trade-offs: Having your cake (Oct 13th 2012)

译文见217楼

1、Mitt Romney, America’s Republican presidential candidate, caused a kerfuffle earlier this year when he dismissed concerns about inequality as the result of “class warfare” that had no place in America’s public discourse.
难点：dismiss的理解，“class warfare”的理解

2、Rather than an “envy-oriented” debate about distribution, he argued in favour of creating a “merit-based” America, with policies that focus on economic growth.
难点：“envy-oriented”的翻译，argue in favour of的理解，“merit-based”的翻译

3、Keynes wrote in 1919 that it was “precisely the inequality of the distribution of wealth which made possible those vast accumulations of fixed wealth and of capital improvements which distinguished [the Gilded Age] from all others”.
难点：the inequality of the distribution of wealth的翻译，fixed wealth的理解，the Gilded Age的理解与翻译，句子结构
句子结构：which引导的定语从句which made possible those vast accumulations of fixed wealth and of capital improvements which distinguished [the Gilded Age] from all others修饰先行词the inequality of the distribution of wealth。该定语从句中，possible是宾语补足语（前置），宾语是those vast accumulations of fixed wealth and of capital improvements。which引导的定语从句which distinguished [the Gilded Age] from all others修饰先行词those vast accumulations of fixed wealth and of capital improvements。

4、Second, rising inequality has not, by and large, been accompanied by a smaller (and hence less distortive) state.
难点：by and large的理解，state的理解

5、They found that growth was more persistent in more equal countries, and that income distribution mattered more for the length of growth spells than either the degree of trade liberalisation or the quality of a country’s political institutions.
难点：length of growth spells的理解，political institutions的理解

6、The meritocratic assumption is that public provision of basic services, particularly education, does enough to counter this advantage to give everyone a reasonable start.
难点：meritocratic assumption的理解与翻译，counter的理解，this advantage在上文中的指代

7、This argument echoed John Kenneth Galbraith, who wrote in the 1950s that “bad distribution of income” was the main cause of the Depression.
难点：echo的理解与翻译

8、There is evidence that widening income gaps in America pushed less affluent people to stretch their finances, particularly to buy pricier houses.
难点：less affluent people的理解（less修饰affluent，不是修饰people），stretch的理解，finances的理解

9、That does not mean inequality never aggravates macroeconomic instability, but unfortunately critics of inequality often exaggerate their claims.
难点：their的指代

10、Inequality literally gets “under your skin” because the stress of keeping up with the Joneses raises cortisol levels.
难点：gets “under your skin”的理解与翻译，keeping up with the Joneses的理解与翻译

11、In a devastating critique, published by the Democracy Institute, Christopher Snowdon showed that Mr Wilkinson and Ms Pickett made highly selective use of statistics.
难点：devastating的理解与翻译

12、Other, more careful studies show that although there is a strong relationship between individual income and health (richer people tend to be healthier and live longer than poorer ones), the link between countries’ income gaps and their citizens’ health is weak.
难点：countries’ income gaps的理解（国与国之间的，而非各国内部的）

13、Exaggerated claims of the damage from inequality have themselves done damage by reinforcing caricatures in an already highly charged debate.
难点：themselves的理解与翻译，caricatures的理解与翻译，charged的理解

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Special report: The world economy - Policy prescriptions: A True Progressivism (Oct 13th 2012)

译文见219楼

1、“In every wise struggle for human betterment,” he argued, “one of the main objects, and often the only object, has been to achieve in large measure equality of opportunity.”
难点：in large measure的理解

2、In China, freeing monopoly sectors, from mining to railways, would reorient the economy towards domestic consumption and reduce income gaps.
难点：free的理解

3、A freer financial sector, with market-driven interest rates, would remove a potent source of income concentration and economic distortion.
难点：potent source的理解与翻译

4、That, too, would result in more balanced economies and remove the rents that lie behind a lot of the surge in wealth at the top.
难点：rents的理解与翻译（由rent-seeking衍生而来）

5、A second priority is to attack inequality with more targeted and progressive social spending.
难点：progressive的理解

6、It means wider use of conditional cash transfers.
难点：transfers的裂解

7、Concerns about distribution and its effect on future growth add impetus: the longer that governments prevaricate about reforming entitlements, the more will be squeezed from investment in the young and poor.
难点：reforming entitlements的理解

8、Its government spends barely more than 0.1% of GDP on “active labour-market policies” to get the less skilled back to work, one-fifth of the OECD average.
难点：barely的理解（表否定，相当于little），“active labour-market policies”的理解与翻译

9、Yet in most countries other than America, government spending is a much more important tool for combating inequality than the tax system.
难点：other than的理解，比较级的翻译

10、Tax revenue is better seen as a way to fund the state, not a tool to punish the rich.
难点：tax revenue的翻译（这里要把tax revenue译成一种“way”，所以要译成动宾短语）

11、But no one doubts that there are trade-offs.
难点：trade-offs的理解与翻译（补全trade-off的具体内容）

12、In countries where the state is already large, rebalancing government spending should take precedence over raising more revenue.
难点：state的理解

13、The “carried-interest” loophole, which allows private-equity managers to pay (low) capital-gains rather than (higher) income tax on their earnings, is one such sore.
难点：private-equity的理解，pay (low) capital-gains rather than (higher) income tax on their earnings的理解与翻译，sore的理解与翻译

14、So are many tax deductions, from those for charitable contributions to mortgage interest, most of which disproportionately benefit the wealthy.
难点：tax deductions的翻译，mortgage interest的理解，disproportionately的翻译

15、An overhaul of the tax code to reduce corporate tax rates and narrow the gap between individuals’ tax rates on capital and labour income would improve its efficiency and make richer people pay higher average tax rates.
难点：tax code的理解与翻译，its的指代

16、Higher property taxes would be an efficient and progressive source of revenue.
难点：property taxes的理解，progressive的理解，efficient and progressive source of revenue的翻译（注意两个形容词与名词的搭配习惯）

17、Inheritance tax could be reformed so that it falls on individual beneficiaries rather than on the estate as a whole, as it does in Germany.
难点： individual beneficiaries的理解与翻译，estate的理解与翻译

18、But in the rich world the decibels of the inequality debate have been matched by the inadequacy of the reform effort.
难点：decibels的理解与翻译，matched的理解与翻译

19、In continental Europe there is nothing much beyond a clamour to raise top tax rates.
难点：nothing much beyond的理解

20、Britain’s coalition government has taken on the welfare system but balks at getting rid of free bus passes for affluent old folk.
难点：take on的理解，balk at的理解，bus passes的的理解

21、The most shocking shortcomings are in America, the rich country where income gaps are biggest and have increased fastest.
难点：shortcomings的理解与翻译（译成“缺点”、“错误”、“缺陷”等显然不符合汉语习惯）

22、The Democrats are little better.
难点：little表否定

23、Barack Obama gave his own speech at Osawatomie last year, wrapping himself in Roosevelt’s mantle.
难点：wrapping himself in Roosevelt’s mantle的理解与翻译

24、But his response, from raising the top income-tax rate to increasing college-tuition subsidies, was just a laundry list of small initiatives.
难点：laundry list的理解，initiatives的理解与翻译

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Assisted suicide: Over my dead body (Oct 20th 2012)

译文见222楼

1、The Montana Supreme Court has ruled that doctors cannot be prosecuted for prescribing lethal drugs for terminally ill patients.
难点：for ...修饰对象的理解（修饰be prosecuted，而不是not be prosecuted）

2、Now the trend is spreading far and wide (though not in Asia or in Muslim countries where it is still taboo).
难点：the trend的指代及与上文的衔接问题

3、Private members’ bills to legalise it are due in both the Scottish and London Parliaments early next year.
难点：private members’ bills的理解与翻译，due的理解

4、Yet for the limited measures introduced so far, safeguards abound and evidence of abuse is scant.
难点：safeguards的理解与翻译

5、A second doctor must review the case both for the accuracy of the prognosis and to certify that no pressure (from inheritance-hungry relatives, say) has been exerted.
难点：inheritance-hungry的翻译

6、Even in the Netherlands, which takes a notably relaxed approach to both forms, it represents less than 3%.
难点：both forms的指代（指代both euthanasia and assisted suicide）

7、That led the chief prosecutor to publish guidance on the criteria used for taking assisted-suicide cases to court.
难点：guidance的理解与翻译

8、His parents, who took him there, risked arrest on their return.
难点：on their return的理解

9、But England’s public prosecutor ruled that criminal proceedings would not be in the public interest.
难点：be in the public interest的理解与翻译

10、Stuck in what he described as a “living nightmare” after a stroke in 2005 left him unable to move or communicate save by blinking, he begged the court to allow a doctor to put an end to his life.
难点：stick的理解与翻译，save的理解（= except），句子结构
句子结构：Stuck in what he described as a “living nightmare” after a stroke in 2005 left him unable to move or communicate save by blinking都是现在分词短语，作状语。其中，in what he described as a “living nightmare” after a stroke in 2005 left him unable to move or communicate save by blinking是介宾短语，作stick的状语。what he described as a “living nightmare” after a stroke in 2005 left him unable to move or communicate save by blinking是介词in的宾语从句，引导词what充当谓语described的逻辑宾语（described what as X）。after a stroke in 2005 left him unable to move or communicate save by blinking是宾语从句中分时间状语从句，主语a stroke，谓语left，宾语him，unable to move or communicate save by blinking宾语补足语。

11、The prospect of the loss of autonomy, of dignity and of the ability to enjoy life are the main reasons cited by those wanting assisted suicide.
难点：the prospect of the loss of autonomy, of dignity and of the ability的翻译

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Free exchange: Game, set and match (Oct 20th 2012)

译文见227楼

1、This drives economists nuts.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：使役动词drive作谓语，宾语economists，名词nuts作宾补

2、The reason is that most societies find the concept of mixing kidneys and cash repugnant.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：主语most societies，谓语find，宾语the concept of mixing kidneys and cash，形容词repugnant作宾补

3、People often exclude financial considerations from their most important decisions, from the person they marry to the foster child they adopt.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：exclude A from B是主干结构，逗号后的from C to D表示范围，C、D各有一个定语从句

4、Even some transactions that do involve money are not really about price.
难点：句子结构，about price的理解与翻译
句子结构：that引导的定语从句that do involve money（强调句）修饰先行词transactions

5、After all, economics is about maximising welfare, not GDP.
难点：about maximising welfare, not GDP的理解（not GDP省略了about，补充完整即economics is not about GDP）

6、But the absence of a price to allocate supply and demand makes it harder to know whether welfare is being maximised.
难点：is being maximised的翻译（注意进行时态）

7、They noted the similarity between college admissions, in which students and universities are trying to pair up to their mutual satisfaction, and the marriage market, in which a fixed number of men and women are trying to find a match.
难点：句子结构，fixed number的理解
句子结构：between A and B是主干结构，A、B中各有一个in which引导的限定性定语从句（虽然有逗号隔开，但还是限定性的，关系副词只能引导限定性定于从句、不能引导非限定性定语从句）

8、In real life, some people settle for second-best, which can lead to lots of trouble.
难点：settle for second-best的理解与翻译

9、But if John loves Mary, while Mary loves her husband more than John, both will stay put.
难点：stay put的理解

10、Mr Gale and Mr Shapley devised an algorithm for matching an equal number of men and women that would guarantee this second, more stable outcome.
难点：equal number of men and women的理解，this second的指代

11、Each woman rejects all the proposals she gets except the highest-ranked among them.
难点：the highest-ranked的理解（是女性最心仪的男性）

12、But she does not accept the proposal, in case a man she prefers even more proposes next time.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：in case引导条件状语从句in case a man she prefers even more proposes next time。其中a man she prefers even more是主语，she prefers even more是定语从句修饰先行词a man

13、The tests of a well-designed market are that participants are satisfied enough that they don’t go around it, and that there is little incentive to game the system—by, for example, lying about their preferences.
难点：tests的理解与翻译，it的指代，game the system的理解，句子结构
句子结构：that they don’t go around it, and that there is little incentive to game the system是and连接的两个that引导的结果状语并列句

14、If their blood types do not match, they can be paired with a couple in the mirror-image position.
难点：a couple in the mirror-image position的理解与翻译

15、The New England Programme for Kidney Exchange, which was partly designed by Mr Roth, incorporates much more complex chains of donors and recipients and raises the supply of kidneys by making a donor more confident his loved one will find a match.
难点：句子结构
句子结构： incorporates much more complex chains of donors and recipients和raises the supply of kidneys by making a donor more confident his loved one will find a match是and连接的两个动宾结构（The New England Programme for Kidney Exchange是共同主语）。在第二个动宾结构中，介宾短语by making a donor more confident his loved one will find a match作方式状语。在该介宾短语中，make A B是主干结构（使役动词，宾语+宾补），其中B是more confident his loved one will find a match，在这个部分中，his loved one will find a match充当more confident的补足语从句（省略引导词that）。整个宾语改为句子以后，相当于A donor (feels) more confident (that) his loved one will find a match.在这句句子中，more confident是表语，that引导的that his loved one will find a match充当表语补足语。

16、In time the internet could make formal matching systems viable for even more transactions.
难点：in time的理解（显然不是“及时”的意思）

17、Existing systems cannot always be improved upon, however.
难点：always be improved upon的理解

18、Utku Ünver at Boston College, who helped develop the kidney-exchange programme with Mr Roth, points to the allocation of law students to federal-judge clerkships.
难点：point to的理解与翻译

19、Judges have complete control over whom they hire, and many students to choose from, so there are fewer benefits to a formal clearing-house system.
难点：句子结构，clearing-house的理解
句子结构：complete control over whom they hire和many students to choose from是and连接的并列成分，共用谓语have

20、And in many cases such systems should only facilitate transactions, not execute them.
难点：facilitate transactions, not execute them的理解与翻译

21、In their 1962 article Mr Gale and Mr Shapley noted that their algorithm was not particularly complicated, illustrating a larger point about their discipline: “any argument that is carried out with sufficient precision is mathematical.”
难点：discipline的理解

22、The recognition of Mr Shapley’s and Mr Roth’s work is also a reminder: that for all the bad press economics has received since the crisis, the discipline still brims over with insights that can solve real-life problems.
难点：reminder的理解与翻译，for的理解（= in spite of），bad press的理解（press = news / critiques），discipline的理解，句子结构
句子结构：第一个that语气助词，表陈述，无实意（= say）。介宾短语for all the bad press economics has received since the crisis作让步状语，其中，economics has received since the crisis是定语从句修饰先行词bad press，先行词在定语从句中充当receive的逻辑宾语。

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Exoplanets: Small, furry creatures from Alpha Centauri? (Oct 20th 2012)

译文见230楼

1、Planets orbiting more conventional stars turned up three years later, and since then the initial trickle of discoveries has become a flood.
难点：conventional的理解，the initial trickle of discoveries has become a flood的理解与翻译

2、So it takes a lot, these days, for news of a freshly discovered planet to raise eyebrows.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：it takes sometime for somebody to do something是主干结构，these days充当时间状语（= recently）

3、The planet, therefore, is not only the closest to Earth ever discovered, it is just about as close to Earth as any exoplanet can be.
难点：两分句语意上的差别比较（前半句强调是“目前发现离地球最近的”，后者强调是“唯一离地球近的”，即the closest and the solely close）及该差别的翻译

4、Only if it were orbiting Proxima Centauri, the third member of the system after Alpha Centauri A and B, could it be closer.
难点：虚拟语气，倒装（主语）

5、There, though, the similarities end.
难点：there的理解（语气助词，无实意）

6、The new planet is extremely close to its parent star, completing an orbit every 3.2 Earth days.
难点：complete an orbit的理解

7、(By way of comparison Mercury, the scorched innermost planet in the Solar System, has a year that is 88 days long.)
难点：句子结构
句子结构：介宾短语by way of comparison作方式状语，主语Mercury，动宾结构has a year that is 88 days long

8、It is also almost certainly tidally locked to its parent, meaning that one side is constantly baked and blasted by stellar radiation, while the other faces the freezing blackness of space.
难点：be tidally locked to的理解

9、Life on such a body is, presumably, out of the question.
难点：out of the question的理解

10、They ran their quarry to ground using what is known as the radial-velocity method, which examines stars for tiny wobbles caused by the gravity of planets that circle them.
难点：run the quarry to ground的理解与翻译

11、This method is well established.
难点：句意在语境中的翻译

12、In the past, several apparent planets have evaporated on closer inspection.
难点：evaporate on closer inspection的理解与翻译

13、In this case, a great deal of statistical gymnastics was necessary to extract the planet-induced wobble from bigger ones caused by the star’s internal churnings, noise in the instruments, the motion of Earth through space, and contamination of the signal with light from Alpha Centauri A, the biggest member of the Alpha Centauri system.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：extract A from B是主干结构。B是bigger ones caused by the star’s internal churnings, noise in the instruments, the motion of Earth through space, and contamination of the signal with light from Alpha Centauri A, the biggest member of the Alpha Centauri system，其中the star’s internal churnings, noise in the instruments, the motion of Earth through space, and contamination of the signal with light from Alpha Centauri A, the biggest member of the Alpha Centauri system充当by的介词宾语（有4个并列部分）。

14、As the paper points out, enough exoplanets have now been found for statistical patterns to emerge.
难点：statistical patterns to emerge的理解（联系下文）

15、So confirmation of the team’s discovery would boost the odds that more worlds are circling Alpha Centauri B, perhaps even in the so-called habitable zone where the temperature would allow liquid water to exist on the surface.
难点：odds的理解（= images），句子结构
句子结构：that引导的同位语从句that more worlds are circling Alpha Centauri B, perhaps even in the so-called habitable zone where the temperature would allow liquid water to exist on the surface说明the odds

16、Exciting as Mr Dumusque’s news was, though, not all eyes have been turned to Alpha Centauri.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：exciting as Mr Dumusque’s news was是as引导的让步状语从句（倒装），though是副词

17、This object, named PH1, is notable both for the fact that it boasts four suns and for the method by which it was found.
难点：boast的理解（显然译成“吹嘘”无法理解）

18、As is described in a paper to be published in the Astrophysical Journal by Meg Schwamb, an astronomer at Yale, and her team, it was discovered by two members of Planet Hunters (whence its name), a web-based citizen-science project in which ordinary people are given access to data from NASA’s planet-hunting Kepler space telescope and encouraged to look for things that the computer programs which crunch Kepler’s data might have missed.
难点：it的指代（指代PH1），句子结构
句子结构：as is described in a paper to be published in the Astrophysical Journal by Meg Schwamb, an astronomer at Yale, and her team是as引导的非限定性定语从句。主语it，谓语was discovered，介宾短语by two members of Planet Hunters (whence its name)作方式状语（表示动作的执行者）。a web-based citizen-science project in which ordinary people are given access to data from NASA’s planet-hunting Kepler space telescope and encouraged to look for things that the computer programs which crunch Kepler’s data might have missed作Planet Hunters的同位语，其中，in which引导的限定性定语从句in which ordinary people are given access to data from NASA’s planet-hunting Kepler space telescope and encouraged to look for things that the computer修饰先行词a web-based citizen-science project。在该定语从句中，given access to data from NASA’s planet-hunting Kepler space telescope和encouraged to look for things that the computer programs which crunch Kepler’s data might have missed是由and连接的并列成分（共用助动词are）。在第二并列成分中，that引导的定语从句that the computer programs which crunch Kepler’s data might have missed修饰先行词things（先行词充当miss的逻辑宾语），which引导的定语从句which crunch Kepler’s data修饰computer programs（crunch是动词），此处might have missed并非表示虚拟，而是对过去的猜测。

19、Their discovery was a textbook example of the usefulness of having people check the data alongside computers, says Chris Lintott, an astronomer at Oxford who helps to manage the Planet Hunters project.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：have是使役动词，people是have的宾语，省略to的不定式check the data alongside computers是宾补

20、Kepler detects planets by noting the drop in light caused when one of them passes in front of its parent star.
难点：the drop in light的理解，them的指代（指代planets），句子结构
句子结构：过去分词短语caused when one of them passes in front of its parent star修饰the drop in light

21、In PH1’s case, however, the variations generated by a planet’s interactions with four separate stars baffled the computers—but not the eagle-eyed humans.
难点：句子结构，eagle-eyed的理解
句子结构：过去分词短语generated by a planet’s interactions with four separate stars修饰the variations

22、Besides being fascinating in its own right, such an exotic find is a test of astronomers’ theories about how planets form.
难点：right的理解与翻译，exotic的理解与翻译，test的理解

23、Planetary-formation theory holds that worlds condense out of a disc of dust early in a star’s life.
难点：disc的理解

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Body and mind: Political strength (Oct 20th 2012)

译文见233楼

1、They signal their status by the darkness of their plumage, and woe-betide any male whose signal is false—for if an itinerant ethologist blackens a subordinate’s feathers, the dominant birds recognise it as a fraud and beat it up.
难点：the darkness of their plumage的理解与翻译，subordinate的理解与翻译，dominant的理解与翻译，fraud的翻译，句子结构
句子结构：signal their status by the darkness of their plumage和woe-betide any male whose signal is false是由and连接的并列结构（共用主语they）

2、Normally, though, behaviour and outward appearance are in alignment, having been arranged that way by evolution, and subordinate birds do not push their luck.
难点：be in alignment的理解，push one's luck的理解与翻译，句子结构
句子结构：though是副词（弱转折点是normally），behaviour and outward appearance are in alignment, having been arranged that way by evolution和subordinate birds do not push their luck是and连接的两个并列句

3、For female Harris sparrows, however, plumage does not matter in this way.
难点：this way的指代（指代Male’s plumage signal its status.）

4、And a paper just published in Psychological Science, by Michael Petersen of the University of Aarhus in Denmark and Daniel Sznycer of the University of California, Santa Barbara, suggests that in both respects people are similar to these birds.
难点：both respects的指代（respect = aspect，此处指代both the ways of males and females）

5、They collected data on their volunteers’ strength by measuring the circumference of the flexed biceps of an individual’s dominant arm.
难点：the circumference of the flexed biceps的理解与翻译，dominant arm的理解与翻译

6、Dr Petersen and Dr Sznycer found that, regardless of country of origin or apparent ideology, strong men argued for their self interest: the poor for redistribution, the rich against it.
难点：argue for their self interest的理解与翻译

7、The researchers’ conclusion, then, is that if, like a subordinate Harris sparrow, you are not in a position to fight your corner, it makes sense not to provoke trouble.
难点：fight your corner的理解

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Human tresses: Hairy old myths (Oct 20th 2012)

译文见236楼

1、Blondes are dumber and brunettes more dependable.
难点：dumb的理解

2、Or so it is said.
难点：句意在语境中的理解与翻译。

3、But it is redheads who have long been the more feared, revered, loathed and loved; hence the rumour that it takes more than an average dose of anaesthetic to sedate a carrot-top.
难点：be feared, revered, loathed and loved的翻译，it takes more than an average dose of anaesthetic to sedate a carrot-top的理解与翻译

4、As Sylvia Plath, herself a Titian tigress of sorts, once remarked, “Out of the ash I rise with my red hair, and eat men like air.”
难点：a Titian tigress of sorts的理解与翻译，Out of the ash I rise with my red hair, and eat men like air的理解与翻译

5、Man’s fascination with hair is almost as old as humanity itself.
难点：humanity itself的理解与翻译

6、But he hides his anthropological light under a bushel and draws visitors into “Cheveux Chéris” with a quick tour d’horizon of stylists, styles and styled, from Gina Lollobrigida to Ingres and the sirens of Ulysses.
难点：hide one's light under a bushel的理解与翻译，draw的理解，a quick tour d’horizon of stylists, styles and styled的理解与翻译，the sirens of Ulysses的理解与翻译

7、Having enticed the public in with the seductiveness of youthful locks, Mr le Fur moves on to hair loss and the show takes a serious and far more interesting turn.
难点：locks的理解，hair loss的理解，turn的理解

8、Either way, the visitor is reminded of what rapid hair loss has meant over time.
难点：either way的指代（指代styling by punk rockers of the 1980s or the swastika-shaped shavings of neo-Nazi thugs），what rapid hair loss has meant over time的理解与翻译（注意over time对句意的影响）

9、A ponytail of three thick curls severed at the nape is all that remains after a young Frenchwoman named Emma surrendered to a Carmelite convent.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：a ponytail of three thick curls severed at the nape是主语（其中过去分词短语severed at the nape修饰curls），all that是副词词组（起到强调作用，无实意），is remains是系表结构（remains是名词），after a young Frenchwoman named Emma surrendered to a Carmelite convent是after引导的时间状语从句。在该状语从句中，过去分词短语named Emma修饰主语a young Frenchwoman，surrendered to a Carmelite convent是动宾结构。

10、It should perhaps be obvious that such an exhibition in France would turn next to the second world war.
难点：虚拟语气，turn next to的理解

11、But photographs of l’épuration, a grisly moment at the time of the liberation when the country rose up against those suspected of being collaborators, are still shocking.
难点：rise up的理解，句子结构
句子结构：主语photographs of l’épuration，系表结构are still shocking。a grisly moment at the time of the liberation when the country rose up against those suspected of being collaborators是l’épuration的同位语，其中，介宾短语at the time of the liberation when the country rose up against those suspected of being collaborators作a grisly moment的定语，when引导的定语从句when the country rose up against those suspected of being collaborators修饰the time of the liberation。在该定语从句中，介宾短语against those suspected of being collaborators作状语（表结果或目的），其中过去分词短语suspected of being collaborators修饰those（相当于those who were suspected of being collaborators，改为主动语态即The public suspected those of being collaborators.）

12、Taking a cue from the “purification” of Republican women in Spain in the 1930s, French women who had slept with the enemy were marched on to public squares and shaved.
难点：march的理解，shave的理解（是“剃发”，不是“剃须”）

13、Jeering crowds accompanied this public depilation, adding to the stigma.
难点：adding to的理解

14、Even more striking, because it is so rarely seen, is a montage of film clips of that time in which a group of women is trundled through the streets on a cart marked les poules à boche while a soldier chucks one of them under the chin.
难点：句子结构，film clips的理解，that time的指代（指代some time before the liberation of Paris），chuck somebody under the chin的理解
句子结构：even more striking是表语（倒装），is系动词，a montage of film clips of that time in which a group of women is trundled through the streets on a cart marked les poules à boche while a soldier chucks one of them under the chin是主语。in which引导的定语从句in which a group of women is trundled through the streets on a cart marked les poules à boche while a soldier chucks one of them under the chin修饰先行词film clips of that time，其中过去分词短语marked les poules à boche 修饰cart。

15、In other civilisations the power of hair lay in its importance as a trophy believed to be infused with the strength or magic of its original owner.
难点：trophy的理解与翻译，句子结构
句子结构：介宾短语in other civilisations作地点状语，主语the power of hair，动宾结构lay in its importance as a trophy believed to be infused with the strength or magic of its original owner。在动宾结构中，介宾短语as a trophy believed to be infused with the strength or magic of its original owner修饰importance。在介宾短语中，过去分词短语believed to be infused with the strength or magic of its original owner修饰trophy（改为主动语态即The people believed the trophy was infused with the strength or magic of its original owner）

16、It is this appropriation of hair that Mr le Fur explores in the final section of the show.
难点：appropriation的理解与翻译，句子结构
句子结构：It is ... that ...强调句式，this appropriation of hair作explore的宾语

17、It is easy, in these politically correct times, to forget that similar practices were just as common in Europe and America.
难点：politically correct的理解与翻译

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Online shopping: The rise of no-name designers (Oct27th 2012)

译文见245楼

1、Two years ago Bill Small toiled at one of New Zealand’s largest wineries, “pushing numbers around spreadsheets” and dreaming of striking out on his own.
难点：push numbers around spreadsheets的理解，strike out on one's own的理解与翻译

2、“We don’t do that shoe leather,” says Mr Small.
难点：shoe leather的理解，句意在语境中的理解

3、But this is trickier for wines than it is for books.
难点：句意在语境中的理解

4、Especially when the same bottle is not for sale at the local off-licence?
难点：off-licence的理解

5、Naked Wines’ answer is to seek out gifted unknowns, provide a stage and draw an audience.
难点：gifted unknowns的理解，draw an audience的理解

6、New York’s Warby Parker claims to sell $600 spectacles for $95.
难点：spectacles的理解

7、San Francisco-based Everlane flogs smart clothes “with no crazy brand markups”.
难点：flog的理解，markups的理解

8、Ning Li, a Chinese-born entrepreneur, started Made.com after he realised that the £3,000 ($4, 800) name-brand sofa he coveted was made in his hometown, Foshan, for a tenth of the price.
难点：name-brand的理解，句子结构
句子结构：after he realised that the £3,000 ($4, 800) name-brand sofa he coveted was made in his hometown, Foshan, for a tenth of the price是after引导的时间状语从句，其中that the £3,000 ($4, 800) name-brand sofa he coveted was made in his hometown, Foshan, for a tenth of the price是that引导的宾语从句。在该宾语从句中，the £3,000 ($4, 800) name-brand sofa he coveted是主语（he coveted是定语从句修饰先行词the £3,000 ($4, 800) name-brand sofa），介宾短语in his hometown, Foshan作地点状语修饰be made，介宾短语for a tenth of the price作方式状语修饰be made

9、Made promises “beautiful designs without the high-street mark up”.
难点：high-street mark up的理解

10、Naked Wines is “a small part of something much bigger,” says its boss, Rowan Gormley: “the end of people paying to be sold to”.
难点：句子结构
句子结构：the end of people paying to be sold to是something much bigger的同位语，动名词短语people paying to be sold to作介词of的宾语。在该动名词短语中，people是逻辑主语，pay to be sold to是逻辑动宾结构，此处sell to视作一个整体（sell作不及物动词），改为使役结构即people pay to have themselves sold to，改为主动语态即people pay to have someone sell to themselves。

11、To convince people to buy their stuff, the newcomers must pull off a difficult trick: exploit the upmarket street-cred that comes with a no-logo attitude while forging brand-like bonds with consumers.
难点：pull off的理解，upmarket street-cred的理解与翻译，come with的理解与翻译，句子结构
句子结构：对于while forging brand-like bonds with consumers有三种理解方式：
(a) while引导时间状语短语，forging brand-like bonds with consumers是现在分词短语，逻辑主语是the newcomers，forge是动词，brand-like bonds with consumers是宾语
(b) while引导时间状语从句，动名词短语forging brand-like作主语（逻辑主语是the newcomers），bonds with consumers是动宾结构
(c) while引导时间状语从句，forging brand-like作主语（forging是形容词），bonds with consumers是动宾结构
结合上下文语境，句意的理解，及forge、bond的用法，此处取(a)的理解方式

12、Buyers hype the wines via comments and ratings (“91% would buy again”).
难点：ratings的理解与翻译

13、Made, which demands a bigger leap of faith (sofas cost up to £1,200), taps into the same sentiment by touting its designers and telling, in Mr Li’s words, “the story behind every product”.
难点：faith的理解与翻译，tap into的理解与翻译，the same sentiment的理解（补充完整即the same sentiment as comments and ratings）

14、The pitch is to rich-world consumers who are unnerved by recession but still want fancy goods.
难点：pitch的理解，unnerved的理解与翻译

15、This provides the flow of cash needed to back Naked’s up-front purchases.
难点：back的理解，up-front的理解与翻译

16、While scorning the hoopla of traditional brands, the upstarts are racing to build brands of their own.
难点：hoopla的理解与翻译，upstarts的理解与翻译，race的翻译

17、After 2½ years of trading Made has 80 employees and is breaking even.
难点：trading的理解与翻译，break的理解

18、Sales of Naked wines will jump 55% this year to £60m and the company will turn its first operating profit, a year ahead of schedule, says Mr Gormley.
难点：turn a profit的理解，a year ahead of schedule修饰成分的理解（同时修饰两个并列句）