New Concept English 4

UPTURN

Lesson 5 Youth

  

Listening comprehension

1  Introduce the text

T: Today we'll talk about the way older people view young people in general.

2  Understand the topic

T : What can you see in the picture?  

3  Listening objective

T : Listen to the text (or read it silently) and see if you can answer this question:  

How does the writer like to treat young people?

4  Play the tape or read the text or wait for the students to finish reading silently

5  Answer the question

After the reading, ask the question again: How does the writer like to treat young people?

Train the students not to shout out the answer. Instead, ask one student, then ask the others to agree or disagree with a show of hands.  

Answer: As equals. (l. 16)

6  Intensive reading

Play the tape or read the text again, pausing after every sentence to check the students understand.

Obtain brief explanations to difficulties in the text from the students themselves. Only use Chinese if a confirmatory translation is necessary.

7  Play the tape or read the text again

8  Reading aloud

Ask one or two students to read the text aloud.

  

Comprehension questions

1  What are people always talking about? (‘The problem of youth’.)

2  Does the writer believe that young people are a problem? (No, he doesn't.)

3  If there is a problem of youth, who creates it? (Older people do.)

4  What does the writer want us to agree? (That the young are after all human beings.)  

5  What does he mean by ‘their elders’? (People who are older than them.)

6  What does a young man have in front of him? (A glorious future.)  

7  Does the older person have the same prospect? (No, he doesn't.)

8  How did the writer feel when he was a teenager? (Young and uncertain.)

9  What does he compare himself with? (A new boy in a huge school.)

10  What would have pleased him? (To be (or Being) regarded as a problem.)

11  What does being a problem do for you? (It gives you a certain identity.)

12  What are the young engaged in doing? (In seeking an identity.)

13  How does the writer find young people? (Exciting.)

14  What does he say young people possess? (An air of freedom.)

15  And what are they free of, in his opinion? (Dreary commitment to ambitions and love of comfort.)  

16  What sort of people are ‘social climbers’? (People who want to improve their status in society.)

17  Can you think of another way of referring to ‘material things’? (Possessions.)

18  How does the writer see them in contrast with older people? (As cosmic beings, linked with life and the origins of things.)

19  Does he expect a young person to be polite to him because of his age? (No, he doesn't.)

20  On what basis does he expect to argue with a young person , if he thinks he is wrong? (As an equal.)

  

Asking questions: Ask me if ...

T : Ask me if people are always talking about the problem of youth.

S : Are people always talking about the problem of youth?

T : What...?

S : What are people always talking about?

1  people are always talking about the problem of youth. (What)

2  it is older people who create ‘the problem of youth’. (Who)

3  it is not the young themselves who create it (Why)

4  there is only one difference between an old man and a young man. (What difference)

5  the young man has a glorious future before him. (What)

6  an old man's splendid future is behind him. (Where)

7  the writer felt that he was just young and uncertain. (How long ago)  

8  the writer felt as though he was a new boy in a huge school. (How)

9  he would have been very pleased to be regarded as a problem. (Why)

10  being a problem gives you a certain identity. (What)

11  the young are busily engaged in seeking an identity. (Who)

12  the writer finds young people exciting. (Why)

13  young people have an air of freedom. (What )

14  the writer accepts that he and young people are equals. (What )

  

Reconstruct the text

1  People always talk ---- ‘problem of youth’.

2  If problem ---- take leave to doubt ---- then older people create ---- not the young.

3  Let us get down ---- fundamentals ---- agree ---- young ---- human beings ---- people just like elders.

4  Only one difference ---- old man and young one: ---- young man ---- glorious future before ---- old one splendid future behind: ---- maybe where rub is.

5  When teenager ---- felt just young and uncertain ---- new boy in huge school, ---- be very pleased regarded as something interesting ---- problem.

6  For one thing, ---- being problem ---- give identity, ---- one of things ---- young busily engaged ---- seeking.

7  I find young ---- exciting. ---- Have air of freedom ---- not dreary commitment ---- mean ambitions ---- love of comfort.

8  Not anxious social climbers, ---- and no devotion ---- material things.

9  All ---- seem ---- link with life, ---- origins of things. It ---- as if they, ---- in sense, cosmic beings ---- violent and lovely contrast ---- us suburban creatures.

10  All that ---- in mind ---- when meet young person.

11  He ---- conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous, fatuous, ---- but I not turn ---- protection ---- dreary clichés respect for elders ---- as if mere age ---- reason for respect.

12  I accept ---- we equals, ---- I argue ---- as equal ---- if think ---- he wrong.

  

Topics for discussion

1  Is there ‘a problem of youth ’in this country? If so, tell us about it.

2  Is there a problem of age in this country? If so, whose problem is it, and what difficulties does it create?

3  Are there conflicts in this country between different groups, such as between the old and the young, the urban and the rural, the educated and the uneducated? Do you see yourself as belonging to any such group? If so, do you understand those people who belong to the opposite camp?

  

Key to Comprehension

Possible answers

1  The writer says that the one difference between an old man and a young man is that a young man can look forward to a glorious future, and an old man can only remember his splendid past.

2  The writer would have been pleased to have been regarded as a problem when he was young because it would have given him a more interesting identity, which was one thing he felt he lacked.

3  The author particularly admires the air of freedom that young people have, their unconcern about being successful and comfortable, and their lack of anxiety about status and possessions.

  

Key to Vocabulary

A possible answer

When a literary genius creates a great novel, one cannot explain it by looking at the writer's life.

In some ways, modern teenagers need more protection than we did when we were in our teens.

After the old lady became ill, her daughter cared for her with real devotion until her death.

There is plenty of evidence to link this particular person with the scene of the crime.

Scientists hope that new telescopes in space will finally reveal the origins of the universe.

We had dreary weather on the trip----grey skies and plenty of drizzly rain.

  

Key to Sentence structure

A  See text.

B  See text.

C

A possible answer

1  Adolescents are often loud and rough, especially when they are in groups.

2  Their behaviour can be so unpredictable that other people sometimes feel threatened.

3  Most adolescents think they know all the answers to everything, and they think their elders are stupid not to see things their way.

D

A possible answer

1  Adults think they always know best, even about things that they have no experience of.

2  They're always critical or disapproving of whatever we do or say, and they don't take us seriously.

3  They're quite hypocritical, because they forbid us to do things that they do all the time.

  

Key to KS Exercises

A  When it combines with a progressive (or‘continuous’) tense (be+-ing), always means ‘all the time’.

With simple tenses, present or past, always means‘frequently’.

He's always changing his mind. He always changes his arrangements at the last minute.

I'm always making mistakes like this. I always make a point of asking after his family.

People are always telling us about things that are bad for our health. We always tell our children to come straight home from school.

Everybody's always asking about you. My father always asks how you're getting on.

B After the, adjectives like young, old, blind, deaf, rich, poor refer to the group as a whole: the young = ‘young people as a group’, etc. The same adjectives after a must be completed by a noun or pronoun: a young man, a young one, etc., and refer to a single individual.

Only the rich can afford to live in that part of town. He must be a rich man to live in that part of town.

Caring for the sick requires a special kind of temperament. He had been a sick man for years.

Uneven pavements and illegal parking make it difficult for the blind to go around safely in our city. A blind man will often carry a white stick to warn others that he can't see.

They say you should never speak ill of the dead. Responding to an anonymous call, the police found a dead man in the park.

C  This exercise focuses on the use of the present passive infinitive in particular: to be + past participle. There are several ways we can use a to-infinitive rather than a clause:

---- to refer to an unreal past, as in the example: I would have been very pleased to be regarded as a problem (but I was not regarded as a problem); and in No. 1: You would not like to be accused of theft (but you were not accused of theft).

---- to express an unexpected or unwelcome event, giving rise to a particular result or viewpoint, as in No. 2: I was astonished when they told me… =I was astonished when I was told… = I was astonished to be told …

---- as the object of a verb, replacing a that-clause, as in No. 3: I expect they will inform me = I expect that I will be informed =I expect to be informed.

1  You would not like to be accused of theft.

2  I was astonished to be told that all the tickets had been sold.

3  I expect to be informed about it tomorrow.

D  This exercise focuses on how the subject of a clause can be a phrase with a to- infinitive or a gerund (-ing). Note that h in Nos. 1 and 3 is a preparatory subject so that the true subject is expressed after the verb.

1  It is not very pleasant having to write so many letters.

2  Expecting others to help you and then not helping them in return is hardly commendable.

3  It is very enjoyable teaching young children.

E  These verbs are all followed by in + noun/pronoun/gerund.

Possible answers

1  He delighted in music/in that/in playing the piano.

2  Can I interest you in this idea/in this/in joining us?

3  I wish he wouldn't persist in such folly/in this/in misbehaving in class.

4  Do you believe in such things/in them/in trying to change the system?

F  No combines with plural countables (no coins) and (singular) uncountables (no money) and is the precise equivalent of not… any.

1  He doesn't know. There isn't any point in asking him.

2  You'll pass your driving test if you don't make any mistakes.

3  I don't have any faith in him.

  

Special difficulties  

A

1  We cannot use than after elder: John is older than I am. We cannot use elder for things: Which building is older?

Use either form when comparing two people: Who is the older/the elder? We use elder in front of a noun when referring to two people in a defined group, such as in a family: My elder/older brother is a doctor.

2  Agree with: I agree with you when you say that something must be done.

Accept + direct object: I accept your point that something must be done.

Agree + to- infinitive: I agreed to go with him.

But we use a noun clause, not a to- infinitive, after accept: I accept that these things happen.

3  Between two: That daft dog hasn't got much brain between his ears.

Among more than two: Money's work is scattered among the many great art galleries of the world.

4  Please =‘give pleasure’: It pleased me very much to be offered a higher salary.

Beg =‘ask very earnestly’, often followed by a to- infinitive: I beg you to think again.

Also beg for: The prisoner begged for a visit from his wife.

5  Regard =‘look on’, ‘consider to be’, believe to be and is generally followed by as + noun or -ing phrase: I regard punctuality as (being) the most basic politeness. Many people regard Mozart as (being) the most perfect composer.

Look at =‘view’: If you look at the situation from her point of view, you will see things differently. The image changes depending on where you look at it from.

6  Be interesting to often (though not invariably) has an impersonal subject and a personal object: Art galleries are not very interesting to most children.

Be interested in often (though not invariably) has a personal subject, and, very likely, an impersonal object: Most children are not very interested in art galleries. But note, e.g. Someone of my age is hardly very interesting to a young person like you. Children often become less interested in their grandparents in their teens.

7  Exciting: Young people are exciting. (That is the effect they have on others.)

Excited: The writer is excited by young people. (That is the effect they have on him.) Excited combines with be, get, feel, become, etc.: Now, kids, don't get too excited.

8  Reason =‘explanation’or ‘justification’. It is normally followed by for: This is the reason for my asking you in particular, or by a that-clause: This is the reason that I have asked you in particular, or by a to infinitive: This is no reason to quarrel with someone.

Cause =‘the thing that makes something happen’. It is normally followed by of :These changes are the cause of all this trouble.

B  1 doing (getting up to suggests mischievous activity) 2 overcome 3 move from one place to another 4 recovered from 5 escape penalty 6 be excused from (an unwelcome task)

C  These are compound adjectives, and are either hyphenated or written as one word.

Possible answers

1  It seems ill-advised to sell the house now when the market is so depressed.

2  The children should not be out on the moor so ill-protected from the weather.

3  Blaze was an ill-tempered horse with a hard mouth and a tendency to kick.

4  The ill-fated fishing boat, the Sapphire, went down with the loss of four men.

5  I understand that he didn't mean to be unkind, but I still feel ill-used.

6  Jennifer considers the children to be ill-bred because they are careless about thanking her for her presents.

7  It was a stupid thing to do, but it was ill-natured of them to tell us so.

  

Repetition drill

The secret of success

Chorus, group or individual repetition

To elicit  statements involving the use of the gerund as the subject of a verb in general statements.

T: Drill 5. The secret of success. This is the situation. Listen. Do not speak. Two men talking about success. One of them is highly successful; the other isn't. This is how their conversation begins:

(1)  T: Work hard at school. That's the only way you can get a good education.

S : But getting a good education isn't all that important!

(2)  T: Of course it is. That's the only way you can get a good job.

S : But getting a good job isn't all that important!

(3)  T: Of course it is. That's the only way you can secure your position.

S: But securing your position isn't all that important!

T: Now you do the same. Ready?

1  As in (1) above.

2  As in (2) above.

3  As in (3) above.

4  T: Of course it is. That's the only way you can make yourself indispensable.

S : But making yourself indispensable isn't all that important!

5  T : Of course it is. That's the only way you can get a position of responsibility.

S : But getting a position of responsibility isn't all that important!

6  T : Of course it is. That's the only way you can be enterprising.

S : But being enterprising isn't all that important!

7  T : Of course it is. That's the only way you can make decisions.

S: But making decisions isn't all that important!

8  T : Of course it is. That's the only way you can show initiative.

S : But showing initiative isn't all that important!  

9  T: Of course it is. That's the only way you can please your company.

S : But pleasing your company isn't all that important!

10  T: Of course it is. That's the only way you can rise to the top.

S : But rising to the top isn't all that important!

11  T: Of course it is. That's the only way you can be successful.

S : But being successful isn't all that important!

12  T: Of course it is. That's the only way you can make a lot of money.

S: But making a lot of money isn't all that important!

T: Well I can see why you think so, since you're always asking to borrow money from me!

  

Key to Multiple choice questions

1c               2a                  3B                     4a                  5B

6d               7a                  8c                     9B                  10B

11d              12d

UPTURN

Lesson 6 The sporting spirit体育的精神

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音。然后回答以下问题。

How does the writer describe sport at the international level?

I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield．Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from  general principles.

Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive．You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win．On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused．Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this．At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare．But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe ---- at any rate for short periods ---- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

GEORGE ORWELL The sporting spirit

New words and expressions  生词和短语

goodwill（1.1）/'godwul/n．友好

patriotism（1.8）/'p$tri+tiz+m/n．地方观念，爱国主义

cricket（1.2）/'krikit/ n．板球

disgrace（1.9）/dis'greis/ v．使丢脸

inclination（1.3）/?inkli'niM+n/ n．意愿

savage（1.10）/'s$viDN/adj．野性的

contest（1.4）/'k&ntest/n．比赛

combative（1.10）/'k&mb+trv/adj．好斗的

orgy（1.4）/'&Ni/n．无节制，放荡

mimic warfare（1.11）/'mrmrk-'w&:fe+/模拟战争

deduce（1.4）/dr'dju:s/v．推断

behaviour（1.11）/bi'hervj+/n．行动，举止

competitive（1.6）/k+m'petrtrv/adj．竞争性的

absurd（1.13）/+b's*::d/adj．荒唐的

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  if only the common peoples of the world…，这里if only 引导的一个非真实条件句，if only 作“只要”讲。

2  have no inclination to do，无意做……，不想做……。

3  deduce…from…，从……推断出……。

4  You play to win．句中的you是泛指人，可译作“人们”。

5   pick up，随意挑选。

6  and, behind the spectators, of the nations，在of the nations 前面省略了 the attitude。

参考译文

当我听人们说体育运动可创造国家之间的友谊，还说各国民众若在足球场或板球场上交锋，就不愿在战场上残杀的时候，我总是惊愕不已。一个人即使不能从具体的事例（例如1936年的奥林匹克运动会）了解到国际运动比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨，也可以从常理中推断出结论。

现在开展的体育运动几乎都是竞争性的。参加比赛就是为了取胜。如果不拚命去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那才有可能是单纯为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。可是一旦涉及到荣誉问题，一旦你想到你和某一团体会因你输了而丢脸时，那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会被激发起来。即使是仅仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有这种体会。在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。但是，要紧的还不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度，以及观众身后各个国家的态度。面对着这些荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信——至少在短期内如此——跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  Why, according to the author, do international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred?

2  What, according to the author, do spectators believe when they watch international sporting contests?

Vocabulary  词汇

A  Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: amazed (1.1); goodwill (1.1); inclination (1.3); deduce (1.4); utmost (1.7); prestige (1.9); disgraced (1.9); significant (1.11).

B  Explain the following phrases as they have been used in the passage: pick up sides (1.7); local patriotism (11.7-8); the most savage combative instincts are aroused (11.9-10); frankly mimic warfare (1.11); absurd contests (1.13).

Sentence structure  句子结构

A  Supply the missing words in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

You play to win, ______ the game has little meaning _______ you do your utmost to win．On the village green, ________ you pick up sides __________ no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise; but ________ the question of local prestige arises, ________ you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced _______ you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused．Anyone _______ has played even in a school football match knows this．(11.6-10)

B  Combine the following sentences to make one complete statement．Make any changes you think necessary, but do not change the sense of the original．Refer to the passage when you have finished the exercise: The significant thing is not the behaviour of the players．It is the attitude of the spectators．Behind the spectators, it is the attitude of the nations．They work themselves up into furies over these absurd contests．Running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue．They seriously believe this ---- at any rate for short periods．(11.11-13)

C  Complete the following sentences in any way you wish．Then compare what you have written with the sentences in the passage:

1  I am always amazed when ____.(1.1)

2  Nearly all the sports practised _____.(1.6)

D  State in a single sentence what you think the author believes about competitive sports.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Study the form of the verbs after if in these sentences:

If only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield．(11.1-3)

If one didn't know from concrete examples that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles．(11.3-5)

Some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose．(1.9)

Complete the following in any way you wish:

1  If you play a game to win ______.

2  If only we could afford to ______.

3  You could learn to play golf if you ______.

4  You won't find it difficult if you _____.

B  Note carefully the form of the verbs after the phrase as soon as in this sentence:

As soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced, the most savage combative instincts are aroused．(11.8-10)

Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in these sentences:

1  If he _________ (make) any trouble, he will be asked to leave the meeting.

2  You will feel much better when you ________ (stop) smoking.

3  As soon as he _______ (arrive) in New York, he will send me a fax.

4  You can wait here until the rain ______ (stop).

5  When you _______ (move) to your new house, you will be far more comfortable than you are now.

C  Supply the missing words in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finishedthe exercise:

Anyone who has played even ______ a school football match knows this．_____ the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare．But the significant thing is not the behaviour _______ the players but the attitude _____ the spectators: and, ______ the spectators, _______ the nations who work themselves _____ furies _____ these absurd contests．(11.10-13)

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  hear (1.1) ---- listen

The walls of this house are so thin, you can hear the neighbours cough next door.

I often listen to music．

2  even (1.3) ---- still

Mr．Wilks is not only working at the age of 95; he's even running a company.

Though he's 95, Mr．Wilks still plays bowls.

3  lead (1.4) ---- guide

Walking just in front, and pausing to check everyone was following, the young man led them to the market place.(i．e．He went in front)

The doorman drew a quick sketch map to guide us through the narrow streets．(i．e．to show the way)

4  principle (1.5) ---- principal

A good principle is not to borrow money you can't repay.

He has just been appointed principal of the college.

5  practise (1.6) ---- practice

I practise lifting every day.

Your tennis will improve with practice.

However, in American English, both the noun and the verb are spelt practice.

6  win (1.6) ---- beat

Tottenham won the Cup Final.

Tottenham beat Liverpool in the Cup Final.

7  lose (1.9) ---- loose

Try not to lose your ticket.

The handle on this suitcase is very loose.

8  arise (1.10) ---- arouse

A serious problem has arisen which will take time to solve.

His behaviour was arousing the interest of his neighbours.

9  level (1.11) ---- flat

Inflation had dropped to its lowest level in five years.

It is much easier to walk on the flat.

B  Explain the meaning of the word peoples in this sentence:

If only the common peoples of the world could meet．(11.1-2)

Write two sentences using the words people and peoples.

C  Compare these two expressions:

Instead of saying: The Olympic Games that were held in 1936 …

We can say: The 1936 Olympic Games … (11.3-4)

What can we say in place of the phrases in italics?

1  I shall catch the train that leaves at four o'clock.

2  I have a copy of the edition that was published in 1937.

3  The Education Act of 1944  aimed at providing equal opportunities for every child in the country.

4  The revolution of 1917 had important consequences.

D  Compare these two sentences:

One could deduce it from general principles．(11.4-5)

You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win．(11.6-7)

Write two sentences using the words one and you in the ways shown above.

E  Explain the words and phrases in italics:

1  It is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise．(1.8)

2  There was a lot of fun and laughter at the party.

3  He didn't mean any harm; it was all in good fun.

4  He's upset because everyone made fun of him.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension 理解

1  The writer questions the assumption that ______.

a．people enjoy sport

b．there are general principles governing sport

c．sport makes war less likely

d．sport is enjoyed by common people

2  According to the writer, the only purpose of competitive games is _______.

a．beating your opponent

b．getting plenty of exercises

c．having fun

d．doing your best

3  A competitive sportsman is likely to feel _____ if he loses.

a．patriotism

b．savage

c．shame

d．even more competitive

4  At the international level _____.

a．the players are at war with each other

b．the spectators take part in the sporting contests

c．nations appear to be at war with one another

d．sport brings out the best qualities in a nation

Structure  句型

5  If only ______ possible for the common peoples to meet each other．(11.1-2)

a．it would be

b．it could be

c．it were

d．it might be

6  You play ______ win．(1.6)

a．in order to

b．in order that

c．so that

d．for

7  The village green is the _____ you pick sides．(1.7)

a．the place

b．the time

c．the reason

d．the cause

8  ______ the question of national prestige arises … (11.8-9)

a．The moment

b．Just

c．As long as

d．Providing

Vocabulary  词汇

9  If we could meet at football, we would have no _____ to meet on the battlefield．(11.1-2)

a．bent

b．feeling

c．opportunity

d．desire

10  You could _____ from general principles that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred．(11.4-5)

a．include

b．conclude

c．exclude

d．delude

11  If you lose, the ______ combative instincts are aroused．(11.9-10)

a．wildest

b．most serious

c．most frightening

d．most dangerous

12  The ____ thing is not the behaviour of the players -(11.11-12)

a．important

b．unusual

c．signal

d．obvious

plume

[em:3][em:3]

UPTURN

Lesson 6 The sporting spirit

  

Listening comprehension

1  Introduce the text

T: Today we'll talk about the effects of sport on the attitudes of both players and spectators.

2  Understand the topic

T : What can you see in the picture?

3  Listening objective

T : Listen to the text (or read it silently) and see if you can answer this question:

How does the writer describe sport at the international level?

4  Play the tape or read the text or wait for the students to finish reading silently

5  Answer the question

After the reading, ask the question again: How does the writer describe sport at the international level?  

Train the students not to shout out the answer. Instead, ask one student, then ask the others to agree or disagree with a show of hands.

Answer: He describes it as ‘mimic warfare’. (1. 11)

6  Intensive reading

Play the tape or read the text again, pausing after every sentence to check the students understand.

Obtain brief explanations to difficulties in the text from the students themselves. Only use Chinese if a confirmatory translation is necessary.

7  Play the tape or read the text again

8  Reading aloud

Ask one or two students to read the text aloud.  

  

Comprehension questions

1  What effect do people say sport has on international relations? (They say that it creates goodwill between the nations.)

2  What do some people say would happen, if only the common people could meet one another to play sports? (They would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.)

3  How does George Or well react to these ideas? (He is always amazed./With amazement.)

4  What does he say international sporting contests lead to? (Orgies of hatred.)

5  What concrete example does he quote to support this idea? (The 1936 Olympic Games.)

6  What does he say one could deduce from general principles? (That international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred.)

7  What do nearly all sports practised today have in common? (They are nearly all competitive.)  

8  How do you play in competitive sports? (To win.)

9  What happens to the game if you don't do your utmost to win? (It becomes meaningless.)  

10  Where (in Britain) can you play simply for the fun and exercise? (On the village green.)

11  Why is this possible on the village green? (Because no feelings of local patriotism are involved.)

12  What happens when the question of prestige arises? (The most savage combative instincts are aroused.)

13  Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this, don't they? (Yes, they do.)

14  What do people fear about losing? (That they and some larger unit will be disgraced.)  

15  What does Or well believe sport is at the international level? (Mimic warfare.)

16  Which is more significant, the players' behaviour or the spectators' attitude? (The spectators' attitude.)

17  Who do the spectators represent? (Their nations.)

18  How do the nations behave in regard to such contests? (They work themselves into furies.)

19  What is Or well's view of such contests? (He thinks they are absurd.)

20  When the contests are going on, how do nations treat them? (They treat them as if running, jumping and kicking a ball were tests of national virtue.)

  

Asking questions: Ask me if ...

T: Ask me if sport creates goodwill between the nations.

S : Does sport create goodwill between the nations?

T : What ...?

S : What does sport create between the nations?

1  sport creates goodwill between the nations. (What)

2  this point of view amazes George Or well. (Whom )

3  people would not go to war with those they met at football or cricket. (Why)  

4  international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred. (Which contests)

5  the 1936 Olympic Games is an instance of such hatred. (Which Olympic Games)

6  nearly all the sports practised these days are competitive. (How many)

7  the game has no meaning unless you do your utmost to win. (When )

8  you pick up sides on the village green. (Where)

9  it is possible to play for the fun of it when prestige becomes involved. (Why isn't)

10  the most savage instincts are aroused by fear of disgrace. (Why)

11  anyone who has played in a school football match knows this. (What)

12  sport at the international level is mimic warfare. (At what level)

13  the behaviour of the players is more important than the attitude of the spectators. (Which )

14  the nations seriously believe that sporting contests are tests of national virtue. (Why)  

  

Reconstruct the text

1  I---- always amazed ---- hear people say ---- sport create goodwill between nations,---- if only common peoples meet ---- football or cricket,---- they not have inclination ---- meet on battlefield.

2  Even if one not know ---- concrete examples ---- (1936 Olympic Games ---- instance) ---- international sporting contests lead ---- orgies of hatred, ---- one deduce ---- general principles.

3  Nearly all sports ---- competitive.

4  Play to win ---- game little meaning ---- unless do utmost to win.

5  Village green ---- pick sides ---- no feeling of local patriotism involved ---- possible to play ---- fun and exercise: as soon as ---- prestige ---- for feel ---- disgraced ---- savage combative instincts ---- aroused.

6  Anyone ---- school football match ---- knows this.

7  At international level ---- sport mimic warfare.

8  Significant thing ---- not behaviour of players ----attitude of spectators: and behind spectators ---- nations work themselves into furies ---- absurd contests ---- and seriously believe ---- running, jumping, kicking a ball ---- tests of national virtue.

  

Topics for discussion

1  Tell us about a sports competition that you have (or a friend has) taken part in.

2  The Olympic Games and other international athletics events used to be just for amateurs. Now many athletes can earn huge sums of money in this and other events. What do you think of this trend?

3  There is an English saying: ‘It's not winning, it's taking part that's important.’ What do you think? Is winning more important than just taking part? Why?

  

Key to Comprehension

Possible answers

1  International sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred because nearly all sports nowadays are competitive: you must do your utmost to win.

2  When they watch international sporting contests, spectators believe that the different sports are tests of national virtue.

  

Key to Vocabulary

A possible answer

I was amazed when she told me she was 15: I thought she was about 20.

If there's enough goodwill on both sides, we should be able to solve the dispute.

I have no inclination to spend my holidays at home doing nothing.

From all the clues, the detective was able to deduce who had committed the murder.

You must do your utmost to make sure that everyone has all the details of the conference weekend.

Whatever you may think, there is still a lot of prestige attached to being a doctor or a lawyer.

The man felt completely disgraced when his teenage son was arrested.

What was significant about the man's behaviour was that it was out of character.

  

Key to Sentence structure

A possible answer

A  See text.

B  See text.

C  See text.

D  The author clearly thinks that competitive sports, especially at an international level, are little more than mock warfare and that they are dangerous to both players and spectators.

  

Key to KS Exercises

A possible answer

A  Briefly revise the three main conditional structures:

1  you will probably play with a lot of aggression

2  go out every evening, we would go to our favourite restaurant

3  had more time

4  practise every day

B  When there is a reference to the future, the form of any verb in a clause after if, when, as soon as, after, until, when is almost always the present simple.

1 makes  2 stop  3 arrives  4 stops  5 move

C  See text.

  

Special difficulties

A

1  Hear means to ‘receive sounds through your ears’: Speak up. I can't hear what you're saying.

Listen means to ‘give attention while hearing’:I like listening to jazz.

2  We use even (adverb) to express something unexpected or surprising: Even the younger children enjoyed the concert, so I'm sure the older ones did too.

Still (adverb) means ‘up to now and at this moment’: She's still watching the film, so I suppose she's enjoying it. It can also mean ‘in spite of that’, as in: I know he's admitted putting the money back, but that still doesn't explain how it came to be missing in the first place.

3  The verb lead means to ‘go first and show the way’: She led us to the small church by the lake.

The verb guide means to ‘go with someone to show them the way and explain things’: The woman guided us around the big house.

4  Principle and principal: these two nouns are pronounced exactly the same, but the meanings are completely different.

A principle is a basic rule: It's one of my principles never to lend my car to anyone.

A principal is the head of a school or college: He has just become principal of the local college.

The adjective principal means ‘highest in importance; chief; main’, as in His principal source of income comes from acting.

5  The words practise and practice are often confused. They are both pronounced in the same way.

However, in British English, practise is the verb, and practice is the noun: He practises the piano for two hours a day. The basketball practice lasted two hours.

In American English, practice is both a noun and a verb.

6  In the context of sport, you can win a game, a match, a competition, a prize, etc.: Our team won a silver cup.

Beat means to ‘defeat, or do better than’ an opponent: She always beats me at chess.

Look: Our team beat the best team in France to win the competition.

However, win (not beat) can also be used intransitively: Who won? Tottenham won.

7  Lose /luz/ is a verb which means, in the text, ‘not win’: Our football team lost again last Saturday.

Loose /lus/ is an adjective which means ‘not firmly fixed’: The screws holding the shelf brackets are very loose. Can you tighten them?

8  Arise is an intransitive verb meaning to ‘happen, occur, come into being’: An unexpected difficulty has arisen which will necessitate a change of plan.

Arouse is a transitive verb meaning ‘cause to become active’: The children's behaviour at the back of the class aroused the curiosity of the teacher. (Arouse meaning to ‘wake someone up’ is very formal.)

9  A level is a position of height in relation to a flat surface, literally or figuratively: The top of the mountain is at least a kilometre above sea level. This question will have to be discussed at the highest level.

As a noun, and compared with level, flat means ‘ground level’: That horse is a good runner on the flat.

B  The word people can be used in two ways.

As a plural noun it means ‘persons, human beings’: Most people seem to like her.

However, as a countable noun, a people means ‘a race, nation’ ---- so plural peoples in the sentence means ‘races, nations’.

There were about 600 people at the concert.

If only the peoples of the world all spoke the same language!

C  We often use the following adjectivally: years (the 1914-1918 War = the War that lasted from 1914 to 1918), special festivals (the Easter parade = the parade that takes place at Easter), seasons (the winter resorts we visited = the resorts where people go in winter) and times (the 8 o'clock bus = the bus that leaves at 8 o'clock).

1 the four o'clock train  2 the 1937 edition  3 The 1944 Education Act  4 The 1917 revolution

D  One and you can both be used as an indefinite pronoun meaning ‘everyone/anyone’ in general statements.

One is formal, while you is informal and preferred in everyday speech:

One might try to discover more about the project before investing money.

Whichever supermarket you go into nowadays, you'll find basically the same things.

E  1 for enjoyment  2 pleasure, amusement  3 without meaning any harm  4 laughed at/ridiculed

  

Repetition drill

Almost, but not quite!

Chorus, group or individual repetition

To elicit statements involving the use of If only + wouldn't to express disapproval.

T : Drill 6. Almost, but not guile! This is the situation. Listen. Do not speak. Two teenagers are talking about fashion. They disapprove of each other's appearance. This is how their conversation begins:

(1)  T : I don't know why you always wear plain blouses. I always wear flowered ones.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear flowered ones! They don't suit you.

(2)  T : Why don't you ever use make-up? I always use make-up.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't use make-up! It doesn't suit you.

(3)  T : You ought to wear a bracelet. I always wear a bracelet.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear a bracelet! It doesn't suit you.

T : Now you do the same. Ready?

1  As in (1) above.

2  As in (2) above.

3  As in (3) above.

4  T : You should wear a ring. I always wear lots of rings.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear lots of rings! They don't suit you.

5  T : I don't know why you always wear a tie. I always wear a coloured scarf.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear a coloured scarf. It doesn't suit you.

6  T : And why do you wear trousers? I always wear a kimono.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear a kimono. It doesn't suit you.

7  T : I'd like to know why you always put things in your pockets. I always carry a handbag.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't carry a handbag. It doesn't suit you.

8  T : Why do you always wear a leather belt? I always wear a pretty sash.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear a pretty sash. It doesn't suit you.

9  T : And why do you wear those awful boots? I always wear dainty shoes.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't wear dainty shoes. They don't suit you.

10  T : You shouldn't cut your nails so short. I always keep my nails long.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't keep your nails long. They don't suit you.

11  T : You ought to carry a pretty umbrella. I always carry a pretty umbrella.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't carry a pretty umbrella. It doesn't suit you.

12  T : And why do you always have your hair cut short? I always leave my hair long.

S : I know. If only you wouldn't leave your hair long. It doesn't suit you.

T : Well, I think it suits me.

  

Key to Multiple choice questions

1c               2a                3c                4c               5c

6a               7a                8a                9d               10B

11a             12a

UPTURN

Lesson 7 Bats 蝙蝠

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

In what way does echo-location in bats play an utilitarian role?

Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions．Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back．The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo．A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated．So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships．Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object．A shoal of fish will do this．So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish．With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles ---- or locate flying insects on which they feed．This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

MAURICE BURTON Curiosities of animal life

New words and expressions  生词和短语

bat（1.2）/b$t/ n．蝙蝠

interval（1.6）/'rnt+v+l/n．间隔

strictly（1.2）/'strrktl/ adv．明确地

receipt（1.7）/rr'si:t/ n．收到

utilitarian（1.2）/ju:?trlr'te+r+n/ adj．实用的

apparatus（1.8）/?$p'rert+s/n．仪器

appreciation（1.3）/+?pri:Mi'erM+n/ n．理解

shoal（1.9）/M+ul/ n．鱼群

obstruction（1.5）/+b'str)kM+n/n．障碍物

herring（1.11）/'herrR/n．鲱鱼

elapse（1.5）/r'l$ps/v．消逝

cod（1.11）/k&d/n．鳕鱼

hull（1.6）/h)l/ n．船体

squeak（1.13）/skwi:k/ n．尖叫声

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  Not all sounds made by animals serve as language，动物发出的声音不全是作语言交际。此句采用了部分否定，即不是否定所有的动物，而只是一部分。serve as，作……之用。

2  turn to，求助于。

3  play a role in，在……方面起作用。

4  in the vicinity of，在……的附近。

5  So was born the echo-sounding apparatus，这样就诞生了回声探测仪。这是一个倒装句，主要是为了避免因主语过长而使全句失去平衡，同时也为了使apparatus的定语now in general use in ships 紧挨着名词。in general use，普遍使用。

6  steer clear of，避开。

参考译文

动物发出的声音不都是用作语言交际。我们只要看一看蝙蝠回声定位这一极不寻常的发现，就可以探究一下声音在什么情况下有绝对的实用价值。

要透彻理解这句话的意义，我们应先回顾一下人类最近的几项发明。大家都知道，在墙壁或山腰附近发出喊声，就会听到回声。固体障碍物越远，回声返回所用时间就越长。敲打船体所发出的声音会从海底传回来，测出回声间隔的时间，便可算出该处海洋的深度。这样就产生了目前各种船舶上普遍应用的回声探测仪。任何固体都反射声音，反射的声音因物体的大小和性质的不同而不同。鱼群也反射声音。从测定海深到测定鱼群，这一进展比较容易。根据经验和改进了的仪器，不仅能够确定鱼群的位置，而且可以根据鱼群回声的特点分辨出是鲱鱼、鳕鱼，还是人们所熟悉的其他鱼。

人们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫声，并能通过回声来确定并躲开障碍物，或找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠的这种回声定位常常可与雷达相比较，其原理是相似的。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  How is the echo-location principle applied to measure the depth of the sea?

2  Why do the sounds reflected by solid objects vary?

3  What use do bats make of the principle of echo-location?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: strictly utilitarian (1.2); vicinity (1.4); elapse (1.5); tapping (1.5); apparatus (1.8); shoal (1.9); comparatively (1.9); emit (1.13); steer clear (11.13-14).

Sentence structure  句子结构

A  Combine the following sentences to make one complex statement out of each group．Make any changes you think necessary, but do not alter the sense of the original．Refer to the passage when you have finished the exercise:

1  Not all sounds made by animals serve as language．We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bats．We can see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role．(11.1-2)

2  A sound can be made by tapping on the hull of ship．It will be reflected from the sea bottom．We can measure the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes．The depth of the sea at that point can be calculated．(11.5-7)

3  Every solid object will reflect a sound．This varies according to the size and nature of the object．(11.8-9)

4  With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible to locate a shoal．It is possible to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo．(11.10-12)

5  A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks.

They received echoes．They could locate obstacles.

They could stear clear of obstacles．They could locate flying insects on which they fed．(11.13-14)

B  Without referring to the passage write three sentences indicating three different uses of the principle ofecho - location.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: If we wish to get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.

We can say: To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions．(1.3)

Complete the following sentences:

1  To understand ______.

2  To enjoy ______.

3  To succeed _____.

B  Supply a, an, or the where necessary in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

Everyone knows that if he shouts in _____ vicinity of ______ wall or ________ mountainside, ___ echo will come back．______ further off this solid obstruction, ______ longer time will elapse for ___ return of ______ echo．_______ sound made by tapping on _____ hull of _____ ship will be reflected from ________ sea bottom, and by measuring _______ time interval between ________ taps and _______ receipt of ______ echoes _______ depth of _______ sea at that point can be calculated．Sowas born _______ echo - sounding apparatus, now in _____ general use in ______ ships．Every solid object will reflect ______ sound, varying according to _____ size and _____ nature of _____ object．_______ shoal of _______ fish will do this．So it is ________ comparatively simple step from locating ________ sea bottom to locating ______ shoal of _______ fish．(11.3-10)

C  Study the form of the verbs in italics in these sentences:

A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated．(11.5-7) It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they can locate … obstacles．(11.13-14) Write three sentences in the same way using by followed by the -ing form of a verb．

D  Note that the verb compared is followed by with in this sentence: Echo-location in bats is … compared with radar … (11.14-15)

Supply with, for, or to in the following sentences:

1  I have been corresponding _____ him for many years.

2  He was arrested and charged ______ murder.

3  How much do you charge _______ this service?

4  I can't provide you ________ all the things you need．

5  We have provided _____ every emergency.

6  Did you apply ________ that job?

7  If you want a loan you should apply ______ the bank.

8  He's much too quick for me．I just can't compete ______ him.

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  sound (1.1) ---- echo (1.2)

Don't make a sound, any of you!

The echo of the gunfire died away, and the valley was quiet again.

2  discovery (1.1) ---- invention (1.3)

The discovery of oil in Alaska was a boon to the economy.

The invention of personal computers was a very important event in the second half of the twentieth century.

3  appreciation (1.3) ---- estimation

He lacks a realistic appreciation of the situation.

In my estimation, you'll need twelve rolls of wallpaper.

4  obstruction (1.5) ---- obstacle (1.14)

There's an obstruction in the fuel pipe.

Fear of change is the greatest single obstacle to progress.

5  steer (1.13) ---- drive

The captain steered his ship into the harbour.

It's quite possible to drive from Geneva to London in a day.

B  Supply the missing words in these sentences:

1  Not all the sounds made _______ animals serve as language．(1.1)

2  This camera was made _________ Japan.

3  Glass is made ____ sand and lime.

4  This watch is made____ gold．

C  Explain the word experience in these sentences:

1  With experience it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish.(11.10-11)

2  He is a very experienced surgeon.

3  It was one of the strangest experiences I have ever had．

D  What does the phrase to tell if mean in this sentence:

It is now possible to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish．(11.10-11)

Write two sentences using to tell if.

E  Note the spelling of echoes(1.12)．Write the plural of the following words: potato, piano, tomato, solo.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension 理解

1  What happens if you shout on a mountainside?

a．You will be able to measure distance.

b．Nothing.

c．It will take a long time for an echo to come back.

d．You will hear an echo.

2  You can measure the depth of the sea by ____.

a．shouting so you get back an echo

b．tapping on the hull of a ship

c．working out how long it takes to get an echo from the sea bottom

d．calculating the reflection

3  The echo-location principle means you can even ____.

a．locate and distinguish different species of fish

b．hear a fish's echo

c．improve the apparatus now in use

d．easily catch different species of fish

4  Bats use echo-location to ____.

a．see where they're going

b．avoid bumping into things

c．avoid flying insects

d．emit squeaks

Structure  句型

5  Not ____sound made by animals serves as language．(l.1)

a．every

b．each

c．the whole

d．the entire

6  We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case ____the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role．(11.1-2)

a．which

b．where

c．when

d．why

7  ____ he shout in the vicinity of a wall, an echo will come back．(1.4)

a．Should

b．If

c．When

d．Though

8  ____ the echo-sounding apparatus was born．(11.7-8)

a．Such

b．The way

c．That's how

d．Like this

Vocabulary  词汇

9  The voice plays a strictly ____ role．(1.2)

a．secondary

b．important

c．usual

d．practical

10  A sound made by ____ the hull of a ship - (11.5-6)

a．hitting

b．knocking

c．beating

d．bashing

11  The sound varies ____the size and nature of the object．(11.8-9)

a．depending on

b．relating to

c．influencing

d．by

12  A ____ of fish will do this．(1.9)

a．class

b．herd

c．school

d．flock

UPTURN

Lesson 8 Trading standards 贸易标准

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What makes trading between rich countries difficult?

Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables．No, say the Americans: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way．These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries．It is not just farmers who are complaining．An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU' s okay before it hits the market in Europe.

As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans．So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do ? Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test manyproducts．They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28th．Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.

Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements．The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing．The EU----following fine continental traditions----wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.

From: The Economist, May 24th, 1997

New words and expressions  生词和短语

slaughter(1.1)/'sl&:t+/v．屠宰

electrocute(1.7)/r'lektr+kju:t/v.使触电身亡

fit(1.1)/frt/ adj．适合

eliminate(1.9)/r'lrmrnert/v．消灭

grace(1.1)/grers/v．给……增光

accord(1.13)／+'k&:d/n．协议

tariff(1.3)/'t$rrf/ n．关税

device (1.14)/dr'vars/n．仪器，器械

standard(1.4)/'st$nd+d/ n．标准

hammer out(1.14)/'h$m+-?aut/ v.推敲

dialysis(1.6)/dar'$lrsrs/ n．分离，分解：透析，渗析

pact(1.14)/p$kt/ n．合同，条约，公约

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  Chickens slaughtered in…to grace European tables．在这句话中引用了布鲁塞尔官员的评论，却没有放在引号之中。这种方式常用于报刊文章，对读者的直接影响更大。在claim officials in Brussels中，动词claim置于名词之前。

2  it is differences in national regulations… between rich countries．是各国管理条例上的差异，而不是关税阻碍了发达国家之间的贸易。这是一个it引导的强调句。put sand in the wheels of, 阻碍，阻挠。

3  So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do? 这是另一个没有引号的直接引语的例子。注意why have two…do中的语序，这是非常口语化的直接引语的语序。

参考译文

布鲁塞尔的官员说，在美国屠宰的鸡不适于用来装点欧洲的餐桌。不，美国人说，我们的家禽很好，只是我们使用了另一种清洗方式。当前，是各国管理条例上的差异，而不是关税阻碍了发达国家之间的贸易。并不仅仅是农民在抱怨。一把符合欧州联盟安全标准的电动剃须刀必须得到美国检测人员的认可，方可在美国市场上销售；而美国制造的透析仪也要得到欧盟的首肯才能进入欧洲市场。

碰巧在欧州使用安全的剃须刀不大可能使美国人触电身亡，因此，大西洋两岸的企业都在问，当一套测试可以解决问题时，为什么需要两套呢？政治家在原则上同意了，因此，美国和欧洲一直在寻求达成协议，以便为许多产品取消双重检查。他们希望尽早达成协议，为5月28日举行的美国和欧洲贸易的最高级会议作准备。虽然谈判代表持乐观态度，但协议细节如此复杂，他们所面临的困难很可能使他们根本无法取得一致。

为什么呢？困难之一是起草这些协议。美国人很愿意先就医疗器械的标准达成一个协议，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵盖——比如说——电子产品和药品的生产。欧洲人遵循优良的大陆传统，则希望就普遍的原则取得一致，而这些原则适用于许多不同产品，同时可能延伸到其它国家。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  What does this phrase mean:… put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries．(1.3)

2  What point is made about European-approved electric razors compared with American dialysis machines?

3  Why will the Americans and Europeans be‘hard-pressed to get a deal’? (11.11-12)

Vocabulary  词汇

Give another word or phrase to replace these words as they are used in the passage: slaughtered(1.1);grace European tables(1.1); the EU' s okay(1.6); hits(1.6); eliminate the need(1.9); summit(1.10); complex(1.11);they may be hard-pressed(1.11); construct(1.13); accord(1.13); hammer out(1.14); products(1.16).

Sentence structure  句子结构

A  Combine the following sentences to make one complex statement out of each group．Make any changes you think necessary but do not alter the sense of the original．Refer to the passage when you have finished the exercise:

1  Chickens have been slaughtered in the United States．They are not fit to grace European tables．Officials in Brussels claim this．(1.1)

2  An electric razor meets the European Union's safety standards．It must be approved by American tests．Only then can it be sold in the United States．An American-made dialysis machine needs the EU' s okay．Only then can it be sold in Europe．(11.4-6)

3  Politicians agree in principle．America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal．This would eliminate the need to double test many products．(11.8-10)

4  Negotiators are optimistic．The details are complex．They may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all．(11.11-12)

5  The EU follows fine continental traditions．It wants agreement on general principles．They could be applied to many types of products．Perhaps they could be extended to other countries as well．(11.15-16)

B  What, in your opinion, is the author's main argument in this text?

Key structures  关键句型

A  Write these sentences again changing the position of the words or phrases in italics．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  Before it can be sold in the United States, an electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards much be approved by American testers．(11.4-5)

2  A razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans, as it happens．(1.7)

3  The details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all, although negotiators are optimistic．(11.11-12)

B  Replace the words in italics with suitable alternatives:

1  Our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way．(1.2)

2  It is not just farmers who are complaining．(11.3-4)

3  They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28th．(1.10)

C  Supply the missing words and explain their use, then refer to the passage.

1  No, ..．the Americans: our fowl are find．(1.2)

2  The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts cover,…, electronic goods and drug manufacturing．(11.13-15)

D  Supply the missing words, then refer to the passage.

1  It is not just farmers … are complaining．(11.3-4)

2  An electric razor … meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers．(11.4-5)

3  As it happens, a razor … is safe is unlikely to electrocute Americans．(1.7)

4  America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal … would eliminate the need to double-test．(1.9)

5  The EU wants agreement on general principles … could be applied to many types of products．(11.15-16)

Special difficulties  难点

A  Note this use of way:

We simply clean them in a different way．(1.2)

Explain the meaning of these phrases with way in these sentences:

1  We simply clean them in a different way.

2  I think they went this way.

3  I bought an evening paper on my way home.

4  In a way, I think you may be right.

5  Could you move that step-ladder please? It's in my way.

B  Note this use of the verb sell.

An electric razor must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the US．(11.4-5)

Explain the various uses of sell and sale in these sentences:

1  The house next door has been sold．

2  The flat upstairs is for sale.

3  I bought this coat quite cheaply in the sales.

4  I've been asking for a reasonable amount for my car, but it's still unsold．

C  Note the use of in time in this sentence:

They hope to finish in time for a trade summit．(1.10)

Explain these phrases with time:

1  I was on time for my appointment with my dentist.

2  In times like these people become cautious about spending money.

3  I'm glad I didn't live in the middle ages．In those times people died young.

4  Fortunately, I was just in time to catch the last train home.

5  I missed the celebrations in Hong Kong．I was in Singapore at the time.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  Which one of these statements is true?

a．American farmers are the only ones who are complaining about trading standards.

b．Problems with trading standards don't affect only American farmers.

c．Europe is happy to import American poultry.

d．There is general agreement about regulations for world trade.

2  An electric razor made in the EU can only be sold in the US ____.

a．if it conforms with European required standards

b．when it is safe to use

c．when it has hit the markets in Europe

d．after it has been given approval by US authorities

3  Business people on both sides of the Atlantic ____.

a．question whether two sets of tests are necessary

b．think the present situation is satisfactory

c．have agreed to abandon two sets of tests

d．have set up a single test which has everyone's approval

4  The main difference between the two sides is that ____.

a．it's difficult to construct agreements

b．one side wants a general agreement and the other wants lots of separate ones

c．neither of them can agree about electronic goods and drug manufacturing

d．the EU follows fine continental traditions

Structure  句型

5  American farmers can't export chickens to Europe ____ differences in national regulations．(1.1)

a．through

b．according to

c．in respect of

d．because of

6  An electric razor from the EU ____ sold in the US unless it meets US standards．(11.4-5)

a．oughtn't to be

b．can't be

c．shouldn't be

d．doesn't have to be

7  America and the EU ____ to reach a deal．(1.9)

a．are still trying

b．always try

c．tried

d．were trying

8  The details are ____ that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal．(11.11-12)

a．so complex

b．enough complex

c．such complexity

d．too complex

Vocabulary  词汇

9 There are many differences in national ____．(11.2-3)

a．laws

b．rules

c．commands

d．orders

10  An electric razor that ____ Europe must be approved by American testers．(11.4-5)

a．fits

b．matches

c．is suitable for

d．likes

11  America and the EU have been trying to get ____ double tests．(1.9)

a．away from

b．rid of

c．out of

d．lost in

12  Although negotiators are ____..．(1.11)

a．clear-sighted

b．uncertain

c．hopeful

d．enthusiastic

UPTURN

Lesson 9  Royal espionage 王室谍报活动

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What important thing did King Alfred learn when he penetrated the Danish camp of Guthrum?

Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel．In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere．They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport．Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.

While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders．These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went．He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual．They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neigh bouring regions．There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.

Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney．The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde．But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle: and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.

So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy．He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him．His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army．Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes----and within a month the Danes had surrendered．The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!

BERNARD NEWMAN Spies in Britain

New words and expressions  生词和短语

espionage(title)/'espi+n%:N/n．间谍活动

slack(1.7)/sl$k／adj．涣散的

Alfred(849-899)(1.1)公元 871-899年间任英国国王

conqueror(1.8)/'k&Rk+r+/n．征服者

casual(1.8)/'k$Nu+l/adj．马虎的，随便的

Danish(1.1)/'dernrM/adj．丹麦的，丹麦人的，丹麦语的

precaution(1.8)/prr'k&:M+n/ n．预防，警惕

proceeds(1.8)/'pr+ui:dz/n．所得

minstrel(1.2)/'minstr+l/n．中世纪的吟游歌手

assemble(1.11)/+'semb+l/v．集合

wandering(11.1-2)／'w&d+riR/ adj．漫游的

trivial(1.11)/'trivi+l/ adj．微不足道的

harp(1.2)/ha:p/ n．竖琴

prolonged(1.12) /pr+'l&Rd/ adj．持久的

ballad(1.3)/'b$l+d/ n．民歌

commissariat(1.13)/?k&mr'se+ri+t/n．军粮供应

acrobatic(1.3)/?$nkr+'b$trk/adj．杂技的

episode(1.17)/'eprs+ud/ n．一个事件，片断

conjuring(1.4)/'k)nDN+riR/ n．魔术

epic(1.17)/'eprk/ n．史诗

Athelney(1.5)/'$I+lni/n．阿塞尔纳（英国一个小岛）

harry(1.14)/'h$ri/v．骚扰

Chippenham(1.7)/'tMrp+n+m/n．切本哈姆（英国一城市)

assail(1.15)/+'serl/ v．袭击

thither(1.7)/'JrJ+/ adv．向那里

skirmish(1.16)/'sk*:mrM/n．小规模战斗

Dane(1.7)/dern/ n．丹麦人

Notes on the next  课文注释

1  settle down，驻扎。

2  They lived well, on the proceeds of raids，他们的生活舒适，靠袭击（周围地区）掠夺得到的财物为生。 live on，靠为生。

3  be fit for，适宜于……。

参考译文

阿尔弗雷德大帝曾亲自充当间谍。他扮作吟游歌手到丹麦军队的营地里侦察。当时，浪迹天涯的吟游歌手到处受到欢迎，他们不是作战人员，竖琴就是他们的通行证。阿尔弗雷德年轻时学过许多民歌，并能穿插演一些杂技和小魔术使自己的节目多样化。

当阿尔弗雷德人数不多的军队开始在阿塞尔纳慢慢集结时，他亲自潜入丹麦入侵司令官古瑟罗姆的营地。丹麦军已在切本哈姆扎下营准备过冬，阿尔弗雷德便来到此地。他马上发现丹麦军纪律松弛，他们以征服者自居，安全措施马马虎虎。他们靠掠夺附近的地区的财物过着舒适的生活。他们不仅搜刮吃的喝的，而且抢掠妇女，安逸的生活已使丹麦军队变得软弱无力。

阿尔弗雷德在敌营呆了一个星期后，回到了阿塞尔纳。他集结在那里的军队和丹麦大军相比是微不足道的。然而，阿尔弗雷德断定，丹麦人已不再适应持久的战争，他们的军需供应处于无组织状态，只是靠临时抢夺来维持。

因此，面对丹麦人的进攻，阿尔弗雷德没有贸然同敌人作战，而是采用骚扰敌人的战术。他的部队不停地移动，牵着敌人的鼻子，让他们跟着他跑。他派出巡逻队阻止敌人抢劫，因而饥饿威胁着丹麦军队。这时，阿尔弗雷德发起一连串小规模的进攻，结果不出一个月，丹麦人就投降了。这一幕历史可以说是王室谍报活动中最精彩的篇章。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  Give two reasons why it was easy for Alfred the Great to penetrate the Danish camp.

2  Explain briefly how Alfred defeated the Danes.

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: disguised (1.1); thither (1.7); slack (1.7); security precautions (1.8); proceeds (1.8); trivial (1.11); harried (1.14); assailed (1.15); skirmishes (1.16); unique (1.17).

The paragraph  段落

A  Suggest a suitable title for this passage.

B  Which of the following statements are correct:

1  In Alfred's time it was easy for a minstrel to gain access to an enemy camp.

2  Guthrum was the place where the Danish invaders had their camp.

3  Alfred defeated the Danes because he had a large army.

4  During the English attack, the Danes found it difficult to obtain food．

C  The following sentences have been taken from the second paragraph (11．5-12)．Arrange them in their correct order．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual.

2  These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went.

3  There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.

4  While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders.

5  They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Note how we can use a lot of in place of many (of) and much (of):

Instead of saying: Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth．(1.3)

We can say: Alfred had learned a lot of their ballads in his youth.

Write these sentences again using much (of) or many (of) in place of a lot of:

1  There were a lot of people present at the reception.

2  I haven't got a lot of books.

3  I haven't brought a lot of luggage with me.

4  A lot of the machinery in this factory is out of date.

5  A lot of the shops in this area close on Wednesday afternoon.

B  Put the words in parentheses in their correct position in these sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  He noticed that discipline was slack．(at once) (1.7)

2  They lived on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions．(well) (11.8-9)

3  But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were fit for prolonged battle．(no longer) (11.12-13)

C  Note how as well as can be used to mean in addition to:

There they collected women as well as food and drink．(1.9)

Write two senteces using as well as in the same way.

D  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: Their commissariat had no organization．(1.13)

We can say:    Their commissariat hadn't any organization.

Supply suitable compounds with no or any in the following:

1  ____ called while you were out.

2  Did you go ____last night?

3  Haven't you got ____to do?

4  He said he knew ____about it.

5  I don't know ____by that name.

E  Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred not ____(risk) open battle but ____(harry) the enemy．He ____(be) constantly on the move, ____(draw) the Danes after him．His patrols ____(halt) the raiding parties: hunger ____(assail) the Danish army．Now Alfred ____(begin) a long series of skirmishes----and within a month the Danes ____(surrender)．(11.14-17)

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference:

1  wandering (11.1-2) ---- wondering

I love wandering around second-hand bookshops.

I'm wondering if we've made a mistake here.

2  learned (1.3) ---- taught

I learned to knit when I was eight.

Who taught you how to knit?

3  noticed (l.7) ---- remarked

She noticed that several students seemed restless that morning.

He remarked, ‘You look beautiful today.’

4  conquerors (1.8) ---- winners

Military victories were celebrated by parading the defeated chiefs and princes in the streets of Rome, in a display of submission to their conquerors.

The Oxford team were the winners in last year's Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race.

5  force (1.11) ---- strength

The captain called together a small force of hand-picked men．(= a group under orders)

The door was opened by force．(= the use of strength)

You need a great deal of strength to be a weight lifter．(=the quality of being strong)

But force and strength are often interchangeable when followed by‘of the’:

The force/the strength of the wind was so great that the roof was blown off.

B  Explain the meaning of the verbs and expressions in italics:

1  These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham…(11.6-7)

2  Have you settled your account yet?

3  They settled in Australia before the war.

4  It's time we settled this question.

5  He settled all his property on his wife.

C  Note this compound with self:

The Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors．(11.7-8)

Write sentences using the following:

self-assurance; self-denial; self-governing; self-centred．

D  Explain the words and expressions in italics:

1  The Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle．(11.12-13)

2  Does that coat fit you?

3  I can't fit all these clothes into this suitcase.

4  He may win the race today．He's extremely fit and in good form.

5  He wrote that book in a sudden fit of energy.

6  It's a good idea, but it doesn't fit in with our plans.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  Why was it easy for Alfred the Great to visit the Danish camp disguised as a minstrel?

a．Because no one would recognize him.

b．Because he had learned many Danish ballads in his youth.

c．Because minstrels were able to travel freely in those days.

d．Because no one would refuse hospitality to a king.

2  At the Chippenham camp, King Alfred took special note of the fact that ____.

a．the camp was easy to penetrate

b．the Danish commander, Guthrum, had a lot of confidence

c．winter was setting in

d．the Danes were unprepared for war

3  From what he had seen, Alfred concluded that ____.

a．he would have to stay in the Danish camp for a week

b．his small army was not necessarily a disadvantage

c．the Danes would be dangerous in a prolonged battle

d．the Danes could survive indefinitely on irregular raids

4  One of the factors that led to the Danish surrender was that ____.

a．the Danes could no longer depend on irregular raids to obtain food

b．King Alfred engaged in open battle

c．this was a unique epic of royal espionage

d．they surrendered within a month

Structure  句型

5  Minstrels were not men ____ in battle．(1.2)

a．who fight

b．to fight

c．fighting

d．they fight

6  The Danes collected women ____food and drink．(1.9)

a．also

b．both

c．in addition to

d．moreover

7  Alfred stayed in the camp a week before ____to Athelney.

a．returning

b．to return

c．to returning

d．return

8  So,____ with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle．(1.14)

a．he was faced

b．on being faced

c．he faced

d．in the face

Vocabulary  词汇

9  Alfred was disguised so no one ____ him．(1.1)

a．recognized

b．understood

c．knew

d．met

10  Alfred____ at once that discipline was slack．(1.7)

a．regarded

b．remarked

c．saw

d．attended

11  The force there ____was trivial compared with the Danish horde．(11.11-12)

a．gathered

b．picked up

c．constituted

d．picked

12  His patrols ____the raiding parties．(1.15)

a．attacked

b．prevented

c．held back

d．put an end to

UPTURN

Lesson 10  Silicon valley 硅谷

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy?

Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future．Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now workstations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh．As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures．Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office----spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U．S．a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast．‘We've got more garages with smart people,’ Mead observes.‘We really thrive on anarchy.’

And on Asians．Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms．And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges．As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge tighter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets．For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph．D．from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memorychip market．India-born N．Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT&T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri．Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.

US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, October 2, 1989

New words and expressions  生词和短语

silicon (title)/srlrk+n/n．硅

thrive(1.9)/Irarv/v．兴旺，繁荣

integrated(1.1)/'rntrgrertrd/adj．综合的

anarchy(1.9)/'$n+ki/n．无政府状态，混乱

circuit(1.1)/'s*:krt/n．线路，电路

oriental(1.10)/?&:ri'entl/n．东方人

California(1.2)/?k$lrf&:ni+/n．加利福尼亚（美国州名）

constitute(1.10)/'k&nstrju:t/v．构成

drove(1.11)/dr+uv/n．群

workstation(11.2-3)/'w*:k?sterM+n/n.工作站

innovator(1.12)/'rn+vert+/n.发明者

chip(1.4)/tMrp/n．芯片，集成电路片，集成块

forge(1.13)/f&N/v．发展

newsletter(1.4)/'nju:z?let+/n．时事通讯

memory-chip(1.14)/'mem+ri-'tMrp/n．内存条

Macintosh(1.4)/'m$krmt&M/n．苹果机，一种个人电脑

AT＆T(1.15)美国电话电报公司(American Telephone and Telegraph)

penalize(1.5)/'pi:n+larz/ v．处罚，惩罚

customize(1.6)/'k)st+maiz/v．按顾客具体需要制造

Kansas(1.15)/'k$nz+s/n．堪萨斯（美国州名）

spawn(1.7)/sp&:n/v．引起，酿成

Missouri(1.15)/mr'zu+ri/n．密苏里（美国州名）

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  much the way an editor creates a newsletter, 就像一位编辑编出一份时事通讯一样。

2  be free to, 可以做……。

3  in droves, 一批批，成群地。

4  draw on, 依靠，凭借。

参考译文

技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。卡弗·米德——集成电路的一位先驱，加州理工学院的计算机教授——注意到，现在有些计算机工作站使工程技术人员可以在他们的办公桌上设计、试验和生产芯片，就像一位编辑在苹果机上编出一份时事通讯一样。由于制造一块芯片的时间已缩短至几天，费用也只有几百美元，因此，工程技术人员可能很快就可以充分发挥他们的想像力，而不会因失败而造成经济上的损失。米德预言发明者可以在办公室用一个周末的时间生产出完美的、功能很强的、按客户需求设计的芯片——造就新一代从汽车间起家的技术人员，在把产品推向市场方面使美国把它的外国对手们打个措手不及。“我们有更多的汽车间，而那里有许多聪明人，”米德说。“我们确实是靠这种无政府状态发展起来的。”靠的是亚洲人。硅谷许多公司中工程技术人员的大多数是东方人和亚裔美国人。中国、韩国、菲律宾和印度的工程师一批批地从加州的大学毕业。作为新掘起一代的带头人，亚裔发明家可以凭借他们在习惯和语言上的优势，与关键的太平洋沿岸市场建立起更加牢固的联系。比如说，亚历克斯·奥，一位来自香港的斯坦福大学博士，已经在台湾建厂，对日本在内存条市场上近似垄断的局面提出了挑战。印度出生的N·达莫达·雷迪经营的小小的加州公司在堪萨斯城重新启用了美国电话电报公司的一家芯片工厂，并从密苏里州获取了财政上的支持。在硅谷变成一个退休村之前，它很可能成为建立全球商业的一个教学场地。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  Why, in future, will chip engineers be able to‘let their imaginations soar’?

2  What do you think is meant by the phrase‘garage start-ups’(1.7)?

3  What additional non-computer skills can Asian computer engineering staffs provide that are important in Pacific Rim markets?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: trends(1.1);soar(1.5);penalized(1.5);a jump(1.7);rivals(1.7);thrive(1.9);links(1.13);crucial(1.13);setup(1.14); near lock(1.14); global(1.17).

The paragraph  段落

A  Which of these statements best expresses the main idea in the first paragraph of the passage? Give reasons for your answer:

1  Computer engineers can design computer chips on their desks.

2  The cost of producing chips has dropped to a few hundred dollars.

3  As the cost of producing chips falls, engineers will be free to make more mistakes.

4  Chip engineers thrive on anarchy.

B  Which of these statements best expresses the main idea in the second paragraph of the passage?

Give reasons for your answer:

1  Most chip engineers are Oriental and Asian Americans.

2  Oriental and Asian American chip engineers can help the US beat the competition.

3  Alex Au has set up a factory in Taiwan.

4  Silicon Valley is a global business.

C  What idea do the two examples quoted in the second paragraph(11.10-17) illustrate?(‘For instance, Alex Au…’11.12-14)

Key structure  关键句型

Supply a, an or the only where necessary in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

____ technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to ____ future．Carver Mead, ____ pioneer in ____integrated circuits and ____professor of computer science at ____ California Institute of Technology, notes there are now ____ workstations that enable ____ engineers to design, test and produce ____ chips right on their desks, much ____ way ____ editor creates ____ newsletter on ____ Macintosh．As ____ time and cost of making ____ chip drop to____ few days and ____ few hundred dollars, ____ engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by ____ expensive failures．Mead predicts that ____ inventors will be able to perfect ____ powerful customized chips over ____ weekend at ____ office----spawning ____ new generation of garage start-ups and giving ____ U.S．____ jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast．‘We've got more garages with ____ smart people,’ Mead observes.‘We really thrive on ____ anarchy.’ (11.1-9)

B  Note the use of the -ing form after the preposition without:

Engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures．(11.5-6)

Complete the following sentences:

1  A lot of people are afraid of ____(speak) in public．

2  I always believe in ____(tell) the truth.

3  Poor eyesight prevents me from ____(drive) a car.

4  Would you be interested in ____(buy) a second-hand car?

5  A lot of people object to ____(smoke) these days.

C  Note the form of the verb after before:

Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business．(11.16-17)

Complete these sentences with the right form of the verbs:

1  As soon as your sister ____(arrive) please give me a call.

2  We'd better tidy the house up before my mother ____(get) back from work.

3  I'm going to wait here until he ____(arrive).

4  We go through Customs after we ____(collect) our luggage.

Special difficulties  难点

A  Note the use of the following verb:

Carver Mead notes there are now workstations that enable engineers to produce chips right on their desks．(11.1-3)

Write sentences using each of these verbs:

notice, observe, remark.

B  There are now workstations that enable engineers to produce chips right on their desks．(11.2-3)

Write a sentence using the noun chips with an entirely different meaning.

C  Note the use of set up in this sentence:

Alex Au has set up a Taiwan factory．(11.13-14)

Suggest meanings for these combinations with set:

1  The explorers set off at dawn.

2  Winter has set in early this year.

3  We'll have to set by some money if we want to buy a car.

4  What time do you set out tomorrow morning?

5  If we all set to, we can finish this job in no time.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  Engineers can now ____.

a．create chips at the California Institute of Technology

b．pioneer integrated circuits in garages

c．create chips on computers without having to manufacture them

d．create newsletters whenever they want to

2  The important thing about this new technology is that ____.

a．it doesn't matter whether inventors make mistakes

b．there will be more people working in garages

c．the computer industry is in a state of anarchy

d．people will be able to buy chips for a few hundred dollars

3  One great advantage of employing Asian American engineers is they ____.

a．have an advantage over others in the Pacific Rim markets

b．are graduating in large numbers from California's colleges

c．are now more widely employed than engineers with other backgrounds

d．are more able than other graduates in the computer industry

4  Japan almost has a monopoly of the memory-chip market which ____.

a．is now being challenged by a Taiwanese

b．is now facing real competition

c．is about to end

d．an AT＆T chip plant in Kansas is going to take over

Structure  句型

5  It is ____ that engineers will soon be free to let their imaginations soar．(1.5)

a．certain

b．true

c．necessary

d．possible

6  Carver Mead predicts that inventors will be capable ____ powerful chips．(1.6)

a．to perfect

b．to perfecting

c．of perfecting

d．perfecting

7  ____ engineering staffs at Valley firms are orientals and Asian Americans．(11.10-11)

a．The most

b．Most

c．Many

d．The greatest

8  N．Damodar Reddy, who ____ in India, has a tiny California company．(1.15)

a．is born

b．was born

c．born

d．has borne

Vocabulary  词汇

9  There are now work-stations that ____ engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks．(11.2-3)

a．make possible

b．allowed

c．make it capable for

d．allow

10  If a chip is ‘customized’, it has been made ____ .(1.6)

a．in a traditional way

b．according to custom

c．to suit your needs

d．perfectly

11  Indian engineers are graduating ____．(1.11)

a．in large numbers

b．increasingly

c．like cattle

d．without limits

12  Japan has ____ the memory-chip market．(1.14)

a．control of

b．locked up

c．the key to

d．the master of

UPTURN

Lesson 11  How to grow old  如何安度晚年

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What, according to the author, is the best way to overcome the fear of death as you get older?

Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death．In the young there is a justification for this feeling．Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer．But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble．The best way to overcome it----so at least it seems to me----is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life．An individual human existence should be like a river----small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls．Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being．The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue．And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome．I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

BERTRAND RUSSELL How to grow old from Portraits from Memory

New words and expressions  生词和短语

oppress(1.1)／+'pres/ v．忧郁，压抑

ego(1.6)/'i:g+u/ n．自我

justification(1.1)/?DN)strfr'kerM+n/n．正当理由

recede(1.6)/rrsi:d/v.退去

justifiably(1.2)/'DN)strfarbli/adv．无可非议地

increasingly(1.6)/rn'kri:siRli/adv．日益，不断

cheat(1.3)/tMi:t/ v．欺骗

passionately(1.8)/'p$M+tli/adv．激昂地

abject(1.4)/''$bDNekt/ adj．可怜的

painlessly(1.10)/'pernlrsli/adv．毫无痛苦地

ignoble(1.5)/ig'n+ub+l/ adj．不体面的，可耻的

vitality(1.12) /vart't$lirti/n．精力

impersonal (1.6)/rm'p*:s+n+l/ adj．超脱个人感情影响的

weariness(1.12)/wr+rinis/n．疲惫感

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  in the young, 在年轻人身上。

2  Young men who have reason…that life has to offer．这个句子较长，其中有3个that。第1个that引导一个宾语从句that…battle，是fear的宾语。第2个that引导一个同位语从句that they…to offer，说明 thought 的内容。第3个that引导一个定语从句that life has to offer，修饰things。

3  cheat of…, 从那里骗取……。

4  whatever work it was in him to do, 他所能做的任何工作。

5  so at least it seems to me, 这里一个插入语，用了倒装语序，自然的语序是at least it seems so to me。

6  bit by bit, 一点一点地。

7  the thought of rest是death 的一种委婉说法。

参考译文

有些老年人因为怕死而感到烦恼。青年人有这种感觉是情有可原的。有理由害怕自己会死在战场上的年轻人；想到自己被剥夺了生活所能给予的最美好的东西时，感到痛苦，这是可以理解的。可是老年人已经饱尝了人间的甘苦，一切能做的都做了，如果怕死；就有点儿可怜又可鄙。克服怕死的最好办法——至少在我看来是这样——就是逐渐使自己的兴趣更加广泛，逐渐摆脱个人狭小的圈子，直到自我的围墙一点一点地倒塌下来，自己的生活慢慢地和整个宇宙的生活融合在一起。个人的存在应该像一条河流，开始很小，被紧紧地夹在两岸中间，接着热情奔放地冲过巨石，飞下瀑布。然后河面渐渐地变宽，两岸后撤，河水流得平缓起来，最后连绵不断地汇入大海；毫无痛苦地失去了自我的存在。上了年纪的人这样看待生命，就不会有惧怕死亡的心情了，因为自己关心的一切事物都会继续下去。再者，随着精力的衰退，老年人的疲惫感会增长，有长眠的愿望未尝不是一件好事。我希望工作到死为止，明白了有人会继续我的未竟事业，想到能做的事都做了，也就坦然了。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  Why, according to the author, is it justifiable for a young man to fear death?

2  How does the author regard the fear of death in old people?

3  What, in the opinion of the author, is the best way for an old person to overcome the fear of death?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: oppressed (1.1); justification (1.1); cheated (1.3); recede (1.6); merged (1.7); decay of vitality (1.12) weariness(1.12).

The paragraph  段落

A  Which of these statements best expresses the main idea or me passage? Give reasons for your answer:

1  Old people fear death.

2  While it is justifiable for a young man to fear death, it is not so in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows and has accomplished whatever work it was in him to do.

3  It is justifiable for young people to fear death.

4  An old man will not fear death if he knows that there are others who will carry on what he can no longer do.

B  The following sentences have been taken from lines 7-14．Arrange them in their correct order．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

2  The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.

3  An individual human existence should be like a river----small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.

4  Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.

5  And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

Some old people _______ (oppress) by the fear of death．In the young there is a justification for this feeling.

Young men who have reason to fear that they _________ (kill) in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they______ (cheat) of the best things that life has to offer．But in an old man who ______ (know) human joys and sorrows, and ________ (achieve) whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death _______ (be) somewhat abject and ignoble．(11.1-5)

B  Note the form of the verbs used after until in this sentence:

Make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life．(11.5-7)

Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in the following sentences:

1  I don't think he will be very pleased when he _______ (find) out the truth.

2  He will send a telegram as soon as he ______ (arrive) in Zurich.

3  We should wait until the weather _______ (change) before we go on holiday.

C  Study these sentences:

Instead of saying: An individual human existence should be like a river．(1.7)

We can say: An individual human existence ought to be like a river.

Now compare the following sentence with the two given above:

I can't leave now: I must finish my work first.

Supply should (ought to) or must in these sentences:

1  I really _____ finish this letter, but I think it can wait until tomorrow.

2  I have no alternative: I _____ do what I am told to do.

3  By rights, you _______ pay a fine on this book as it is long overdue, but it doesn't matter.

4  I _____ be at work on time every morning or I'll lose my job．

D  Supply the missing words in the following sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly and _____ the end, without any visible break, they become merged ______ the sea and painlessly lose their individual being．The man who, ______ old age, can see his life _______ this way, will not suffer _____ the fear ______ death, since the things he cares _____ will continue．(11.8-11)

E  Give the correct form of the verb in parentheses．Do not refer to the passage until you have completed the exercise:

And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness _____ (increase), the thought of rest will be not unwelcome．(11.11-12)

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study these examples, then write two sentences to bring out the difference between the verbs flow (1.9) and fly.

The River Thames rises in Gloucestershire and runs eastwards for 210 miles until it flows into the North Sea at the Nore, some 40 miles east of London.

The nest in the hedge is empty．The young birds have flown.

B  Note that the word water is rarely used in the plural: ‘the waters flow more quietly’ (1.9)．Study the example and then write a sentence using water in the plural.

The banks of the River Oder had disappeared in the flood, and despairing householders watched from a hill top as the waters went on rising.

C  Explain the meaning of since in these sentneces:

1  Man will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue．(11.10-11)

2  I have not seen him since last year.

D  Note the use of no longer and any longer in these sentences:

Others will carry on what I can no longer do．(11.12-13)

Others will carry on what I cannot do any longer.

Write two sentences using no longer and any longer.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  It is ______ that young people fear they will die.

a．not surprising

b．unnatural

c．oppressive

d．deceitful

2  Fear of death in old people ______.

a．is not something the writer admires

b．is wider and more impersonal

c．is all right for someone who has known joys and sorrow

d．is truly justified

3  As a person's interests become more impersonal, so ______.

a．his existence becomes like a river

b．the sense of individuality decreases

c．life flows without a visible break

d．the waters flow more quietly

4  An old person can reach a stage where _______.

a．the things he cares for will continue

b．he wishes to die while still at work

c．his life will continue

d．he looks forward to death

Structure  句型

5  In the young, this feeling ______．(1.1)

a．has justified

b．was justified

c．justified

d．is justified

6  In an old man ______ has known human joys and sorrows … (11.3-4)

a．what

b．which

c．-

d．that

7  An individual human existence should be like a river．That's how it _______ be．(1.7)

a．ought to

b．must

c．has to

d．is obliged to

8  _____ death will not bring fear to the old man who can see his life in this way．(11.10-11)

a．A

b．The

c．Every

d．-

Vocabulary  词汇

9  Young men may justifiably feel they have been ______ of the best things in life．(11.1-2)

a．deceived

b．lied

c．stolen

d．robbed

10  Your life becomes increasingly _______ in the universal life．(11.6-7)

a．lost

b．joined

c．sunk

d．contained

11  _____ the river grows wider … (11.8-9)

a．Less and less

b．Step by step

c．One by one

d．Little by little

12  I should wish to die while still at work, ______ that others will carry on … (11.13-14)

a．thinking

b．aware

c．believing

d．acceptin

UPTURN

Lesson 13  The search for oil 探寻石油

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil?

The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet．But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits．The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter．My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity．When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick．It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit．It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through．Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it．This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe．We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas．We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.

T．F．GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery

New words and expressions  生词和短语

mineral(1.2)/'mIn+r+l/adj．矿物的

geologist(1.8)/DNi'&l+Ist/n．地质学家

boring(1.2)/'mIn&:rTl/adj．钻孔

coring bit (1.9)/'k&:rIR-bIt/取芯钻头

derrick(1.5)/'derik/n.井架

cylinder(1.9)/'srlrnd+/n．圆柱体

block and tackle (1.5)滑轮组

strata(1.9)/'str%:t+/n．岩层[复]([单] stratum/ str%:t+m/或 strata [误用])

haul(1.6)/h&:l/v．拖，拉

rotate(1.6)/r+&'teIt/ v．使转动

circulate(1.12)/'s*:kj&leIt/v.注入，环流

cutting bit (1.7) 钻头

gusher(1.12)/'g)M+/n．喷油井

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  they go down to as much as 25,000 feet,

as much as意为“多达”，“达到（量）”。

2  as we must with other mineral deposits,

must 后面省去了与上句中相同的部分 send men down.

3  a foot in diameter, 直径1英尺。

4   every so often, 时常。

5  by means of, 用……，靠……手段。

参考译文

在所有洞穴中，为寻找石油所钻的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达25,000英尺。但是，我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样，把人送到地下去把石油取出。这些洞只不过是一些钻孔，直径不到1英尺。我是专门搞石油的，寻找石油比其他任何采矿业对改进深孔钻探作的贡献都要大。当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在那里竖起一个井架。井架必须很高，因为它像一个巨型滑轮组。我们必须把很长的钻杆一节节地钻入地下，然后再从地下拉出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻杆旋转，它的底部装有钻头。

地质学家需要知道钻头已经到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要用取芯钻头取样。这种钻头能切割一段光滑的圆柱形岩石，从中能看出钻头所钻透的地层。一旦到达油层，石油就会由于地下巨大的压力流到地面上来，这种巨大的压力来自地下天然气或水。这种压力必须加以控制，我们让泥浆顺着钻杆向下循环，用这种方法来控制压力。我们尽量避免使用陈旧天真的喷井方法，那样会浪费石油和天然气。我们要让石油留在井下，直到我们能用一种有控制的方法把它引上来为止。

Comprehension  理解

1  In a single sentence explain the purpose of an oil derrick.

2  Explain in a sentence how oilmen prevent oil from gushing to the surface.

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: in diameter (1.3); drilling(1.4); haul(1.6); rotated (1.6); every so often (1.8); endeavour (1.12).

The paragraph  段落

A  Which of these statements do you think the author would agree with? Give reasons for your choice:

1  The search for oil has led to an improvement in drilling techniques.

2  When drilling for oil, it is difficult to obtain samples of the rocks the drill has been cutting through.

3  Once oil has been found, it is impossible to prevent it from gushing to the surface.

B  The following sentences have been taken from the first paragraph (lines 1-7)．Arrange them in their correct order．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity.

2  When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick.

3  The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.

4  The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter.

5  But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits.

6  It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Supply the correct form of the missing verbs (must, need or have to) in these sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  We do not_______ to send men down to get the oil out, as we _______ with other mineral deposits．(11.1-2)

2  It _____ be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle and we ______ lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe．(11.5-6)

3  The geologist _______ to know what rocks the drill has reached．(1.8)

4  This pressure _______ be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe．(11.11-12)

B  Supply a or the where necessary in the following．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise: ______ deepest holes of all are made for _____ oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet．But we do not need to send _______ men down to get _____ oil out, as we must with _____ other mineral deposits．_____ holes are only borings, less than _____ foot in _____ diameter.____  my particular experience is largely in _____ oil, and ______ search for _____ oil has done more to improve ______ deep drilling than any other mining activity．(11.1-4)

C  Supply (be) going to or will in these sentences:

1  When it has been decided where we ______ drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick．(11.4-5)

2  Ask Mary．I'm sure she ______ be able to help you.

3  He _____ be far more co-operative if you speak to him nicely.

4  If ever you want any information, we _______ always be glad to help you.

5  He's changed his mind again．He ______ make out another will.

D  Note the order of the words in italics:

The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, (1.8)

Complete the following sentences:

1  Tell me where ______.

2  I don't know why ________.

3  Ask him how _________.

4  Did he tell you when ________.

E  Note the word order in this sentence:

We want it to stay down the hole．(1.13)

Write sentences using the same pattern with the following verbs: allow, ask, teach, cause, warn and advise.

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  hole (l.1  ) ---- whole

We'll just dig a hole in the ground and bury the box in it.

You have your whole life ahead of you.

2  engine (1.6) ---- machine

A car like this needs a powerful engine.

How often should you equip a factory with new machines?

3  fit (1.7) ---- suit

That jacket really fits you at the shoulders.

Pastel colours suit me.

4  clean (1.9) ---- clear

Please hand me a clean towel.

You must never do that again．Is that clear?

5  control (1.13) ---- check

OPEC no longer has control over the price of oil.

It's hard to keep a check on the number of people coming into the country.

B  Supply verbs which could be used in place of the expressions in italics:

1  When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick．(11.4-5)

2  It took them several hours to put out the fire.

3  I won't put up with this sort of thing any longer.

4  Because of the bad weather, the match has been put off until next week.

C  Explain the meaning of the words or phrases in italics:

1  Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface．(1.10)

2  I'm ashamed to say I've only been to the Louvre once.

3  Once upon a time there was a poor woodcutter who lived in a forest.

4  I see him once in a while.

5  I'll come at once.

6  All at once there was a loud explosion.

D  Write sentences using the following expressions:

under control (1.13); out of control; beyond control.

E  Note the use of off in this sentence: We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner．(1.13)

Write sentences using the following verbs: drive off; cool off; hurry off; switch off; wear off.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  Deep drilling techniques have improved greatly because _______.

a．of the need to locate oil

b．it is necessary to go down as much as 25,000 feet

c．there is no need to send men down deep holes to get oil

d．of the constant search for mineral deposits

2  It's necessary to put up an oil derrick _____.

a．because it is like a giant block and tackle

b．to rotate the engine at the top

c．to control all the equipment needed to drill a deep hole

d．to decide exactly where to drill for oil

3  The only way of knowing what rocks the drill has reached is to _____.

a．cut clean cylinders of rock

b．use the coring bit

c．take note of the strata below the surface

d．bring up specimen material from time to time

4  If you don't control the oil pressure ________.

a．oil will be forced to the surface with great force

b．mud will have to be circulated down the drill pipe

c．you will have to catch the oil at the surface

d．water will gush to the surface

Structure  句型

5  The holes made for oil go down as ______ as 25,000 feet．(1.1)

a．many

b．long

c．far

d．distant

6  Nothing has done as _____ as to improve deep drilling as the search for oil．(11.3-4)

a．many

b．much

c．long

d．far

7  The geologist needs to know ______ rocks the drill has reached．(1.8)

a．that

b．when

c．how

d．which

8  _____ we get down to the oil, it usually flows with great pressure．(1.10)

a．Immediately

b．The first time

c．Until

d．As long as

Vocabulary  词汇

9  The holes are only borings, less than a foot _____ .(11.2-3)

a．round

b．across

c．through

d．along

10  The engine at the top makes the drill pipe go ______．(1.6)

a．up and down

b．in and out

c．round and round

d．deeper and deeper

11  ______ a sample is obtained with a coring bit．(11.8-9)

a．Every now and again

b．In one way or another

c．Often but not always

d．After a long time

12  We _____ avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher．(1.12)

a．make sure we

b．can't

c．attempt

d．try to