New Concept English 4

UPTURN

Lesson 14  The Butterfly Effect 蝴蝶效应

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?

Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are  worthless.

The Butterfly Effect is the reason．For small pieces of weather----and to a global forecaster, small canmean thunderstorms and blizzards----any prediction deteriorates rapidly．Errors  and uncertainties  multiply, eddies that only satellites can see.

The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere．But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want．Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01,  then 12.02, then 12.03  …

The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away．At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about,  tiny deviations from the average．By 12.01,  those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away．Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale,  and so on up to the size of the globe.

JAMES GLEICK, Chaos

New words and expressions  生词和短语

forecast(1.1)/'f&:k%:st/n.预报

grid（1.7）/grrd/n．坐标方格

speculative（1.1）/'spekj&l+trv/ adj．推测的

sensor(1.9)/'sens+/ n．传感器

blizzard (1.4)/'blIz+d/n．暴风雪

humidity (1.11) /hju:'mIdIti/n.湿度

deteriorate(1.4)/dI'tI+ri+reIt/v．变环，恶化

meteorologist(1.11)/'mi:ti+'r&lDNIst/n．气象学家

multiply (1.4)/'m)ltIpl%I/ v.增加

princeton (1.13)/'prInst+n/n．普林斯顿（美国城市名）

cascade(1.5) /k$'skeId/ v．瀑布似地落下

turbulent(1.5)/'t*:bjvl+nt/adj．狂暴的

New Jersey(1.13) /nju:-'DN*:zI/n．新泽西（美国州

dust devil(1.5)/'d)st-?dev+l/小尘暴，尘旋风名）

squall (1.5)/skw&:l/n．暴风

fluctuation (1.14)/?fl)ktMu'eIM+n/n．起伏，波动

eddy(1.6)/'edi/ n.旋涡

deviation(1.15)/?di:vi'eIM+n/ n.偏差

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  beyond two or three days, 超过两- 三天。

2  of the order of, 大约。

参考译文

世界上最好的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。

原因是蝴蝶效应。对于小片的恶劣天气——对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，“小”可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪——任何预测的质量会很快下降。错误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流的微状，从小尘暴和暴风发展到只有卫星上可以看到的席卷整块大陆的旋涡。

现代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中每个点大约是间隔60英里。 既使是这样，有些开始时的资料也不得不依靠推测，因为地面工作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的每一个地方。假设地球上可以布满传感器，每个相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层的顶端。再假定每个传感器都极端准确地读出了温度、气压、湿度和气象学家需要的任何其他数据。在正午时分，一个功能巨大的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上 12∶01、12∶02、12∶03时可能出现的情况。

计算机无法推断出1个月以后的某一天， 新泽西州的普林斯顿究竟是晴天还是雨天。正午时分，传感器之间的距离会掩盖计算机无法知道的波动、任何偏离平均值的变化。到12∶01时，那些波动就已经会在1英尺远的地方造成偏差。很快这种偏差会增加到10 英尺的范围，如此等等，一直到全球的范围。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  What does the author mean by‘small pieces of weather’?

2  How do modern weather models work ?

3  What do you think‘the butterfly effect’means in this passage?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: speculative (1.1); global (1.3); deteriorates (1.4); rapidly (1.4); multiply (1.4); turbulent (1.5); suppose (1.10); accurate (1.10); precisely (1.11); data (1.12); fluctuations (1.14); average (1.15); errors (1.16).

The paragraph  段落

A  Which one of these statements do you think the author would agree with?

1  Accurate readings by computers enable us to predict the weather.

2  It will never be possible to predict the weather accurately.

3  The only way to predict the weather accurately is to have sensors one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Note how these two sentences have been connected:

Errors and uncertainties multiply．They cascade upward through a chain of turbulent features.

Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features．(11.4-5)

Join these sentences in the same way:

1  There's a fault in the earth's crust．It runs along the west coast of the USA.

2  The hurricane hit Florida．It swept away everything in its path.

3  I noticed the lights were on．I assumed they were at home.

4  He emerged from the airport．The president waved to the reporters.

B  We can introduce conditional sentences with conjunctions other than if, for example:

Suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart．(11.8-9)

Complete these sentences in any way you like:

1  You can go home early, providing (that) ______.

2  We can offer you a job on condition (that) ______.

3  You can come in any time you like tomorrow morning so long as ______.

4  I won't phone you unless ______.

5  He'll definitely win even if ________.

C  Study these two sentences:

We will probably have some rain by noon.

By 12.01  those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away．(11.15-16)

Explain the differences in meaning between these pairs of sentences:

1  He won't receive this fax tomorrow morning.

He will have received this fax by tomorrow morning.

2  He won't leave Beijing until this message arrives.

By the time this message arrives, he will have left Beijing.

3  They will complete the new motorway by next June.

They won't have completed the new motorway until next June.

Special difficulties  难点

A  Explain the meaning of since in these sentences:

1  Some starting data has to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere.

2  John feels much happier since he changed his job．

3  Susan left in July and we haven't seen her since.

4  It hasn't stopped raining since eight o'clock this morning.

5  Since you're so clever, see if you can solve the problem!

B  The computer will be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away．(11.13-14)

Supply if or whether; note the sentences where we can use both if and whether.

1  _____ he has signed the contract (or not) doesn't matter.

2  The question is ______ he has signed the contract.

3  I want to know _______ he has signed the contract.

4  I'm concerned about ______ he has signed the contract.

5  Do you know ______ she's arriving by bus or by car?

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  The reason it's hard to forecast the weather is that ______.

a．conditions rapidly deteriorate

b．there is always turbulence

c．only satellites have a panoramic view of conditions

d．the effect of tiny changes cannot be detected or calculated

2  Even with grid points which are sixty miles apart, forecasters  _____.

a．have to depend on satellites for information

b．have to make assumptions about some of the data

c．work on modern weather models

d．prevent errors from multiplying

3  Which of these statements is true?

a．The only way to solve the problem is to have sensors spaced at one-foot intervals.

b．The only way to solve the problem is to have infinitely powerful computers.

c．The only way to solve the problem is to have perfectly accurate readings.

d．At present, there is no way of making absolutely accurate predictions.

4  Tiny variations in temperature, pressure and humidity _____.

a．will be picked up by sensors at one-minute intervals

b．are used to predict the weather one month ahead

c．can lead to completely unexpected weather conditions

d．produce expected results

Structure  句型

5  Generally speaking, any prediction ______ rapidly．(1.2)

a．is deteriorating

b．has deteriorated

c．will deteriorate

d．had deteriorated

6  Only satellites _______ see continent-size features．(11.5-6)

a．are able to

b．could

c．are possible

d．are capable

7  _____ the earth could be covered with sensors．(11.9-10)

a．Providing that

b．On condition that

c．Say

d．Allowing that

8  The computer will be incapable ______ whether Princeton will have sun or rain one month away.(11.13)

a．predict

b．to predict

c．of predicting

d．predicting

Vocabulary  词汇

9  The world's best weather forecasts are based on _______．(1.1)

a．certain knowledge

b．guess work

c．scientific facts

d．accurate calculation

10  The modern weather models work with a _____ of points.(1.7)

a．scale

b．balance

c．line

d．network

11  ‘Humidity’ refers to ______．(1.11)

a．light

b．water vapour

c．pressure

d．heat

12  An infinitely powerful computer takes in all the data and _____ what will happen．(11.11-12)

a．predicts

b．foretells

c．estimates

d．works out

UPTURN

Lesson 15  Secrecy in industry  工业中的秘密

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries ?

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, oftherenough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where never patented at all but kept as secret processes . This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechancal industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

J. D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science

New words and expressions  生词和短语

secrecy（title）/'si:kr+si/ n．秘密

process（1.7）/'pr+vses/ n．过程

effectiveness（1.1）/I'fektIvnIs/n．成效，效力

patent（1.8）/'peItnt/n．专利；v．得到专利权

inquiry（1.3）/In'kwaI+ri/n．调查研究

agent（1.13）/'eIdDN+nt/n．情报人员

positive（1.6）/'pozItIv/adj．确实的

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  weigh against，不利于……。

2  in so far as…，就……而言。

3  which are of such general and fundamental nature，其中 to be of有“具有”的意思。

4  are sought for with complete secrecy，极端秘密地探索。

5  such and such a book，某一本书。

参考译文

有两个因素严重地妨碍着工业中科学研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛；二是研究人员缺乏个人自由。任何一项研究都涉及到保密，那些从事科研的人员自然受到了限制。他们不能和其他国家、其他大学、甚至往往不能与本公司的其他部门的同行们进行有效的接触。保密程度自然差别很大。某些大公司进行的研究属于一般和基础性的研究。因此不保密对他们才有利。然而，依赖这种研究的很多工艺程序是在完全保密的情况下进行的，直到可以取得专利权的阶段为止。更多的工艺过程根本就不会取得专利权，而是作为秘方保存着。这在化学工业方面尤其突出。同物理和机械工业相比，化学工业中偶然发现的机会要多得多。有时，保密竟达到了这样的程度，即连研究工作的整个性质都不准提及。比如，很多公司向图书馆借阅科技书籍时感到很困难，因为它们不愿让人家记下它们公司的名字和借阅的某一本书。他们生怕别的公司的情报人员据此摸到他们可能要从事的某项科研项目。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  Which two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry?

2  Why are some processes in chemical industries never patented at all?

3  Why are some firms reluctant to borrow books from libraries?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: weigh heavily against (1.1); lack (1.2); effective contact (1.4); fundamental (1.6); processes (1.7); applies (1.9); trace (1.14); likely (1.14).

The paragraph  段落

A  Which of these statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? Give reasons for your choice:

1  The effectiveness of scientific research in industry is hampered by the general atmosphere of secrecy which surrounds it and by the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.

2  Scientific research in industry is not very effective because big firms wish to keep so many processes secret.

3  Many scientific processes in industry are kept secret until they can be patented．

B  The following sentences have been taken from lines 5-10．Arrange them in their correct order．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.

2  This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.

3  Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.

4  Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.

5  Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Change the form of the verbs in each of these sentences．Omit the words in italics．Do not refer to the passage until you have completed the exercise:

1  One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which they carry it out．(11.1-2)

2  They seek for a great many processes with complete secrecy until the stage at which they can take out patents．(11.7-8)

3  Even more processes they never patent at all but keep as secret processes．(11.8-9)

4  Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that they cannot mention the whole nature of the research．(1.10-11)

B  Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in the following sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have completed the exercise:

1  In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in ______(carry) it out．(1.3)

2  Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in ______(obtain) technical or scientific books from libraries．(11.11-12)

C  Complete the following sentences using a verb after the words in italics:

1  He was engaged in ______.

2  He was prevented from ______.

3  He insisted on ______.

4  If you persist in ______.

D  Note the position of not in this sentence:

It is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret．(ll.6-7)

Supply not in each of the following sentences:

1  He told me to mention it to you.

2  Please tell him to call in the morning.

3  Didn't I beg you to write to him?

E  What is the difference between these two sentences:

They are unwilling to enter their names as having taken out such and such a book.

They are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, (11.12-13)

Write these sentences again using the correct form of have with the verbs in italics:

1  We are going to decorate this room soon.

2  I repaired this watch last year.

3  Will you install the television in this room?

F  Note that in the following sentence we may use the word lest in place of for fear:

Many firms are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book lest (or for fear) the

agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking．(11.1  1-14)

Write two sentences using lest and for fear.

Special difficulties  难点

A  Note the use of fellow in this phrase: ‘with their fellow scientists’ (1.4)．Write three sentences using fellow with the following words: men; students; workers.

B  Write sentences using the following phrases:

in so far as (1.3); often enough (1.4); to such an extent (1.1  1); the whole nature of (1.11).

C  Explain the expressions in italics in the following sentences:

1  In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out．(1.3)

2  I think we can carry on without your help.

3  The audience was completely carried away by the wonderful perfomance of the soloist.

4  The government failed to carry through the new bill on housing in the House of Commons last night.

D  What do you understand by the phrase in italics:

They are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book．(11.12-13)

Write a sentence using the phrase such and such.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  Fear of industrial espionage ______.

a．leads to lack of freedom in scientific research

b．especially applies to scientific research of a general and fundamental nature

c．can lead to secrecy in scientific research

d．creates an atmosphere of distrust in business

2  Which of these statements is true?

a．Some kinds of scientific research are ‘more secret’ than others.

b．All kinds of scientific research are top secret.

c．Firms never tell anyone anything about their scientific research.

d．Scientific research workers never speak to each other.

3  Firms want to be sure ______.

a．they limit all those engaged in carrying out scientific research

b．that larger companies can't find out about their scientific research

c．they are working in an atmosphere of complete secrecy

d．they own the rights to intellectual property before they reveal what they're doing

4  The possibility of making discoveries by accident ______.

a．make it difficult to obtain scientific books from libraries

b．encourages competition from other agents

c．increases the need for secrecy

d．means that every discovery has to be patented

Structure  句型

5  One is the general atmosphere of secrecy ______．(11.1-2)

a．which it is carried out

b．which is carried out

c．it is carried out

d．it is carried out in

6  ______ any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits - (1.3)

a．With regard to

b．As well as

c．Supposing that

d．To the extent that

7  Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are ______ general that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret．(11.6-7)

a．such

b．so

c．so that

d．in order that

8  They ______even more processes as secret processes．(11.8-9)

a．keep

b．kept

c．are kept

d．are keeping

Vocabulary  词汇

9  There is the ______of freedom of the individual research worker．(1.2)

a．loss

b．emptiness

c．absence

d．luck

10  It naturally limits all those engaged in ______．(1.3)

a．performing it

b．involving it

c．betrothed to it

d．allowing it

11  It is ______not to keep them secret．(11.6-7)

a．with their knowledge

b．on their account

c．in their best interests

d．for their benefit

12  Sometimes the secrecy goes to such a ______that ..．(1.1.10-11)

a．degree

b．process

c．limit

d．period

UPTURN

Lesson 16  The modern city 现代城市

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答问题。

What is the author's main argument about the modern city?

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected．Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible．It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and 5  without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory．The great cities have been built with no regard for us．The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them．This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded 10 together．Civilized men like such a way of living．While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life．The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds．Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.

ALEXIS CARREL Man, the Unknown

New words and expressions  生词和短语

physiological（1.1）/?fIzi+'l&DNdIk+l/adj．生理的

clvilized（1.10）/'sIv+l-aIzd/adj．文明的

maximum（1.2）/'m$ksIm+m/ adj．最大限度的

banal（1.10） /b+'na:l/ adj．平庸的

consideration（1.5）/k+n?sId+'reIM+n/n．考虑

luxury（1.10）/'l)kM+ri/n．豪华

descendant（1.5）/dI'send+nt/n．子孙，后代

deprive（1.11）/dI'praIv/v．剥夺

artificial（1.6）/?a:tI'fIM+l/adj．人工的

monstrous（1.12）/'m&nstr+s/ adj．畸形的

impose（1.6）/Im'pvz/ v．强加

edifice（1.12）/'edIfIs/n．大厦

dimension（1.7）/daI'men+n/n．直径

toxic（1.12）/'t&ksIk/ adj．有毒的

skyscraper（1.7）/'skaI?skreIp+/n．摩天大楼

ceaselessly（1.13）/'si:sl+sli/ adv．不停地

tenant（1.8）/'ten+nt/n．租户

throng（1.13）/Ir&R/v．挤满，壅塞

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  in order that…，以使……，为了……，引导目的状语从句。

2  without any idea of，完全忽视……。

3  without giving any consideration to…，完全不考虑……。

4  with no regard for，不考虑……。

5  be deprived of，被剥夺。

参考译文

在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人的生理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了。现代工业的基本概念是：以最低成本获取最多产品，为的是让某个个人或某一部分人尽可能多地赚钱。现代工业发展起来了，却根本没想到操作机器的人的本质。工厂把一种人为的生存方式强加给工人，却不顾及这种生存方式给工人及其后代带来的影响。大城市的建设毫不关心我们。摩天大楼完全是按这样的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得最大收入和向租房人提供使他满意的办公室和住房。这样就导致了许多摩天大厦拔地而起，大厦内众多的人挤在一起。文明人喜欢这样一种生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒适和庸俗的豪华时，却没有意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。大得吓人的高楼和阴暗狭窄的街道组成了今日现代化的城市。街道上充斥着汽油味和有毒气体，出租汽车、卡车、公共汽车的噪音刺耳难忍，络绎不绝的人群挤来挤去。显然，现代化的城市不是为居民的利益而规划的。

Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  In what way is a modern factory similar to a large city?

2  What, according to the author, led to the building of huge skyscrapers?

3  What do those who enjoy living in cities fail to realize?

Vocabulaary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using by great crowds（1.13）.

The paragraph  段落

A Which of these statements best expresses the author's main argument? Give reasons for your choice:

1  Modern cities have not been planned for the good of their inhabitants.

2  Man is obsessed by the desire for profit.

3  Great cities, like modern factories, impose on us an artificial way of life.

B The following sentences are taken from lines 1-6．Arrange them in their correct order．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected．

It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers completely ______(neglect)．Modern industry ______(base) on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible．It ______(expand) without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who (run) the machines, and without ______(give) any consideration to the effect produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory．The great cities ______(build) with no regard for us．(11.1-6)

B  Study the pattern in italics in this sentence:

Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may (or might) earn as much money as possible．(11.2-4)

Complete the following sentences:

1  He is attending English classes in order that ______.

2  She works very hard in order that ______.

3  The Prime Minister has gone abroad in order that ______.

C  Note the phrase in italics: ‘In order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.’ (11.3-4)

Write sentences using the following phrases:

as many as possible; as far as possible; as few as possible; as little as possible.

D  Write sentences using the following expressions:

influence upon (1.1); based on (1.2); the true nature of (1.4); mode of (1.6); regard for (1.6); depend on (1.7); the necessity of (1.7); deprived of (1.11); consist of (1.11); full of (1.12).

E  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying : Although they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.

We can say: While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life．(11.10-11)

Complete the following sentences using your own words:

1  While we are less concerned ______.

2  While modern cities have grown in size ______.

3  While factory conditions have improved ______.

Special difficulties  难点

A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  physiological (1.1  ) ---- psychological

The doctor could not find any physiological cause of his illness.

John says he's got some sort of virus, but I'm sure it's psychological.

2  neglect (1.2) ---- ignore

Heavy drinking is one reason why some people neglect themselves.

I won't accept any responsibility if you choose to ignore my advice.

3  modern (1.2) ---- contemporary

The original supermarkets were small by modern standards.

I have no interest at all in contemporary Japanese prints.

4  earn (1.3) ---- win

He earns nearly 45,000 dollars a year.

Who do you think will win the next election?

5  please (1.8) ---- beg

It pleases me to say that we got what we wanted as a result of taking your advice.

I beg you to consider carefully before you make up your mind．

B  Note this use of per in the sense of for each:

The necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground ..．(11.7-8)

Write sentences using the following expressions:

per mile; per hour; per person; per yard; per cent.

C  Explain the meaning of the verb crowd in these sentences:

1  Large masses of human beings are crowded together．(11.9-10)

2  When it began to rain, everyone crowded into the building.

3  He crowded a lot of information into the last chapter.

D  What is the plural of the following words:

necessity; mass; bus; gas; lorry; taxicab; city.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  The purpose of modern industry is to ______.

a．produce as much as possible as cheaply as possible

b．ignore the mental and physical state of the workers

c．enable individuals to earn as much money as possible

d．achieve maximum production regardless of cost

2  Factories require people to ______.

a．run machines without thinking

b．lead an unnatural way of life

c．ignore the effects produced on individuals

d．take into account the true nature of human beings

3  According to the writer, some people who live in modern cities ______.

a．try to obtain maximum income from property

b．are responsible for the shape and dimension of skyscrapers

c．take pleasure in living in the conditions a city imposes

d．offer tenants offices and apartments that please them

4  The writer believes that conditions in modern cities ______.

a．have caused the construction of gigantic buildings

b．are deprived of the necessities of life

c．are comfortable and luxurious

d．are actively harmful to the inhabitants

Structure  句型

5  It is based on maximum production ______earn as much as possible．(11.2-3)

a．for individuals to

b．so as individuals

c．for individuals

d．in order individuals

6  It has expanded with ______idea of the true nature of human beings．(1.4)

a．little

b．few

c．some

d．no

7  This caused the construction of gigantic buildings ______too large masses ..．(1.9)

a．at which

b．on which

c．to which

d．in which

8  ______ they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling ..．(11.10-11)

a．During

b．Though

c．At the time

d．When

Vocabulary  词汇

9  The ______of the factory on workers has been completely neglected．(11.1-2)

a．effect

b．affection

c．extent

d．measurement

10  The city has ______without any idea of the true nature of human beings．(1.4)

a．grown up

b．grown

c．been grown

d．been grown up

11  They are ______the necessities of life．(1.11)

a．denied

b．refused

c．discarded

d．ignored

12  The modern city ______monstrous edifices and dark narrow streets．(11.11-12)

a．consists

b．cohabits

c．comprises

d．constitutes

UPTURN

Lesson 17  A man-made disease 人为的疾病

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?

In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit．This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits．It overran a whole continent．It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle．Scientists discovered that 5  this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis．By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created．Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits．So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one．It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically 10 reduced the rabbit population．It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated．There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.

Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence．A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and 15  introduced myxomatosis．It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate．It spread through France, where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry．The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented．

RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense

New words and expressions  生词和短语

settlement（1.1）/'setlm+nt/ n．新拓居地

myxomatosis（1.6）/?mIks+m+'tvsIs/ n．多发性粘液瘤

enterprising（1.1）/'ent+praIzIR/ adj．有事业心的

infect（1.6）/In'fekt/v．传染

settler（1.1）/'setl+/ n．移居者

epidemic（1.6）/?epI'demIk/ n．流行病

Antipodes（1.2）/$n'tIp+di:z/ n．（the～）新西兰和澳大利亚（英）

mosquito（1.7）/m+'ski:t+v/ n．蚊虫

carrier（1.7）/'k$ri+/ n．带菌者

promiscuous （1.2）/pr+'mIskju+s/ adj．杂乱的

exterminate （1.11）/Ik'st*:mIneIt/ v．消灭

abandon（1.3）/+'b$nd+n/n．放任，纵情

ironically（1.13）/aI'r&nIkli/ adv．具有讽刺意味地

overrun （1.3）/'+v+r)n/ v．蔓延，泛滥

bequeath （1.13） /bI'kwi:J/ v．把……传给

devastation（1.3）/?dev+'steIM+n/ n．破坏，劫掠

pest（1.13）/pest/ n．害虫，有害动物

burrow（1.3）/'b)r+/ v．挖、掘

pestilence（1.14）/'pestIl+ns/ n．瘟疫

susceptible（1.5）/s+'septIb+l/ adj．易受感染的

confine（1.15）/k+n'faIn/  n．范围

virus（1.5）/'vaI+r+s/ n．病毒

domesticate（1.17）/d+'mestIkeIt/ v．驯养

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits，这里 so that引导的一个结果状语从句，可译成“因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配繁衍后代”。

2  be susceptible to…，易受……感染的，易受影响的。

3  let loose，让乱跑。

4  pass…on to，把……传给。

参考译文

在澳大利亚移民初期，一些有创业精神的移民不明智地把欧洲兔子引进了澳大利亚。这种兔子在澳大利亚及新西兰没有天敌，因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配迅猛繁殖起来。整个澳洲兔子成灾。它们在地下打洞，吃掉本可以饲养数百万头牛羊的牧草，给澳洲大陆造成了毁灭性的破环。科学家们发现，这种特殊品种的兔子（显然不包括别的动物）易患一种叫做“多发性粘液瘤”的致命病毒性疾病。通过让染上此病的动物在洞内乱跑，就可以使这种疾病在一个地区蔓延起来。后来又发现，有一种蚊子是传播这种疾病的媒介，能把此病传染给兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在设法消灭蚊子的时候，澳大利亚却在促使这种蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把这种疾病扩散到整个澳洲大陆，效果甚佳，结果兔子的数目大为减少。后来，明显看出，兔子对这种疾病已产生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消灭。但是，已有希望解决兔子所带来的问题。

具有讽刺意味的是，欧洲把这种兔子作为有害动物传给澳洲，而欧洲自己却染上了这种人为的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法国内科医生决定除掉自己庄园内的野兔子，于是引进了这种多发性粘液瘤疾病。然而，这种疾病并未被局限在他的庄园内，结果在整个法国蔓延开来。野兔在法国一般不被当作有害动物，而被视为打猎取乐的玩物和有用的食物来源。这种疾病又蔓延到了英国。在英国，野兔被当作有害的动物，可是家兔是赚钱的毛皮工业的基础，然而家兔同样易感染这种疾病。现在的问题是，人类能否控制住这种人为的疾病。

Comprehension  理解

Answer these questions:

1  Why is the rabbit regarded as a serious pest in Australia?

2  Why did it prove impossible to exterminate rabbits completely in Australia?

3  How was myxomatosis introduced to Europe?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: enterprising (1.1); devastation (1.3); burrowing (1.3); devouring the herbage (1.4); susceptible (1.5); fatal (1.5); epidemics (1.6); drastically reduced (11.9-10); completely exterminated (1.11); bequeathed (1.13); the confines of his estate (1.15); domesticated (1.17).

The paragraph  段落

A  Drawing your information from the first paragraph (lines 1-12), write a list of points in note form to answer the following question:

How did the rabbit overrun the continent of Australia, and what steps were taken to exterminate it?

B  Read the second paragraph again (lines 13-19)．Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the paragraph in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise.

1  Australia acquired rabbit from Europe: a pest.

2  Europe acquired from Australia myxomatosis: a pestilence.

3  French physician introduced it---- estate.

4  It spread．

5  France: rabbit not a pest; sport; food supply.

6  Britain: rabbit: a pest; tame rabbits: fur industry.

7  Could man control his artificial disease?

C  Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:

1  Pest control.

2  The balance of nature.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Put the words in parentheses in their correct position in these sentences．In many cases, more than one position is possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers introduced the European rabbit．(unwisely) (11.1-2)

2  It was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits．(later) (11.7-8)

3  It spread the disease all over the continent and reduced the rabbit population．(effectively, drastically) (11.9-10)

4  It became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to the disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be exterminated．(later, completely) (11.10-11)5  Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence．(ironically) (11.13-14)

B  Compare these two uses of so that:

1  This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits．(11.2-3)

2  I went to Switzerland last winter so that I could do some skiing.

Write two sentences using so that in the ways shown above.

C  Note the form of the verbs in italics in this sentence:

So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one．(11.8-9)

Complete the following sentences:

1  While Tom was doing his homework, his sister ______.

2  While my wife was seeing to the evening meal, I ______.

D  Supply the missing words in this sentence．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

It spread through France, ______wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain ______wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but ______domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry．(11.15-18)

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  discovered (1.4) ---- invented

Captain Cook discovered Antarctica when he was exploring the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

Do you have any idea who invented the safety pin?

2  disease (1.5) ---- decease

Poverty and disease usually go together.

A national crisis was caused by the sudden decease of the President.

3  basis (1.18) ---- base

What's your basis for making such a decision?

The base of the memorial is engraved with the names of those who died．

4  apparent (1.10) ---- obvious

It soon became apparent that our opponents were too strong for us.

It was obvious to the parents that Tom was lying.

5  acquired (1.13) ---- obtained

He has acquired a fearsome reputation.

Further information can be obtained from the information centre.

6  degree (1.10) ---- rank

To a certain degree, I accept the truth of what you say, even if I disagree with your conclusions．(degree = extent) The campaign to protect the countryside involves people from all degrees of society, not just the landowning classes．(degree = social class)

What rank was your father when he was in the army? (rank = an official position on a scale)

B  Note the use of early in this phrase: in the early days (1.1)．Write sentences using the following phrases:in the early hours; in the early years; at an early age.

C  Write sentences to illustrate the use of the following verbs: overrun (l.3); overtake; overdo; overlook.

D  Compare the use of spread in these two sentences:

1  It (the mosquito) effectively spread the disease all over the continent．(1.9)

2  It (the disease) spread through France．(11.15-16)

Write two sentences to illustrate these uses of spread．

E  Note the spelling of this word: manageable (1.12)．Add -able to the following words, retaining or dropping the e where necessary: move; love; peace; knowledge; change; service; believe.

F  Note the use of own in this phrase: on his own estate (1.14)．Write sentences using the following phrases:my own; on my own; of my own.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  One of the reasons rabbits multiplied so rapidly in Australia is that they ______.

a．were unwisely introduced by enterprising settlers

b．breed rapidly

c．overran the continent

d．overcame their natural enemies in the Antipodes

2  Scientists found ______ of spreading myxomatosis.

a．one way

b．two ways

c．three ways

d．a large number of ways

3  The disease was spread right across the continent of Australia largely because ______.

a．of the mosquito

b．of the rabbit

c．scientists let infected animals loose in burrows

d．Australia encouraged diseased rabbits to migrate to other places

4  Myxomatosis, that was a blessing in Australia, proved to be ______in Europe.

a．domesticated

b．a disease

c．profitable

d．a curse

Structure  句型

5  This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes ______．(1.2)

a．and as a result it multiplied

b．in order to multiply

c．so that it might multiply

d．because it multiplied

6  It______ and caused devastation．(1.3)

a．burrowing

b．burrowed

c．was burrowing

d．has burrowed

7  ______ were local epidemics created? By infecting animals．(1.6)

a．Why

b．How

c．Where

d．When

8  It was ______ to create local epidemics of this disease．(11.6-7)

a．potent

b．able

c．enabled

d．possible

Vocabulary  词汇

9  It caused devastation by ______ the herbage．(11.3-4)

a．burrowing into

b．infecting

c．consuming

d．digging

10  By infecting animals and ______them loose in burrows ..．(1.6)

a．allowing

b．leaving

c．introducing

d．turning

11  The rabbits were able to ______this disease to a certain extent．(1.10)

a．react to

b．prevent

c．withstand

d．oppose

12  Australia ______the rabbit as a pest from Europe．(1.13)

a．inherited

b．obtained

c．assumed

d．claimed

UPTURN

Lesson 18  Porpoises  海豚

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What would you say is the main characteristic of porpoises?

There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation．Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving．On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human 5  being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship．In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress．If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks．Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies．It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed．

Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive．They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities．One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane．Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life．This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together.15  In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium , the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly．This knocks the turtle down several feet．He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack．Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank．He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat．The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.

RALPH NADING HILL Window in the Sea

New words and expressions  生词和短语

porpoise（title）/'p&:p+s/n．海豚

intrigue（1.10）/In'tri:g/ v．引起兴趣

mariner（1.1）/'m$rIn+/n．水手

indignity（1.11）/In'dIgnIti/ n．侮辱

shark（1.2）/Ma:k/n．鲨鱼

snout（1.12）/snavt/ n．口鼻部

formation（1.2）/f&:'meIM+n/ n．队形

shove（1.12）/M)v/v．硬推

dolphin（1.3）/'d&lfIn/n．海豚科动物

aquaplane（1.12）/'$kw+pleIn/ n．驾浪滑水板

unconscious（1.4）/)n'k&nM+s/ adj．不省人事的

oceanarium（1.15）/?+HM+'ne+rI+m/ n．水族馆

beaver（1.6）/'bi:v+/n．海狸

swoop（1.15）/swu:p/ v．猛扑

ashore（1.6）/+'M&:/ adv．上岸

belly（1.16）/'beli/n．腹部

waterlogged （1.6）/'w&:t+l&gd/ adj．浸满水的

equilibrium （1.16）/?i:kwI'lIbri+m/n．平衡

scent（1.8） /sent/n．香味

butt（1.17）/b)t/ v．碰撞

ensue（1.9）/In'sju:/v．接着发生

crack（1.17）/kr$k/n．重击

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  however intelligent they may be，不管它们有多聪明，这是一个让步状语从句。

2  as in riding the bow waves of a ship，就像它们追逐被船首犁开的浪花一样。

3  If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks…，as是关系代词，代替 they have protected humans from sharks。

4   Whether it be bird, fish or beast…，这是一个让步状语从句，用的是虚拟语气形式。

5  for dear life，拼命地。

参考译文

长期以来，海员中流传着一种迷信说法，认为海豚会把快要淹死的人托到水面，救人性命；或在人们周围列队保护，使他们免遭鲨鱼伤害。海洋摄影室的生物学家指出，无论海豚多么聪明，认为它们有救人的动机可能是错误的。当它们偶尔把一个失去知觉的人推到岸边时，更大的可能是出于好奇或游戏，就像它们追逐被船首犁开的浪花一样。1928年，有人拍摄到了海豚像海狸一样把浸透水的床垫推上岸的情景。正如报道中所说，如果海豚保护人不受鲨鱼侵害，那它们可能是出于好奇；而鲨鱼可能是闻到了可以美食一顿的香味。海豚和鲨鱼是天然仇敌，双方可能随之发生搏斗，搏斗结果是海豚赶走或咬死鲨鱼。

海豚对凡是活的东西都感兴趣，不管是鸟、是鱼，还是野兽。它们经常追逐海龟，海龟则温顺地忍受着各种侮辱。一只小海豚特别喜欢用鼻子把海龟推到水面，然后像滑水板一样把海龟从水池的这一边推到那一边。几乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子顶入一只300磅重的海龟的硬壳下面，拼命地把它翻过来。这并非易事，可能需要两只海豚合伙干才行。在另一场游戏中，当海龟游过水族馆时，第一只海豚从上方猛扑下去，用腹部撞击龟壳。这一下子把海龟撞下去好几英尺。海龟刚恢复平衡，第二只海豚又冲过来猛击一下。这只海龟最终被撞到池底。此时的海龟，只要能站起来就满足了，但它刚站起来，就被一只海豚击倒。海龟终于屈服了，将4条腿缩进壳内。游戏到此结束。

Comprehension  理解

Answer the following question:

1  Name one outstanding quality which porpoises possess.

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: superstition (1.1); in defensive formation (1.2); motive (1.4); waterlogged (1.6); ensued (1.9); intrigued (1.10); constantly (1.10); shoving (1.12); sticking his snout (1.13); butts (1.16); recovers his equilibrium (1.16).

The paragraph  段落

A  Drawing your information from the second paragraph (lines 10-19) write a list of points in note form to answer the following question:

How does the author prove that the porpoise is intrigued with anything alive?

B  Read the first paragraph again (lines 1-9)．Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the paragraph in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  Superstition among mariners.

2  Porpoises will save drowning men or protect them ----sharks.

3  Marine Studio biologists: probably not true.

4  Done out of curiosity or for sport.

5  E．g．pushing a mattress to the shore.

6  Saving men from sharks: porpoises and sharks: natural enemies.

C  Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:

1  Dolphins.

2  Intelligence in animals.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises ______(save) drowning men by______ (push) them to the surface, or ______(protect) them from sharks by ______(surround) them in defensive formation．Marine Studio biologists ______(point) out that, however intelligent they may be, it______ (be) probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving．On the occasions when they ______ (push) to shore an unconscious human being they much more likely ______(do) it out of curiosity or for sport, as in ______(ride) the bow waves of a ship．In 1928 some porpoises ______(photograph) ______ (work) like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress．If, as ______(report), they ______(protect) humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity ______(attract) them and because the scent of a possible meal ______(attract) the sharks．Porpoises and sharks ______(be) natural enemies．It ______ (be) possible that upon such an occasion as battle ______(ensue) with the sharks ______ (drive) away or ______ (kill)．(11.1-9)

B  Note the form of the verb used after enjoyed in this sentence: One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface．(11.11-12)

Complete the following sentences using the construction given above:

1  I can't remember ______.

2  You should avoid ______.

3  Will you stop ______.

4  Fancy ______.

5  I can't imagine him ______.

6  Pardon my ______.

C  Study the following sentence:

He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack．(11.16-17) Write a sentence using the phrase no sooner ..．than.

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  drown (1.1  ) ---- choke

She must have swum too far out and drowned．

Something got stuck in my throat and I nearly choked．

2  unconscious (1.4) ---- insensitive

Someone fainted on the train today and remained unconscious for several minutes.

The two mothers chatted happily, quite unconscious of what their children were planning.

You have to be completely insensitive to other people, to play loud music in the street in the middle of the night.

3  curiosity (1.7) ---- strangeness

Curiosity killed the cat．(= wanting to know)

It took me a while to get used to the strangeness of my new school．(= the unfamiliar quality)

4  indignity (1.11) ---- disrespect

Pink and embarassed, she endured the indignity of being rescued from the mud in front of a party of tourists staring in silence.

To avoid any hint of disrespect, most countries sent their most senior officials to represent them at the President's funeral.

5  raise (1.11  ) ---- rise

Increased sales tax will raise prices.

We rise at six in the morning.

6  game (1.15) ---- play

Thousands of people packed the stadium to see the game.

Which is your favourite Shakespeare play?

7  eventually (1.17) ---- finally

Pneumonia eventually led to his death.

So you've finally decided to get married．

B  Explain the meaning of the words in italics:

1  They have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport．(1.5)

2  It's rather unlikely that he will come now.

3  That's a likely story, I must say.

4  He's a likely person, I'm sure he'll help you.

C  Note the verb in italics:

A battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed．(1.9)

Write sentences using the following expressions idiomatically: drive off; drive out; drive back; drive up.

D  Explain the verbs in italics:

1  They are constantly after the turtles．(11.10-11)

2  The game is over．(1.19)

3  You can't see him now．He's out.

4  When will he be back?

5  Our team will not be playing next week．The match is off.

6  The fire is out.

7  What's on at the Regal today?

E  Explain the meaning of the verb in italics:

The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell．(1.19)

Write sentences using the following expressions:

give oneself up; give off; give back.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  The writer of this piece probably ______.

a．doubts whether porpoises have a special relationship with humans

b．believes that porpoises have a special interest in humans

c．thinks that porpoises can't tell the difference between a human and a mattress

d．thinks that porpoises are attracted by humans as a possible meal

2  The stories we hear about porpoises suggest that porpoises ______.

a．take a special interest in us

b．are as intelligent as we are

c．always save humans who are drowning

d．always protect humans from sharks

3  Porpoises often give turtles a bad time because ______.

a．they are natural enemies

b．they like to play

c．turtles enjoy being badly treated

d．they often share an oceanarium

4  One of these statements is true．Which one?

a．Porpoises try to kill turtles by lifting their shells.

b．Porpoises never allow turtles to stand up.

c．Turtles seem to take part in this game played by porpoises.

d．Turtles don't feel any pain when they're ill-treated by porpoises.

Structure  句型

5  The superstition among mariners ______．(1.1)

a．was very common

b．has been very long

c．existed long ago

d．has lasted a long time

6  ______ intelligent they may be, it is a mistake to ..．(1.3)

a．Regardless that

b．Whatever

c．No matter how

d．Whether

7  Whether it ______bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued ..．(1.10)

a．were

b．has been

c．was

d．is

8  Hardly has the turtle recovered his equilibrium ______he is knocked down．(11.16-17)

a．but

b．though

c．when

d．than

Vocabulary  词汇

9  The of a possible meal attracted sharks．(1.8)

a．odour

b．perfume

c．smell

d．aroma

10  The porpoise is ______with anything that is alive．(1.10)

a．repelled

b．attracted

c．fascinated

d．puzzled

11  One young calf especially enjoyed ______a turtle to the surface．(11.11-12)

a．rising

b．lifting

c．arousing

d．elevating

12  The first porpoise ______down from above．(1.15)

a．dives

b．flies

c．jumps

d．falls

UPTURN

Lesson 19  The stuff of dreams 话说梦的本质

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during sleep?

It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important．Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest．‘Rest’, in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can 5  be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down．The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active．In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors．First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device 10 for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less．The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental．Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep．He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements,15  some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid．People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming．When woken at other times they reported no dreams．If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected．The 20 implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.

CHRISTOPHER EVANS The stuff of dreams from The Listener

New words and expressions  生词和短语

speculation(1.2)/?spekjv'lM+n/n．推测

electrode(1.10)/i'lektr+vd/n．电极

literally(1.2)/'lit+r+li/adv．确实

scalp(1.10)/sk$lp/n．头皮

odd(1.3)/&d/adj．奇特的

psychiatrist(1.12)/sai'kai+trist/n．精神病学家

tissue(1.5)/'tisju:/n．组织

punctuate(1.14)/'p)RtMueit/v．不时介入

plausible(1.9)/'pl&:z+b+l/adj．似乎有理的

jerky(1.15)/DN*:ki/adj．急动的

hypothesis(1.9)/hai'pDIisis/n．假说

disorder(1.19)/dis'&:d+/n．失调

electroencephalograph(1.9)/I?lektr+in'sef+l+gra:f/n．脑电图仪

implication(1.19)/?impli'keiM+n/n．表明

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  in terms of muscle relaxation and so on，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看。in terms of，从……方面看。

2  then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting？这是个陈述句的语序，但句尾加问号，表示说话人对这种观点有把握但需进一步证实。

3  were it not far two factors，这是省略了if的条件句，可译作“如果不是下面两个因素的话”。

4  several nights on end，一连几夜。

参考译文

很清楚，睡眠必然具有某种作用。睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其作用似乎还很重要。人们对睡眠作用的种种猜测，确实已有数千年之久。一项使人对这个问题感到困惑的奇怪的发现是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不仅仅是为了使身体得到休息。“休息”，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能达到。人体组织在一定程度上有自我修补和自我恢复的能力，有张有弛地连续活动时，其功能最佳。事实上，睡眠状态下仍有着基本的活动量，以防止肌肉活动停止。

如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身体得到休息，那么也许是让大脑得以休息？若不是下面两点，这种假设似乎是有道理的。第一点，脑电图记录仪（不过是一种把电极接到头皮上记录脑电活动的仪器）显示，人在睡眠时大脑活动的方式有变化，但没有迹象表明，其活动总量有任何减少。第二点更有意思，也更重要。前些年，美国一位精神病学者发表了一篇报告，报告中记录了眼球在睡眠时的活动情况。他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不时伴有一阵阵奇怪的眼球活动，这些活动有的飘忽而缓慢，有的急剧而快速。在眼球活动期间被叫醒的人都说自己在做梦；在其他期间叫醒他们，则说没做梦。如果有两组人，一组人连续几夜在眼球活动时被叫醒；另一组人也是连续几夜被叫醒，但是在眼球没活动时被叫醒的。结果，第一组人开始出现性格失常，而第二组人似乎没受什么影响。这一切暗示我们：睡眠受到干扰没关系，而做梦受到干扰是有问题的。

Comprehension  理解

Answer these questions:

1  How does the author disprove the idea that we sleep in order to rest our muscles?

2  What is the relationship between eye-movements during sleep and dreaming?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: function (1.1); speculations (1.2); specifically (1.7); plausible hypothesis (1.9); evidence (1.11);fundamental (1.12); punctuated (1.14); jerky and rapid (1.15); implications (1.19).

The paragraph  段落

1  Drawing your information from the second paragraph (lines 8-20), write a list of points in note form to answer the following question: What appears to be the main function of the sleeping period?

2  Read the first paragraph again (lines 1-7)．Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the paragraph in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

a  We sleep a great deal: sleep must have a function.

b  Problem has puzzled mankind thousands of years.

c  Purpose of sleep is not to give the body a rest.

d  We do not have to sleep to relax the muscles: this can be done by lying or sitting down for short periods.

e  Body tissues function best when muscles are active.

f  Movement occurs during sleep to prevent muscle inactivity.

3  Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:

a  Briefly describe a dream you had and attempt to interpret it.

b  Sleep.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Supply the missing words in the following sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  Speculations ____ its nature have been going on ____ literally thousands ____ years ____．(11.2-3)

2  In fact a basic amount ____ movement occurs ____ sleep which is specifically concerned preventing muscle inactivity．(11.6-7)

3  Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing ____the recording ____ eye-movements ____ sleep．(11.12-13)

4  If one group ____ people were disturbed ____ their eye-movement sleep ____ several nights end, and another group were disturbed ____ an equal period ____ time．(11.16-18)

B  Note the use of for in this sentence:

Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years．(11.2-3)

Supply for or since in the following sentences:

1  He has been going to work regularly ____ he recovered from his illness.

2  They have been working overtime ____ several months.

3  The election results have been coming in steadily ____ midnight.

4  She's been working on her novel ____ the beginning of the year.

C  Study this sentence:

Perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? (1.8)

Write similar sentences using the verbs want or need with the following words: cleaning; mending; decorating.

D  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors．(11.8-9)

We can say: This might be a plausible hypothesis if it were not for two factors.

Rewrite the following sentences using if:

1  Were it possible,I would leave tomorrow.

2  I would take action at once were it not too late.

3  Were this allegation true, he would be arrested．

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  fairly (1.1)----enough

The water is fairly warm.

The water is warm enough to swim in.

2  puzzling (1.3)----confusing

The children showed a puzzling lack of curiosity about where their parents were.

The instructions are so confusing that I can't work out what they're saying.

3  factor (1.12)----fact

The rise in crime is mainly due to social and economic factors.

It is a fact that most deaths from lung cancer are caused by smoking.

B  Explain the meaning of the verbs in italics in these sentences:

1  William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements．(1.13)

2  We have been dealing with the same firm for a number of years.

3  He's an extremely difficult child．His father is the only person who knows how to deal with him.

C  Explain the meaning of the phrases in italics in these sentences:

1  If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end … (11.16-17)

2  It wasn't an accident．That window was broken on purpose.

3  On the whole, business has been very good this year.

4  The doctor's very tired．He's been on duty for fourteen hours.

5  How many soldiers are on leave?

6  You mustn't open the door on any account when I'm out.

7  It's getting late．I must be on my way.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  Giving the body a rest ____.

a．seems to be the main function of sleep

b．doesn't seem to be the main function of sleep

c．means that sleep must have some function

d．prevents muscle inactivity

2  Electrical activity ____.

a．is a good indication of the way the body rests during sleep

b．doesn't seem to diminish during sleep

c．is a plausible explanation for the function of sleep

d．must always be recorded during sleep

3  Rapid eye movements are an indication that

a．a person is having a disturbed sleep

b．sleep is very deep

c．that a sleeper is dreaming

d．that a person is drifting into sleep

4  One of these statements is true．Which one?

a．The most important function of sleep is dreaming.

b．Rapid eye-movement is associated with deep sleep.

c．People who experience rapid eye-movements show personality disorders.

d．When people are woken, they don't report any dreams.

Structure  句型

5  ____ have speculations gone on? ____ For thousands of years．(11.2-3)

a．How many

b．How often

c．How much

d．How long

6  The bodies tissues can repair ____ .

a．themselves

b．their self

c．itself

d．them

7  Peculiar bursts of eye-movements ____ an individual's sleep．(1.14)

a．punctuate

b．is punctuating

c．are punctuating

d．have punctuated

8  People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming ____．(11.15-16)

a．for a while

b．during sleep

c．before they went to sleep

d．just this moment

Vocabulary  词汇

9  Speculations have been going on for thousands of years ____．(11.2-3)

a．so to speak

b．in history

c．and recorded

d．in fact

10  This might be a plausible ____．(11.8-9)

a．conclusion

b．deduction

c．philosophy

d．theory

11  The second factor is more interesting and more ____．(1.13)

a．obvious

b．basic

c．apparent

d．acceptable

12  Some eye-movements were slow, others ____ and rapid．(1.15)

a．smooth, quick

b．interrupted

c．sudden, irregular

d．painful, repeated

UPTURN

Lesson 20  Snake poison 蛇毒

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What are the two different ways in which snake poison acts?

How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery．O*er the periods their sali*a, a mild,digesti*e juice like our own, was con*erted into a poison that defies analysis e*en today．It was not forced upon them by the sur*i*al competition; they could ha*e caught and li*ed on prey without using poison, just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do．Poison to a snake is merely a luxury; it enables it to get itsfood with *ery little effort, no more effort than one bite．And why only snakes? Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped; no running fights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits----just a bite and no more effort needed．In fact, it would be an assistance to all carni*ores though it would be a two-edged weapon when they fought each other．But, of the *ertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard)．One wonders also why Nature, with some snakes, concocted poison of such extreme potency.

In the con*ersion of sali*a into poison, one might suppose that a fixed process took place．It did not; some snakes manufactured a poison different in e*ery respect from that of others, as different as arsenic is from strychnine, and ha*ing different effects．One poison acts on the ner*es, the other on the blood．

The makers of the ner*e poison include the mambas and the cobras and their *enom is called neurotoxic．*ipers (adders) and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison, which is known as haemolytic．Both poisons 15  are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison．It is said that the ner*e poison is the more primiti*e of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an impro*ed formula．Be that as it may, the ner*e poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison．This, howe*er, means nothing．Snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man but for use against preysuch as rats and mice, and the effects on these of *iperine poison is almost immediate.

JOHN CROMPTON The snake

New words and expressions  生词和短语

sali*a (1.1) /s+'lai*+/n．唾液

con*ersion (1.10) /k+n'*M+n/n．转变

digesti*e (1.2) /dai'DNesti*/adj．助消化的

arsenic (1.11) /'a:snik/n．砒霜

defy (1.2) /di'fai/*．使不可能

strychnine (1.12) /'strikni:n/n．马钱子碱

analysis (1.2) /+'n$l+sis/n．分析

mamba (1.13) /'m$mb+/n．树眼镜蛇

prey (1.3) /prei/n．被捕食的动物

cobra (1.13) /'k+*br+/n．眼镜蛇

fierce (1.6) /fi+s/adj．凶猛的

*enom (1.13) /'*en+m/n．毒液

tussle (1.6) /'t)s+l/n．扭打

neurotoxic (1.13) /?nj*+r+*'t&ksik/adj．毒害神经的

carni*ore (1.7) /'ka:ni*&:/n．食肉动物

*iper (1.14) /'*aip+/n．蝰蛇

*ertebrate (*) /'**:tibrit/n．脊椎动物

adder (1.14) /'$d+/n．蝮蛇

lizard (1.9) /'liz+d/n．蜥蜴

rattlesnake (1.14) /'r$tlsneik/n．响尾蛇

concoct (1.9) /k+n'k&kt/*．调制

haemolytic (1.14) /?hi:m+*'litik/adj．溶血性的

potency (1.10) /'p+*t+nsi/n．效力

*iperine (1.19) /'*aip+rain/adj．毒蛇的

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  How it came about that snakes…a mystery.

这句话的主语是一个句子：How it came about that snakes manufactured poison，谓语部分是 is a mystery。主语从句中的it是形式主语，真正主语是that snakes manufactured poison，因为主语太长，所以使用it作先行主语的结构。

2  o*er the periods，经过很长时间。

3  li*e on，靠……生活。

4  a two-edged weapon，一把双刃刀，这里的意思是：如果食肉动物*毒液，就会造成食肉动物之间的互相残杀。

5  act on，对……起作用。

6  by far the more unpleasant，更难受得多，by far是“……得多”的意思。

7  so to speak，插入语，有“可以这样说”，“打个比方说”的意思。

8  Be that as if may，这是一个倒装的让步状语从句，相当于howe*er that may be，可译成“尽管如此”。

9  does its business with man，在人的身上发挥作用，要人的命。

10  the effects on these of *iperine poison,these是指 rats and mice，介词宾语结构 of *iperine poison 是作 effect的定语。

参考译文

蛇是怎样产生毒液的，这是一个谜。蛇的唾液本来和我们人的消化液一样柔和，但经过漫长的时间，演变成了今天仍无法分析清楚的毒液。毒液不是生存竞争强加给它们的，它们也可以不用毒液捕捉动物而生存，就像今天成千上万的无毒蛇那样。毒液对毒蛇来说只不过是一种舒适生存的优越手段，它能使蛇不用费多大力气就能捕获到食物，轻咬一口即可。为什么只有蛇才有毒液呢？譬如说，如果猫有毒液，那对猫会大有帮助，它就不必再和又大又凶的老鼠边跑边搏斗了，也不必再和大兔子扭斗了，只要咬一口，就不必再费大力气。因此，任何食肉动物有了毒液，都能从中获益。不过，当它们相互撕打时，毒液就成了利弊参半的武器，可以杀死对方，也可以被对方的毒液杀死。然而，在脊椎动物中，大自然神秘莫测地只选择了蛇（还有一种蜥蜴），人们还弄不清大自然为什么在某些蛇身上调制出如此高效的毒液来。

人们可能认为，唾液转变成毒液，其中有固定的程序。其实没有。有些蛇产生的毒液在各方面与另外一些毒蛇产生的毒液不相同，就像砒霜不同于马钱子碱一样。不同毒蛇的毒液产生的效果也不同，一种毒液作用于神经，另一种毒液作用于血液。

产生神经毒液的蛇有一种非洲树眼镜蛇和眼镜蛇，它们的毒液称为神经毒素。蝰蛇（蝮蛇）和响尾蛇产生血液毒素，称为溶血性毒液。这两种毒液都很可怕，但溶血性毒液尤其厉害。据说，神经毒液在两种毒液中是较为原始的一种，而溶血性毒液，打个比方说，是根据改良配方生产出的一种较新的产品。不过，神经毒液比溶血性毒液在人身上起作用快得多。但是，这没什么关系，因为蛇有毒液不是用来对付人的，而是对付它的猎物，诸如鼠类，毒液对这些猎物会立刻起作用。

Comprehension  理解

Answer these questions:

1   Why does the author find it odd that snakes should be capable of manufacturing poison?

2   What is the difference between neurotoxic and haemolytic poison?

*ocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words ha*e been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: mild (1.1); con*erted (1.2); defies analysis (1.2); the sur*i*al competition (1.3); carni*ore (1.7); a twoedged weapon (11.7-8); concocted (1.9); extreme potency (1.9); *iperine (1.19).

The paragraph  段落

A  Drawing your information from the first paragraph (lines 1-9), write a list of points in note form to answer the following question: Why is the author justified in stating that Nature beha*ed in an unpredictable way in allowing snakes to manufacture poison?

B  Read the last paragraph again (lines 13-19)．Then, using the list of points gi*en below, reconstruct the paragraph in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you ha*e finished the exercise.

1  Ner*e poison (e.g．mambas): neurotoxic．

2  Blood poison (e.g．*ipers): haemolytic．

3  Blood poison the more unpleasant.

4  Ner*e poison possibly the more primiti*e.

5  Blood poison a later de*elopment.

6  But ner*e poison acts more quickly on man.

7  Purpose of poison: not against man, but snake's prey: e.g．rats.

C  Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:

1  Our fear of snakes.

2  The sur*i*al competition.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: They had the ability to catch and li*e on prey without using poison if they wanted to (but they didn't).

We can say: They could ha*e caught and li*ed on prey without using poison．(1.3)

Write sentences using the following expressions:

could ha*e succeeded; could ha*e stayed; could ha*e bought.

B  Write sentences using the following expressions:

force upon (11.2-3); li*e on (1.3); con*ersion into (1.10); different from (1.11); act on (1.12); effect on (1.19).

C  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: They could ha*e caught and li*ed on prey without using poison, just as the thousands of nonpoisonous snakes still catch and li*e on prey without using poison.

We can say: They could ha*e caught and li*ed on prey without using poison, just as the thousands of nonpoisonous snakes still do．(11.3-4)

Complete the following sentences by adding the correct form of do:

1  E*en though he has retired, he still gets up early just as he always____.

2  He certainly enjoys music as much as you____.

3  If you act as he ____ you won't be *ery popular.

D  Study the following sentence:

Both poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison．(11.14-15)

Why is the more used here and not the most?

Write two sentences using the more and the most.

E  Note how the word far has been added for emphasis in this sentence: Ner*e poison does its business … far more quickly than … (1.17)

The word much may be used in the same way．We can say much more quickly, using much in an emphatic way.

Write sentences using the following phrases: much more expensi*e; far more difficult; far less exciting;much less interesting.

Special difficulties  难点

A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  merely (1.4)----only

I'm not blaming you．I'm merely trying to find out how this happened．

Only the head of the department can authorize a withdrawal from a course.

2  fierce (1.6)----furious

You can see armed guards along the border accompanied by fierce dogs.

He was terribly annoyed．Indeed, he was furious!

3  take place (1.10)----take part

All these e*ents took place before you were born.

How many of you are taking part in the play?

4  prey (1.3)----pray

The tiger seized its prey and tore it into pieces.

You'*e done your best．All you can do now is pray for success.

Explain the *erbs in italics in the following:

How it came about that snakes manufacture poison is a mystery．(1.1)

I'm sorry I said that．I don't know what came o*er me.

He came up with some *ery interesting ideas.

I came across an old friend of yours while I was abroad．

C  Write sentences using the following words and phrases: enable (1.4); running fights (1.6); in fact (1.7); in e*ery respect (1.11); so to speak (1.16); be that as it may (11.16-17).

D  Supply full stops and commas where necessary in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you ha*e finished the exercise:

The makers of the ner*e poison include the mambas and the cobras and their *enom is called neurotoxic *ipers (adders) and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison which is known as haemolytic both poisons are unpleasant but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison it is said that the ner*e poison is the more primiti*e of the two that the blood poison is so to speak a newer product from an impro*ed formula be that as it may the ner*e poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison this howe*er means nothing snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man but for use against prey such as rats and mice and the effects on these of *iperine poison is almost immediate．(11.13-19)

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  One of these statements is true．Which one?

a．Snakes need poison to digest their food．

b．Snakes can feed on other animals without the use of poison.

c．Non-poisonous snakes find sur*i*al more difficult than poisonous ones.

d．All snakes are capable of manufacturing poison.

2  The possession of poison in the sali*a makes hunting ____.

a．easy for all carni*ores

b．a two-edged weapon when carni*ores fight each other

c．almost effortless for snakes

d．unpredictable, as Nature intended

3  The poison that acts on the blood ____.

a．acts less rapidly than ner*e poison

b．doesn't affect the *ictim as badly as ner*e poison

c．is made by snakes like mambas and cobras

d．was probably the first of the two kinds of poison to be de*eloped

4  Human beings ____.

a．can't compare with prey such as rats and mice

b．respond to all snake poisons in the same way

c．are likely to sur*i*e ner*e poison but not blood poison

d．are not the intended *ictims of snake poison

Structure  句型

5  They ____ ha*e been able to catch and li*e on prey without using poison．(1.3)

a．might

b．should

c．would

d．must

6  They could ha*e caught and li*ed on prey without ____ poison．(1.3)

a．to use

b．use

c．the use of

d．ha*e used

7  For ____ snakes, poison is merely a luxury．(1.4)

a．these

b．a

c．-

d．an

8  Blood poison is the more unpleasant ____．(1.15)

a．of them all

b．of the two

c．in the world

d．among them both

*ocabulary  词汇

9  Sali*a is a natural ____．(11.1-2)

a．oil in the body

b．snake-poison

c．digesti*e process

d．body fluid

10  Poison would be ____ to all carni*ores．(1.7)

a．an asset

b．a help

c．a necessity

d．a disad*antage

11  Arsenic and strychnine ____ us in different ways．(1.11.11-12)

a．effect

b．result

c．affect

d．cause

12  The ner*e poison is thought to be ____(11.15-16)

a．less highly de*eloped

b．more potent

c．more recent

d．less complicated

UPTURN

Lesson 21  William S.Hart and the early‘Western’film

  

威廉·S·哈特和早期“西部”影片

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

How did William Hart's childhood prepare him for his acting role in Western films?

William S.Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, for unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns．From 1914  to 1924  he was supreme and unchallenged．It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made,the good-bad man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.

Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually knew something of the old West．He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier．And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at leastone arena, the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization.

Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indians were bewildered by politicians, bankers and businessmen, and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos．Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider, always one of the disinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.

Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life,though hard, was relatively simple．We still do; living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war,hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.

CARL FOREMAN Virtue and a Fast Gun from The Observer

New words and expressions  生词和短语

supreme (1.2) /su:'pri:m/adj．首屈一指的

protagonist (1.3) /pr+v't$g+nist/n．主角

outlaw (1.4) /'avtl&:/n．逃犯，亡命之徒

framed (1.4) /freimd/adj．遭到陷害的

vicious (1.5) /'viMs/adj．恶毒的

mythology (1.8) /mi'I&l+DNi/n．神话

vanished (1.8) /'v$niMd/adj．消失了的

absurdly (1.9) /+b's*:dli/adv．荒诞地

arena (1.10) /+'ri:n+/n．竞技场地

encroaching (1.10) /in'kr+vtMiR/adj．渐渐渗入的

Indian (1.11) /'indi+n/n．印第安人

bewilder (1.11) /bi'wild+/v．使手足无措

alien (1.12) /'eili+n/adj．外来的

taboo (1.12) /t+'bu:/n．戒律

disinherit (1.13) /?disin'herit/v．剥夺……继承权

undeclared (1.17) /?)ndi'kle+d/adj．未经宣布的

hypocrisy (1.18) /hi'p&krisi/n．伪善

chicanery (1.18) /Mi'kein+ri/n．诈骗

impending (1.18) /im'pendiR/adj．迫近的，迫在眉睫的

immolation (1.18) /?im+'leiM+n/n．杀戮

code (1.18) /k+vd/n．准则

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  nothing but，仅仅，只是。

2  in short，总而言之，一句话。

3  the old West，指密西西比河以西地区。

4  be rooted in，生根于。

5  join hands in，携手联合。

6  live by，靠……过活。

参考译文

威廉·S·哈特大概是美国西部电影明星中的佼佼者。他和加里·古柏、约翰·韦恩不同，他只在西部电影中扮演角色。在1914年至1924年期间，他首屈一指，独霸影坛。正是他创造了西部电影的基调，即在他自己拍摄的影片中他所塑造的主人公的形象：被认为是坏人的好人，出人意料的高尚的逃犯，诚实却遭陷害的牛仔，或因流言蜚语蒙受嫌疑的司法官。总之，主人公是一个自相矛盾，又与他的拓荒环境相矛盾的人物。

哈特与大部分同时代在好莱坞的演员不同，他确实了解西部早期拓荒生活的一些情况。作为一个孩子他曾在西部生活过，当时西部拓荒生活正在消失。他塑造的英雄人物深深地扎根于他本人的记忆和经历之中，也扎根于有关已经消失的拓荒生活的历史和神话之中。虽然在美国历史上没有任何时期或地区像西部拓荒时期那样被荒谬地浪漫主义化了，但神话和事实至少在某一个舞台上共存，也就是存在于个人与渐渐闯入的文明这两者的冲突之中。

习惯与大自然和印第安人作斗争以求生存的拓荒者被政客、银行家和商人搞得晕头转向，最后被圈地、法律和外来的清规戒律所击败。哈特扮演的被误认为坏人的好人总是一个局外人，总是一个被剥夺继承权的人。如果他认为在进行过程中有必要枪击一个司法官或抢劫一个银行，他的早期观众很容易接受，觉得应原谅他，特别是当哈特最后战胜了前来进攻的印第安人时，观众更能原谅他。

生活在20世纪20年代的观众认为，逃到一个即使艰苦但比较简朴的时代中去是件愉快的事，我们今天仍有这种感觉。如今，不宣而战的侵略、战争、虚伪、诈骗、无政府状态以及即将临头的毁灭成了我们日常生活的一部分，我们都希望有一个赖以生存的行为准则。

Comprehension  理解

Answer these questions:

1  What, according to the writer, is the basic formula of the Western film?

2  How did the spread of civilization affect the old West?

3  Why have Western films appealed so much to twentieth-century audiences?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: supreme (1.2); devised the protagonist (1.3); framed (1.4); in conflict (1.5); environment (1.5);contemporaries (1.6); firmly rooted (1.7); encroaching (1.10); bewildered (1.11); impending immolation (1.18).

The paragraph  段落

A  Drawing your information from the first three paragraphs (lines 1-15), write a list of points in note form to answer the following question: With what justification can the claim be made that William S.Hart was,perhaps , the greatest of all Western stars?

B  Read the fourth paragraph again (lines 16-19)．Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the paragraph in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  Audiences----2nd decade 20th century----escape: appeal of hard and simple life.

2  We still do: world of aggression, hypocrisy----want a code to live by.

C  Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:

1  A short appreciation of any actor or actress who took part in a Western film you have seen.

2  Westerns.

Key structures  关键句型

A Which words could be omitted from the following sentences without affecting the sense of the original?

Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist whom he played in every film which he made, the good-bad man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framed cowboy, or the sheriff who has been made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual who is in conflict with himself and with his frontier environment．(11.2-5)

2  Men who had been accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indians were bewildered by politicians, bankers and businessmen．(11.11-12)

B  Compare these sentences:

Instead of saying: He appeared only in Westerns.

We can say: He appeared in nothing but Westerns.(11.1-2)

Or: He did not appear in anything but Westerns.

Write three sentences using the phrase nothing but.

C  Supply a or the where necessary in the following paragraph．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

Unlike ____ most of ____ his contemporaries in ____ Hollywood, ____ Hart actually knew something of ____ old West．He had lived in it as ____ child when it was already disappearing,and ____ his hero was firmly rooted in ____ his memories and ____ experiences, and in both ____ history and ____ mythology of ____ vanished frontier．And although no period or place in ____ American history has been more absurdly romanticized, ____ myth and ____ reality did join hands in at least one arena, ____ conflict between ____ individual and ____ encroaching civilization．(11.6-10)

D  Note the form of the verb in this sentence:

Myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena ．(11.9-10)

We use this form when we wish to place particular emphasis on the verb．

Write these sentences again using this emphatic verb form:

I mentioned it to him but he wasn't impressed．

2  You posted my letter, didn't you?

3  We enjoyed ourselves at the party.

E  Compare these two uses of though:

Life, though (even if it was) hard, was relatively simple．(11.16-17)

I wish you had told me though．(however)

Write two sentences using though in the ways shown above.

F  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: We all want a code by which to live.

We can say: We all want a code to live by．(11.18-19)

Write sentences which end with the following expressions:

to fight for; to talk about; to act on; to work with.

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  appear (1.2) ---- seem

Wayne Sleep is appearing in‘Song and Dance.(=can be seen)

He appeared from nowhere.(=came into view)

It appears/seems odd that he hasn't written to any of us.(=is or may be)

2  devise (1.3) ---- device

Can you devise a solution to this problem?

An encephalograph is a device for measuring brain activity.

3  suspect (1.5) ---- suspicious

Police blew up the suspect package.

If travellers look nervous, customs officers get suspicious.

4  memory (1.7) ---- remembrance

My memory is not as good as it used to be.

This ring is the only remembrance I have of my grandmother.

5  history (1.8) ---- story

We often know little about the history of our own times.

Climb into bed and I'll read you a bedtime story.

6  rob (1.13) ---- steal

I lost my address book when the man robbed me of my bag.

The man who stole my handbag took my address book as well.

B  Note this use of unlike:

Unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns．(11.1-2)

Complete the following sentences in any way you wish:

1  Unlike most of his contemporaries long dashes (1.6)

2  Unlike some people long dashes

3  Unlike yourself long dashes

C  Write sentences using the following phrases:

in short (1.5); in conflict with (1.5); at least (1.9); in the end (1.15).

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  The basis of Western films, as defined by William S.Hart, is ____.

a．contrast

b．conflict

c．evil

d．outlaws

2  William S.Hart's understanding of the West was ____.

a．absurdly romanticized

b．influenced by his contemporaries in Hollywood

c．part of history and mythology

d．based on direct personal experience

3  The basic theme of early Western films ____.

a．concerned survival against Indians

b．was about the clash between civilization and Nature

c．was not appreciated by early audiences

d．was about inheritance

4  The passage suggests that audiences, past and present, like ____.

a．stories about civilization

b．simple living and simple rules

c．impending catastrophe

d．war and bad behaviour

Structure  句型

5  William S.Hart appeared in nothing ____ Westerns．(11.1-2)

a．except

b．although

c．only

d．apart

6  Hart devised the protagonist ____ he played in every film．(1.3)

a．whom

b．which

c．what

d．where

7  Hart actually knew something about the old West ____ he had lived as a child．(11.6-7)

a．to whom

b．which

c．in it

d．in which

8  ____ no period has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena．(11.8-10)

a．As

b．Because

c．When

d．While

Vocabulary  词汇

9  Hart devised the ____ he played in every film.(11.2-3)

a．leading part

b．fighter

c．cowboy

d．first person

10  His hero was rooted in the mythology of a frontier that had ____．(11.7-8)

a．expanded

b．disappeared

c．become established

d．changed

11  This period has been romanticized in ____ fashion．(11.8-9)

a．an exaggerated

b．a realistic

c．a ridiculous

d．an amusing

12  Men accustomed to struggling for survival were ____ by politicians．(1.11)

a．confused

b．surrounded

c．pursued

d．welcomed

UPTURN

Lesson 22  Knowledge and progress 知识和进步

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

In what two areas have people made no‘progress’at all?

Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest．Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge．Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech．With the invention of writing, a great advance was made,for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored．Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law,which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing．All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised．Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to asystematic plan．The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent．Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account．What is called‘modern civilization’is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life．The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil．It is now being used indifferently for both．Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power,continues.

G.N.M.TYRRELL The Personality of Man

New words and expressions  生词和短语

loom(1.1)/lu:m/v．赫然耸起

torrent(1.10)/'t&r+nt/n．滔滔洪流

manifest(1.2)/'m$nifest/adj．明显的

humanity(1.13)/hju:'m$niti/n．人类

morality(1.3)/m+'r$liti/n．道德

indifferently(1.15)/in'dif+r+ntli/adv．不在乎地

communicate(1.5)/k&'mju:nikeit/v．交流，交际

grimly(1.15)/'grimli/adv．可怖地

compound(1.7)/'k&mpavnd/adj．复合的

whimsical(1.15)/'wimzik+l/adj．怪诞的

enhance(1.8)/in'ha:ns/v．增进

shatter(1.16)/'M$t+/v．毁坏

tempo(1.9)/'temp+l/n．速率

twofold(1.17)/'tu:f+ld/adj．双重的

trickle(1.10)/'trik+l/n．涓涓细流

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  with the invention of writing，短语中的with是“由于”的意思。

2  education in its turn added to libraries，教育反过来也丰富了藏书。

3  a kind of compound interest law，一种复利法则。compound interest law 有时也被称作雪球法则。即利上滚利，增长很快。

4  turn…to account，利用……。

5  Could any spectacle，…to restore them？这句话从形式上是个疑问句，但实质上起一个加强语气的陈述句的作用，这种疑问句常被称为修辞疑问句。

参考译文

为什么进步这个概念在现代世界显得如此突出？无疑是因为有一种特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围发生，而且变得越来越明显。虽然人类在智力和道德上没有得到普遍提高，但在知识积累方面却取得了巨大的进步。人一旦能用语言同别人交流思想，知识的积累便开始了。随着书写的发明，又迈进了一大步，因为这样一来，知识不仅能交流，而且能储存了。藏书使教育成为可能，而教育反过来又丰富了藏书，因为知识的增长遵循着一种“滚雪球”的规律。印刷术的发明又大大提高了知识增长的速度。所有这些发展都比较缓慢，而随着科学的到来，增长的速度才突然加快。于是，知识便开始有系统有计划地积累起来。涓涓细流汇成了小溪，小溪现已变成了奔腾的江河。而且，新知识一旦获得，便得到实际应用。所谓“现代文明”并不是人的天性平衡发展的结果，而是积累起来的知识应用到实际生活中的结果。现在人类面临的问题是：用这些知识去做什么？正像人们常常指出的，知识是一把双刃刀，可以用于造福，也可用来为害。人们现在正漫不经心地把知识用于这两个方面，例如：炮兵利用科学毁坏人的身体、而外科医生就在附近用科学抢救被炮兵毁坏的人体，还有什么情景比这更可怕、更怪诞的吗？我们不得不严肃地问问我们自己：随着日益增长的知识的力量，如果我们继续利用知识的这种双重性，将会发生什么样的情况呢？

Comprehension  理解

Answer these questions:

1  How does the author define the word‘progress’?

2  How was the spread of knowledge affected by the coming of science?

3  What problem has the spread of knowledge given rise to?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: loom so large (1.1); manifest (1.2); accumulation(1.4); enhanced (1.8); indifferently (1.15); spectacle (1.15); grimly whimsical (1.15); twofold (1.17)

The paragraph  段落

A  Drawing your information from lines 4-13  (‘Knowledge began … practical life.’) write a list of points in note form to answer the following question: How did the growth of knowledge follow‘a kind of compound interest law’?

B  Read lines 13-18 again．(‘The problem … continues.’) Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the author's argument in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage untilyou have finished the exercise.

1  Problem facing humanity: what to do with knowledge.

2  Two-edged weapon: good and evil.

3  Used for both.

4  Ironical use of science．E.g．gunner----wounded men----surgeons.

5  Where will this twofold use lead?

C  Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:

1  Support the author's view that mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality.

2  Support the author's view that knowledge is a two-edged weapon.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in these sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual ____ (can communicate) to another by means of speech．With the invention of writing, a great advance ____ (make), for knowledge then not only ____ (can communicate) but also ____ (store)．(11.4-6)

2  The growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which greatly ____ (enhance) by the invention of printing．All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo suddenly ____ (raise)．Then knowledge began to ____ (accumulate) according to a systematic plan．(11.7-10)

3  Moreover, as soon as new knowledge ____ (acquire), it now ____ (turn) to practical account.(11.10-11)

4  As so often ____ (point) out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which ____ (can use) equally for good or evil．It now ____ (use) indifferently for good or evil, (11.13-14)

B  Study this sentence pattern:

Libraries made education possible．(1.6)

Write sentences using make in the same pattern with the following words: unnecessary; desirable;unrecognizable.

C  Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying: The problem which now faces humanity …

We can say: The problem now facing humanity … (1.13)

Complete the following sentences:

1  People emigrating long dashes,____

2  All aeroplanes arriving long dashes, ____

3  Ships sailing long dashes,____

D  Compare the expressions in italics in these two sentences:

Instead of saying: What is called‘modern civilization’is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge which has been applied to practical life.

We can say: What is called‘modern civilization’is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life．(11.11-13)

Complete the following sentences:

1  Photographs taken ____

2  Passports issued ____

3  Passengers delayed ____

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1  surely (1.1)----certainly

Surely you can ride a bike!

I don't know how far it is to Edinburgh, but it's certainly a long way.

2  extraordinary (1.3)----outstanding

Fancy meeting you here! What an extraordinary coincidence! (=unusual, surprising)

Sarah is a woman of extraordinary ability.

Sarah's ability is quite outstanding．(=exceptional, possibly unique)

3  spectacle (1.15)----view

The National Day parade was a magnificent spectacle.

We had a really good view of the beach from where we stayed．

B  Write sentences using the following words and phrases:

more and more (1.2); by means of (1.5); in its turn (1.7); a kind of (1.7); comparatively (1.8); according to (1.9);at hand (1.16).

C  What do you understand by the following metaphor:

The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent．(1.10)

D  Note the use of ever-in this phrase: its ever-increasing power．(1.17)

Write sentences using the following expressions:

ever-expanding; ever-changing; ever-diminishing.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  One of these statements is true．Which one?

a．Humans today have greatly improved in moral behaviour.

b．Advances in human intelligence have made progress possible.

c．The body of knowledge available to humans becomes greater and greater.

d．Knowledge increases, morality declines.

2  One of the greatest advances humans have made is in their ability ____.

a．to learn about things

b．to tell other people what they have learned

c．to think about what they have learned

d．to keep records of things they have learned

3  One of these statements is true．Which one?

a．The rate of growth of knowledge becomes faster and faster.

b．Libraries increase with amazing speed．

c．The invention of printing had a minor effect on the growth of knowledge.

d．The compound interest law is the basis of everything.

4  As soon as human beings learn something new, they ____.

a．find out more about‘modern civilization’

b．use it for the benefit of mankind

c．make it work for them

d．create a systematic plan

Structure  句型

5  Knowledge began to increase as soon as humans could ____ with each other．(11.4-5)

a．communicating

b．communicate

c．to communicate

d．be communicate

6  Knowledge could not only be communicated but stored ____．(1.6)

a．as well

b．together

c．both

d．either

7  Knowledge began ____ accumulated according to a systematic plan．(11.9-10)

a．to

b．was

c．to being

d．being

8  What are they going ____ with all this knowledge? (1.13)

a．to be done

b．to do

c．do

d．doing

Vocabulary  词汇

9  Progress of a particular kind is actually ____ around us．(11.1-2)

a．doing

b．making

c．occurring

d．taking part

10  The growth of knowledge was greatly ____ by the invention of printing．(11.7-8)

a．reduced

b．applied

c．renewed

d．improved

11  As soon as new knowledge is ____, it is turned to practical account．(11.10-11)

a．obtained

b．acknowledged

c．accepted

d．recorded

12  Could any ____ be more grimly whimsical-(1.15)

a．landscape

b．sight

c．scene

d．view

UPTURN

Lesson 23  Bird flight 鸟的飞行方法

  

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What are the two main types of bird flight described by the author?

No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen．Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing．The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress．The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition .In the contrary school, the duck is supreme．It comes nearer to the engines with which man has‘conquered’the air, as he boasts．Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with steel-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they canbore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows．Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire．You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey．The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure．It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse．Such birds do us good, though we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that; and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.

WILLIAM BEACH THOMAS A Countryman's Creed

New words and expressions  生词和短语

albatross(1.2)/$lbtrs/n．信天翁

partridge(11.10～11)/pa:trdN/n．鹧鸪

sustenance(1.5)/'s)st+n+ns/n．支撑力

like(1.11)adj．类似的

glider(1.6)/'glaid+/n．滑翔者

propulsion(1.11)/pr+'p)lnM+n/n．推进力

harness(1.6)/ha:nis/v．利用

utter(1.11)/')t+/adj．完全的

endow(1.8)/in'dav/v．赋有

slip(1.14)/slp/v．滑行

ply(1.9)/plai/v.不断地供给

adverse(1.15)/'$dv*:s/adj．逆的，相反的

gale(1.10)/geil/n．大风

omen(1.16)/'+vmn/n．预兆

Notes on the text  课文注释

1  keep company with，陪伴着……。

2  The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards，沿着船体上升的气流。

3  steel-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird，句中以that引导的从句是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰muscles，但用that引导非限定性定语从句是很罕见的。

4  in highest measure，最大程度地。

5  It tires not nor does it boast of its power, but belongs to the air, travelling it may be…adverse．句中的tires not是古英语或诗歌中使用的句式。boast of中的of=about; belong to the air的意思是：与天空融为一体。travelling it may be是倒装语序，这是为了强调travelling的生动逼真，自然语序是it may be travelling…；nesting home意为home for nesting; flown young中的flown意为已会飞的。a medium(媒介)指air。

参考译文

没有任何两种鸟的飞行方式是相同的。鸟的飞行方式千差万别，但大体上可分为两类。任何一艘横渡太平洋的轮船都会有一种小信天翁伴随飞行许多天。它们随船飞行一小时也难得见其扇动一下翅膀。沿船体上升的气流和沿航线向前的气流给这种巨翼大鸟以足够的浮力和推力。信天翁是滑翔飞行的鸟类之王，它能自如地驾驭空气，但必须顺气流飞行。与滑翔鸟相对的另一类鸟中，数野鸭本领最高。它更近乎于人类自夸“征服”了空气的发动机。野鸭及与它们相似的鸽子有天赋的钢铁般的肌肉，占了体重的很大一部分。这些肌肉以巨大的力量扇动短小的翅膀，使这类鸟能顶着大风飞行很远的路程才会疲劳。次于野鸭和鸽子的鸟，如鹧鸪，有相似的巨大推动力，但很快会疲劳。如果海风驱使它们飞行很长距离，你可捡到一些因筋疲力尽而摔下来的鹧鸪。燕子充分兼有这两类鸟的长处，它既不疲劳，也不炫耀自己的飞翔力；在空中十分自如，可以飞行6,000英里，可以飞往北方做窝的老家，再从老家飞回；一边飞一边喂养会飞的雏燕，甚至在顶风时也能在气流中滑翔，似乎气流在帮它前进。这些鸟对我们是有益的，虽然我们不再从它们的飞翔姿态来占卜吉凶，连最迷信的村民也不再对喜鹊脱帽行礼，祝它早安了。

Comprehension  理解

Answer these questions:

1  Why is the albatross described as‘the king of the gliders’?

2  Why does the author single out the swallow for special praise?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: infinite (1.1); sufficient sustenance (1.5); harness (1.6); yield (1.6); endowed (1.8); irresistible power (1.9); bore(1.9); like(1.11); utter(1.11); adverse(1.15); omens(1.16)

The paragraph  段落

A  Drawing your information from lines 1-10(‘No two sorts…exhaustion follows.’)write a list of points in note form to answer the following question: How does the flight of an albatross differ from that of a duck?

B  Read lines 12-17 again.(‘The swallow shares…wish it good-morning.’)Then, using the list of points given below, reconstruct the author's description in your own words as far as possible．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise.

1  Swallow: the good qualities of both schools.

2  Does not tire; has great power.

3  Flies as much as 6,000 miles to and from nesting home.

4  Feeds young in flight.

5  Good progress in adverse conditions.

6  Such birds do us good．

7  No omens----even among superstitious villagers.

C  Write a paragraph of about 200 words on one of the following subjects:

1  The power of flight.

2  Birds.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Supply a, an or the where necessary in the following．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

No two sorts of______ birds practise quite ______ same sort of______ flight;______ varieties are infinite; but______ two classes may be roughly seen．Any ship that crosses ______Pacific is accompanied for many days by______ smaller albatross, which may keep company with______ vessel for ______hour without______ visible or______ more than occasional movement of______ wing．______currents of______ air that______ walls of______ ship direct upwards, as well as in ______line of its course are enough to give______ great bird with______ its immense wings sufficient sustenance and______ progress.______ albatross is______ king of______ gliders, ______class of______ fliers which harness______ air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.(11.1-6)

B  Note the form of the verbs in italics:

You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey.(11.11-12)Complete the following sentences:

1  If you have ever driven at a hundred miles an hour______

2  If you have never been to New Zealand______

3  If you have finished your work______

C  Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

The swallow______(share)the virtues of both schools in highest measure．It______(tire) not nor ______(boast) of its power; but______(belong) to the air,______(travel)it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home,______(feed) its flown young as it______(fly), and (slip)through a medium that______(seem)to help its passage even when the wind______(be)adverse．(11.12-15)

Special difficulties  难点

A  Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference:

1  quite(1.1)----quiet

I'm quite happy at my new school.

Please be quiet．I can't think with all that noise you're making.

2  wing(1.4)----feather

He has a good collection of butterflies with beautiful markings on their wings.

Old-fashioned quill pens were made from strong goose feathers.

3  course(1.4)----coarse

The ship had been blown off course in the storm.

He wore an old jacket made of coarse cloth.

B  Note how the words sort and kind can be used in the singular and in the plural:

No two sorts(or kinds)of birds practise quite the same sort(or kind)of flight.(1.1)

Write two sentences using the words sort and sorts.

C  Explain the meaning of rough and roughly in these sentences:

1  Two classes may be roughly seen.(11.1-2)

2  The surface of this road is very rough.

3  Roughly six hundred people attended the meeting.

4  Last night the sea was very rough.

D  Write sentences using the following expressions:

keep company with(1.3); as well as(1.4); take off their hats to(1.17).

E  Note the use of good in this phrase:‘a good part of the weight of the bird’(11.8-9).

Write sentences using the following phrases:

a good fifteen minutes; a good twenty miles; a good five hundred people; a good many;a good few

F  Note how such as may be used to introduce an example:

Their humbler followers, such as partridges,…(11.10-11)

Write two sentences using such as in this way.

G  Noth the phrase do us good(1.15)．Which of the following words are used with do and which with make: your duty; an excuse; a fortune; wrong; harm; an attempt; a bed; a proposal; sense; a speech; the shopping; a problem; a lesson; a difference; a copy; an announcement; an agreement; some work; a job; money; a mistake; a noise.

With which of the above words would it be possible to use either do or make?

H  Note the phrase: wish it good-morning(1.17).

Write sentences using the following phrases:

wish me luck; wish me well; wish me good-night.

Multiple choice questions  多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension  理解

1  The two classes of flight depend on ______.

a．occasional movement and progress

b．wing span and gliding

c．gliding and muscle-power

d．wind currents and machinery

2  The albatross can keep flying for very long periods because it ______.

a．actively uses air movement to stay in the sky

b．it is a very great bird

c．recognizes ships at sea

d．it can glide in any direction, regardless of air currents

3  Ducks can fly in any direction ______.

a．and stay in the air indefinitely

b．but are too heavy to fly for long

c．and uses engine power

d．but can run out of energy

4  The swallow ______.

a．is often greeted by superstitious villagers

b．is good for people

c．combines both forms of flight

d．is an omen of good luck

Structure  句型

5  The albatross ______to yield to the opposition of the wind．(1.6)

a．must

b．could

c．has

d．should

6  The duck comes nearer to the engines ______man has‘conquered’the air with.(11.7-8)

a．where

b．who

c．whom

d．-

7  Partridges ______a like power of strong propulsion.(1.11)

a．contain

b．provide

c．possess

d．display

8  It ______, not does it boast of its power.(1.13)

a．does not tire

b．not tire

c．not tires

d．do not tire

Vocabulary  词汇

9  There is no ______to the variety of flight practised by birds.(1.1)

a．opportunity

b．end

c．point

d．goal

10  The great bird has______ wings.(1.5)

a．broad

b．long

c．huge

d．wide

11  Duck, like pigeons, are ______with steel-like muscles.(1.8)

a．provided

b．gifted

c．talented

d．inherited

12  We no longer look for ______in the way they fly.(11.15-16)

a．guides

b．notices

c．signs

d．signals