考研英语

GeneTell

   The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.  Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.
   __17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.


13.[A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare
考单词量。which这个代名词是替代这段落开始句，所以先看看一下它说了什么，主谓宾：主词‘The correlation’两者的关系；谓语是be动词，is；没有宾语，但表语的strong in younger generation,年轻一辈尤其明显。Strong是多义词，不要只认为它只有强壮的意思。例句：Body odor(体味) is strong,这里strong是浓臭的意思。再看后面有框起来的话，“”，里面看不懂没关系，但作者是把前后绑在一起的。既然是绑再一起就不可能是c）transfer，转变为、运输到，也不是d）compare，比较，再看b）assign是把责任给、分派给；文法上可以，但逻辑不通。句子前段是作者整篇重点；试问谁能把整家公司给外派出去？当然只能外派部分而且是小部分部门，核心部门是不可能让出的。剩下选型a）attribute，归功于、属于谁；现在看不管“”里面是正面还是负面意义；正面意义的话，公司这样都要‘归功’于它；负面意义的话，公司会这样都要‘怪’它。所以答案是a）attribute。看一下“”里面的词：关键词是codified。字有个cod-,像不像code，密码、编码、乱码。Code是名词，cod-ify是编码的动作。less codified也不知道是好是坏；说好，它容易被破解；说坏，别的工程师看不懂。我会翻译：不会犹豫不决的下决定。

14.[A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced
考同义词。记得江泽民97年对香港记者说了什么，‘Too young, too naïve.’，太年轻，太天真。先看选项：a）serious，正经，b）civilized，文明，c）ambitious，野心，d）experienced，但前面有个less，缺乏、较少；较少以上什么跟young相关，是年轻不正经、年轻不文明、年轻没野心还是年轻没经验？谁说年轻就是疯疯癫癫，年轻老成的大有人在；年轻就不文明吗？难道老了就不会随地丢垃圾，不会开车乱按喇叭？野心比较难说，但跟下棋一样：少年不出名难成国手，许多知名CEO都是年少有成。答案是d）experienced；经验是需要慢慢累计。

15.[A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never
考连接词。这段落前面用了strong，这句又用一次strong；答案够明显了吧，用同义连接词：and, also, thus, hence, next, likewise, indeed, besides, anyway, then, therefore…。答案不是a）thus，就是c）also。但是thus、hence、therefore、nonetheless这类同义连接词不能放在句子的中间。所以答案是c），also。

16.[A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally
这个…考逻辑？关键词是spread，散布、散发。看到这个字我会联想在烤热的土司上抹上果酱或黄油，spread butter（黄油）evenly on toasts。Evenly，均匀的，跟d）equally，同等厚度的，是同义词，所以我会看也不看就选d）作为答案。选项b）regularly和c）directly是很少跟spread应用在一起的。Spread regularly是要常常抹、经常要散布的；spread directly是直接抹在。不用的原因是没有东西是要经年累月定时抹上、散布的，也几乎没有spread indirectly，间接传播、抹上的东西。a）rapidly当然是可以用的，但不是选项，因为happiness不是短时间能够传遍一个地区的。不过disease，疾病，flu，流感，gas，毒气，和rumor，八卦绯闻，是可以spread rapidly。

17.[A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since
考状语句首。这类的状语从句包括：before, after, until, since, while, 和when。没把握的人可以好好复习。a）after是事件A后，事件B发生了；而事件A和B只有时间上的关联；例句：After I eat, I’ll study.我吃了饭后，就要去读书。b）until是直到事件A发生，事件B成立或发生；事件A和B有相关性；举例：Until I met her, I was nothing.我以前一直觉得自己像行尸走肉似的，直到我认识了她。c）while是事件A发生的同时，事件B发生；事件A和B只有时间上的关联：同时；例句：While I sleep, you study.我睡觉的时候，你依旧读书。d）since是事件A发生导致事件B发生或成立；事件A和B是因果关系；举例：Since you work so hard, let me help.看在你努力的份上，我来帮个忙吧。看句子，事件A是上述观点无法证明快乐跟高投资有关，事件B是作者相信这个可能性。选项一个个看过，发现只有c）while能用，所以c）是正确答案。

18.[A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes
靠单词量。续上题，把主语author，作者，和宾语possibility，可能性,我在上题解释用了作者‘相信’这个可能性，但选项没有相信，believes，这个选项，再说，谁说我一定是对的？看看选项中有哪些能用：a）达到，b）不假思考的选择，c）提示，和d）灵机一动。先说a）arrive不会跟possibility连起来用；能跟conclusion，结论，并用。例句：I’ve arrived to this conclusion,苦思冥想后我得到这个结论。b）jump，和arrive一样，跟conclusion一起用。例句：he jumped to this conclusion,他靠直觉决定了。d）strike这个字，可能出题者没有其它字可用了，无法跟possibility和conclusion一起用，甚至我联想不到有什么能跟strike用的名词。答案是c）hints，目前没有证据能证明但作者还是提示有这个可能性。

19.[A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share
考单词量。关键词划好就没难度，关键词：culture and sentiment选一个来用就好，和think，我的简化句是culture （答案） future thinking／idea。选项a）shape是巩固、塑造，b）re-dis-cover是重新发现、再次挖掘，c）simpl-ify是简单化、单纯化，d）share是分享、共用，不是太难，答案是a）shape。每个国家的想法不同可能跟他们的传统文化有关：经历过大饥荒的国家就为了进食、生存，筛除了弱者基因变得激进、野蛮、强硬。达尔文的适者生存法则。

20.[A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out
考常见短句，所谓的俚语。最后一句话是总结作者的观点。从头到尾作者觉得乐天派用于投资，尤其是大公司会在R&D,research and development,上砸大钱，这个‘趋势’或‘倾向’的单词在第4题有用过：inclination，in-是往那边，-clin-是倾斜的意思；选项中也有个单字是‘倾靠’的英文：lean。b）lean toward是倾向于…那方。例句：Tom is leaning toward her.Tom可以是1、生理的：往她身上靠，2、心理的：更同意她的选择或决定，或3、爱情的：两个女人中选择她做为伴侣。a)pray for是祈求、祝愿或祷告。例句：He prays for grad-school entry.他祈祷能进硕士班。c）give away是大放送、免费给或泄底的意思。例句：he is giving away books.他在免费发赠书；you gave away my location,你把我所在地告诉他人了。d）send out是派遣、发送出；例句：it was sent out a week ago.一周前（某人）就（把它）送出去了。时间不够的同学只能自求多福，不要出太多的俚语，因为俚语变数太大：可以很简单也可以很难。Pray for less idioms in the test.希望不要有太多的俚语考题。

希望对不到一个月就要考试的你有帮助。

GeneTell

Section II
Part A

Text1
1   It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.  Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.
2   However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial.  When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses.  It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal.  Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.
3   Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.
4   The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change.  The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor.  For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.
5   The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.  Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.  But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.
6   Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.  But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.  These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives.  The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.

21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.
   A. complete future job training
   B. remodel the way of thinking
   C. formulate logical hypotheses
   D. perfect artwork production
Hold不只是握住、坚持住，在这问题里它是维持后面从句说明的想法，而这个想法是Early exposure，越早接触，到电脑科学的人越如何。到第2段落第1句，‘…early exposure is beneficial.’，我们在这一段下手；关键在第3句，“…transform their thought process…”，作者基本上是说越早学越容易，而thought process是处理思想、记忆的，与thinking大有关系。Transform这个动词如果能记住电影变形金刚，transformer，每次它们变形时喊的‘Transform’就是变形的意思， 变成不一样的形态，也是remodel，重新整理。答案是B。
22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.
   A. experience
   B. academic backgrounds
   C. career prospects
   D. interest
跟着Flatiron找到第4段落的Flatiron school，所以我们在这一段下手，而这一段作者借用了Friedman说的一词‘we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,’我们试着从学生喜爱的兴趣上下手让他们觉得课程有趣。答案也出来了，Flatiron会从D）interest下功夫。
23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.
   A. help students learn other computer languages
   B. have to be upgraded when new technologies come
   C. need improving when students look for jobs
   D. enable students to make big quick money
问题文Seehorn这人决的在Flatiron school学到的技能,learned skills如何，我们先看选项好了，a）帮助学生学习其它computer languages，电脑语言；b）当接触到新科技是必须更上一层楼，upgrade；c）当学生找工作时必须更精进，improving；d）让学生赚大钱，make big money。我们在第5段落找到Seehorn的名字；第3句“But the skill they learn…apply to any coding language…”,coding的原型是code，密码、程序。A是理所当然的答案。没有提到new technologies,新技术，或money或jobs。作者在第5段落说的是电脑语言淘汰率很高；他们在学校学得语言可能在他们毕业时就马上变得旧世代的电脑语言，但Seehorn认为学校不只是教电脑知识，还教逻辑－思考－处理的不过时的技术。
24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.
   A. compete with a future army of programmers
   B. stay longer in the information technology industry
   C. become better prepared for the digitalized world
   D. bring forth innovative computer technologies
马上看最后一段落，last paragraph。前两句就好，作者不认为所有学生都会走上IT产业，Flatiron也不是在训练一批电脑程序员。这基本上就否定了选项a）训练未来程序员，b）IT产业中生存下去，和d）发展未来电脑科技。答案只剩下C，让他们（学生）适应体重计跟冰箱、冰箱跟空调对话的数码生活。
25. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.
   A. challenge
   B. persuade
   C. frighten
   D. misguide
这种同义词的考题首先找到这句，“…how to coax the machine into producing what they want…”,coax不懂什么意思没关系，选项要知道。A）challenge，挑战，B）per-suade，说服，c）fright-en,吓、恐吓，D）mis-guide；mis-是反的、错误的，guide是领导、指挥；错误的指挥是误导,misguide，的意思。个别替换coax看看哪个对就好了：‘如何（答案）机器做它们想要的事’。答案事B，persuade，说服。


Text2
1   Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.  But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.
2   The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service （USFWS）decided to formally list the bird as threatened.  “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.  Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed.  They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.  But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches.  In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.
3   Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.  Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat.  The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat.  USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress.  Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，” Ashe said.
4   Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric.  Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court.  Not surprisingly, doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____
   [A]its drastically decreased population
   [B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage
   [C]a desperate appeal from some biologists
   [D]the insistence of private landowners
推理题。lesser prairie 是指lesser prairie chickens，田野鸡；as threatened是被威胁的意思。问题问把田野鸡纳入濒危动物（未到濒临绝种动物）行列的重要原因是？第1段落就有答案：原本2millions，现在22，000。数量的剧烈减少；答案是A），drastically，剧烈的，decreased population，数量的减少。但这题不用看文章就可以找出答案，世界上是如何归纳濒临绝种动物的，例如熊猫？就是凭数量。
27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____
   [A]was a give-in to governmental pressure
   [B]would involve fewer agencies in action
   [C]granted less federal regulatory power
   [D]went against conservation policies
大海捞针题型。做题之前先继续前题的话题，濒临绝种动物＝endangered，濒危动物＝threatened。Okay，问题问把田野鸡绑上‘threatened’tag，濒危的标签，后让许多environmentalists，环境保护团体的人，disappointed，失望的原因。我们按照问题进度看到第2段落第3句‘Some environmentalist…were disappointed.’,而后面两句就是解释为什么失望的理由：主要跟federal，联邦，action\regulation\official的权利。联邦在濒临绝种动物上有更多的权利，而濒危动物上是有flexibility，弹性的。所以C，濒危动物收到联邦政府较小的保护，是答案。
28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____
   [A]agree to pay a sum for compensation
   [B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat
   [C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job
   [D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations
同义词题型。这篇文章较多单词，单词量少的同学可能会比较吃亏。一样，拆字是王道：unintentional拆开是un-intent-ion-al。un-这个字首和dis-,non-一样，都是反的、不是；intent是动词，故意的；-tion-是名词的结尾，而-al是形容词的结尾。所以，unintentional是不是故意的，无意的意思。Harm是伤害，doer是do-=做，-er＝人员；harm-doer是实施伤害的人。Prosecute是被法律处理，走法律程序管道。Unintentional harm doer是无意的人，被害者是可怜的濒危田园鸡；问题问：人在杀害田园鸡唯一不被法律制裁的条件是？我们到第3段落找；第1句后半段‘…unintentional killing, harm, and distub…’,关键词“as long as”,只要，跟问题中的‘if’是同义词。而as long as后面是signed a range-wide management plan，一个签定田野鸡农场管理计划，这句话里没有我们要找的答案；只知道这个计划，而它的细节在下一句。关键词是fund，基金。换句话说，只要付钱就不会收到法律的处罚。看选项：A）pay a sum，付一笔金额，for compensation，是处罚、慰问；B）voluteer，做义工，to set up a habitat,居住环境；C）offer，提供，to support a monitoring，监督，job；D）raise funds，收集捐募款，for operations。为什么不是D呢？因为raise funds是参加捐募款的活动或运动，但不代表一定是自己有捐款；可能只是提供劳力，volunteer，或提供地方而已。而段落中要求参加计划是要具体付钱，所以A是答案。
29.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in______
   [A]the federal government
   [B]the wildlife agencies
   [C]the landowners
   [D]the states
大海捞针题型。leading role是男一号或女一号的意思。问题问：谁负责管理濒危的田野鸡？不要被这汪洋吞没，顺着题目的顺序来到第三段落最后一句，刚好有我们在找的‘managing the species’和‘Ashe’，只是leading role改成了driver seat。这是比喻词：在舞台、电视剧中，leading roles是它的灵魂；开车子时，谁坐在driver seat上决定车的去向。所以他们是同义词。然后，答案就是作者在这一段框起来的词， “States”，政府。针找到了，是D。顺便一提，states指的是地方政府，federal是联邦政府。FBI的F就federal。
30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______
   [A]industry groups
   [B]the win-win rhetoric
   [C]environmental groups
   [D]the plan under challenge
大海捞针题型。Support是支持的意思。我们在第4段落最后一句找到Jay Lininger的名字，和他说的一句话，自然答案就在里面。他话中充满了对联邦政府的不满，‘联邦政府要这些靠猎杀田园鸡的企业当球员兼裁判。’；明显是不support联邦政府的B）win-win rhetoric和A）industry groups，也不像支持D）the plan，就是付钱就可以无意杀害田野鸡的基金计划，只剩下C这个选项。

希望对你有把帮助。

GeneTell

Text 3
1   That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché.  But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read.
2   What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient.  The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times”.  But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work.  Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.  The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”.  Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time, which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
3   In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem.  Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.  Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting.  Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.  “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes）as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”.  No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
4   So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading.  You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”.  You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers.  “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too - providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.  On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because…
   [A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind
   [B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
   [C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them
   [D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed
大海捞针题型。Time-management是时间管理，就是做出每日挤出的时间的计划。作者主要讨论能不能把时间节省出来做为每日看书、充实自己。Time-management在第2段落第1句看到，‘doesn’t work’，没用，和‘not sufficient’，不够，是同义词，所以答案在这句的后面；关键词是‘flywheel of work-related thoughts spinning’,‘so exhausted’分别为都是工作相关的事直在脑海中转，过度疲惫。并没有说到A）ease modern mind，缓解现代人的思绪；B）challenging books，有深度的书。第2段落的确有提到想省出一点每天读书的方法事随身拿本书，但人们还是无法做到每天看书不是因为C）forget carrying a book，忘了随身带书。答案是D）deep reading，做看书时能做深度的理解。
32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to…
   [A] update their to-do lists
   [B] make passing time fulfilling
   [C] carry their plans through
   [D] pursue carefree reading
大海捞针题型。Empty bottles我们在第3段落中第5句“The future comes at us…”，metaphor是比喻的意思；我们只要读懂他说的比喻就可以得出答案。Conveyor belt是工厂中的传输带，比喻未来跟永无止境的运输带上的空瓶子，必须要装满饮料，要不然就浪费了。这比喻跟选项中的哪个比较合适呢？a）更新‘待办事项’清单，b）不要浪费时间，c）完成计划，d）悠闲的看书。其中fulfilling和 not wasted在时间上是同义词，所以B）是正确选项。
33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps…
   [A] encourage the efficiency mind-set
   [B] develop online reading habits
   [C] promote ritualistic reading
   [D] achieve immersive reading
逻辑题型。顺着问题找到‘schedule regular times for reading’是在第4段落的第2句。注意，第4段落中的ritualistic behaviour指的是Eberle的每天安排规定时间看书规律到每天要上香、祈求佛祖让考研顺利似的，而选项C中的ritualistic reading是字面上的读金刚经、圣经；C是错误选项，不要被骗了。关键字是Eberle说的‘Soul Time’，这比喻者之前说的deep reading，也是D）immersive reading的意思；deep是有深度的，immersive是把自己投入书中，自己变成主角。其它选项虽然有提到，但都是不着重点的擦边球。答案是D。
34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if…
   [A] reading becomes your primary business of the day
   [B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with
   [C] you are able to drop back to business after reading
   [D] time can be evenly split for reading and business
大海捞针题型。一样在第4段落找。第5句“Carrying a book with you…”。这里就是我跟网上答案不一样的地方：第5句也是比喻，就好像读书是在潜水，而日常工作是浮出水面吸口气，尽快回到水中去的准备。网上答案选择A），读书是日常的主要工作，可是这也可以是在做图书馆员、主编、翻译、审稿者的工作，但我觉得B才是正确答案；promptly是迅速的，日常工作能迅速有有理的处理完，这样才能回去做deep reading：浮出水面，确定吸足一口气，迅速的回到水面下；temporarily很符合promptly。Drop back是快速的回去，比go back更有时间短促的作用。所以C）是从看书中能快速的回到工作状态，不是作者的概念。D）读书、工作各一半，作者也没提到这一点。
35. The best title for this text could be…
   [A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading
   [B] How to Find Time to Read
   [C] How to Set Reading Goals
   [D] How to Read Extensively
出现考题的大魔王了，找文章标题题型。这种题还是要分析每个段落的大意。第1段落：作者认为现代人没时间看书；第2段落：作者认为光挤出时间看书不够；第3段落：给出挤出时间不够的理由；第4段落：作者给出方法。首先，先做删去法，A）easy reading，兴趣阅读，和C）reading goals，阅读目标，这两个选项是不注重的，而B）find time to read在第2段落被否定了：找出时间不是难事，但无法做出深度的阅读。所以，答案，用删去法我们得到，D是正确的。证据是关键词‘fulfilling’‘deep’‘immersive’等

GeneTell

Text 4
1   Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.
2   Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, ha*ing children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties.  But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.
3   Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to belie*e they will ad*ance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to fa*or communities with more public ser*ices and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or ha*ing children, and to maintain that children are best ser*ed by two parents working outside the home, the sur*ey found.
4   From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through *irtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.
5   Young and old con*erge on one key point: O*erwhelming majorities of both groups said they belie*e it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.  While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups belie*e those “just getting started in life” face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.
6   Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.  Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.  E*en now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I ha*e to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.”  Looking back, he is struck that his parents could pro*ide a comfortable life for their children e*en though neither had completed college when he was young.  “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t ha*e college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”

36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.
   [A] trying out different lifestyles
   [B] ha*ing a family with children
   [C] working beyond retirement age
   [D] setting up a profitable business
大海捞针题型。沿着问题的关键词‘generation’和‘successful life’在第2找到四种人生目标：getting married, ha*ing children, owning a house,和retiring in their sixties,分别是结婚，生子，有房和六十多岁时退休。选项B提到了其中两个，理所当然的事答案。A）不同生活方式和D）成功的事业对不对还不晓得，C）延退是绝对错的。
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ____.
   [A] fa*or a slower life pace
   [B] hold an occupation longer
   [C] attach importance to pre-marital finance
   [D] gi*e priority to childcare outside the home
大海捞针题型。就是第3段落中的细项第一个：常换工作，第二个：公共设施要足，第三个：生活快速化，第四个：婚前男女财政自主，和第四个：双薪父母照顾小孩的能力，和选项符合的只有C）婚前财务的重要性。Pre-marital是婚前的单字，before marriage是婚前的白话单词；两者是一样的。Pre¬者字首是之前的意思，例子：pre-*ious episode或pre-*ious-ly都是看美剧时的前集提要；填文件时marital status是婚姻状况,可以填single，单身，married，已婚，di*orced，离婚…
38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ____.
   [A] become increasingly clear
   [B] focus on materialistic issues
   [C] depend largely on political preferences
   [D] reach almost all aspects of American life
大海捞针题型。Priorities，优先事项，和expectations，期望是关键词，我们在第4段落中间找到。答案就在后面，all aspects of American life，D是答案。
39. Both young and old agree that ____.
   [A] good-paying jobs are less a*ailable
   [B] the old made more life achie*ements
   [C] housing loans today are easy to obtain
   [D] getting established is harder for the young
大海捞针题型。第5段落开头“Young and old…”con*erge on one point是汇合到一个共识，也是agree的意思。这个共识是什么，就是后面youngs are getting harder to get started in life.年轻世代没以前这么好混。看选项：a）没这么多高薪职位，b）老一辈做到更多的成就，c）房贷更好申请，d）年轻人更难立足。Getting established是立足，建立形象、品牌，成名，或有成的意思。所以D是比较符合文章的两代共识。
40. Which of the following is true about Schneider？
   [A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.
   [B] His parents belie*e working steadily is a must for success.
   [C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.
   [D] He thinks his job as a technician is quite challenging.
是非判断题型。当然只剩下最后一段，第6段落要看，先找到Schneider，然后发现第6段是Schineider当家作主。先看选项，毕竟选项的字比较少。A）大学毕业就拿到金饭碗；dream job，不是梦里的工作，而是理想的工作。B）他父母认为兢兢业业的工作才会有成就；is a must是必要的意思，口语用词，书面的话会用necessary，essential等。C）他父母的成就与大学文凭无关；has little to do是没大关联。D）他认为技工的工作很有挑战性。回到文章看看哪个选项是真的。Struggle to find a job推翻了A这选项；他虽然目前有个steady job, 但没有证据支持选项B；他认为父母有个good life，他父母也没有college degree，C这选项是对的。既然都到最后了，也看看选项D吧。他对他目前的工作，auto technician，唯一的意见是薪水不够，所以没有办法应付monthly mortgage payment，每月房贷或车贷；没有提到challenging。所以D，B和A都是错的。C是正选。

Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).  There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.  Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

   [A]Be silly
   [B]Ha*e fun
   [C]Express your emotions
   [D]Don't o*erthink it
   [E]Be easily pleased
   [F]Notice things
   [G]Ask for help

   As adults, it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results.  Yet children appear to ha*e it down to an art - and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy.  Instead, they look after their wellbeing instincti*ely, and usually more effecti*ely than we do as grownups.  Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.
   41.______________
   What does a child do when he's sad? He cries.  When he's angry?  He shouts.  Scared?  Probably a bit of both.  As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our beha*iours, which is in many ways a good thing.  But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negati*e ones.  That's about as effecti*e as brushing dirt under a carpet and can e*en make us ill.  What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then-again like children-mo*e.
   42.____________
   A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.  It cost less than a fi*er but she was o*erjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it.  Too often we belie*e that a new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic sil*er bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things ha*e *ery little lasting impact on our happiness le*els.  Instead, being grateful for small things e*ery day is a much better way to impro*e wellbeing.
   43.______________________
   Ha*e you e*er noticed how much children laugh?  If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, impro*e blood flow to our hearts and e*en ha*e a greater chance of fighting off infection.  All of which, of course, ha*e a positi*e effect on happiness le*els.
   44.__________________
   The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with--- work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner.  But as adults we also ha*e the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we lo*e.  Those things might be social, sporting, creati*e or completely random (dancing around the li*ing room, anyone?) -- it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to ha*e negati*e side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.
   45.___________________
   Ha*ing said all of the abo*e, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.  Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually ha*e a negati*e impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to ha*e said: "Happiness is the absence of stri*ing for happiness."  And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by-product of the way they li*e.

Subheading是副标题。它相应的随后的段落，所以我们只要能够总结段落，就可以找到合适的副标题。看段落的中心思想代表句，开始句和结尾句，就够了。有时当段落出现模棱两可的情况的确对选对答案比较难，这时用删去法会变的很实用。
  先看第2段落，相应的是41的答案。“What does a child do…”，前面说的是小孩对情感的反应很老实，最后一句，we这个代名词替代‘成人’，作者建议成年人也能和小孩一样，不要羞于表达。这样，41的答案就是express your emotions,表达你的感情。41是C。
  第3段落，相应42的答案。“A couple Christmas ago…”，开头给了个例子：作者在圣诞节给了他义女一个小礼物就开心了好久。最后一句建议我们应该对生活小事而注重、感到满足。满足也是be pleased，刚好是选项E：be easily pleased，要懂的容易满足。42是E。
  第4段落相应的是43。“Ha*e you e*er noticed…”，用问句开始，第1句很短，而关键词在第2句：‘silliness and giggling’；再看最后一句，All of which也是代名词，指的是当你做小孩子气的事情中生理的变化。当老莱子于彼此*好处。A）be silly是43的答案。
  第5段落相应的事44。“The problem with being a grown up…”，grown up是成人，adult也是成人，不同点是grown up指的是成熟、*到40岁左右，adult指的年龄层更广：*到100岁。第1句是列举成年人的责任，第2句和第3句作者建议既然成年了就要做对自己想做但要有正面价值的事情。关键词是‘enjoyable’和‘social’‘sporting’‘creati*e’和‘not…negati*e’，这些也是fun stuff，有趣的事情，跟B）ha*e fun符合。44的答案是B。
  45也是总结。“Ha*ing said all…”，第1句就有关键词：‘not try too hard to be happy’，不要一头栽进庄子的‘至乐 外传’中；快乐不是生活的目标，而是生活之中自然产生的。Don’t o*erthink it，别想太多。答案是D。
Section III
Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
   The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.  The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy.  And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.  The a*erage supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.  The sheer *olume of a*ailable choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information o*erload.  According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.  After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selecti*e, and instead begin shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we ne*er intended buying.
又到了翻译题，7句。翻译只要直到主谓宾，不用字面的翻译，只要能顺溜分数就不会太低，我还是一句一句来。
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.
主词是主角，leading role又是dri*er（见29题），这里是‘supermarket’，超市；谓语是‘design’，设计；宾语是‘customers’，顾客。Lure是吸引，as much as possible是越多越好，之外应该都没难度的单字了。The supermarket is designed，被动语气，超市是被设计出来的；The supermarket is designed to lure customers,超市的目的是吸引顾客（做出什么行为）；into spending time，做出花费时间的行为；而句子的最后的顺序是地点，时间；within its doors，在超市中。这句话翻成：超市旨在让顾客在店里停留最长的时间。
The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy.
主词：‘reason’；谓语：‘is’；没有宾语。道理很简单。后面的不难：待越久，看越多商品；看越多，买越多。翻译：这现象的原因很简单：店里待越久，商品看得越多；东西看得越多，买得也多。
And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.
主语：‘supermarkets’；谓语‘contain’是包含；宾语：‘stuff’。这句很短，超市有许多得东西。
The a*erage supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.
主语；‘supermarket’；谓语‘carries’是有…商品的意思；宾语‘items’也是东西、商品。而and这个同义连接词又开始了另一句，主语‘many’这个代名词是许多超市，谓语又是‘carry’，宾语是隐藏得‘items’。According to是根据，Food marketing Institute是食品营销局。所以，这句是根据食品营销局的统计，超市的不同商品平均在四万四千件左右，许多大超市能达到近十万件。
The sheer *olume of a*ailable choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information o*erload.
主词是‘*olume’，量；谓语is；宾语‘shoppers’。Sheer *olume是指数量大到无法负荷的程度；State是洲，也是状态的意思；information o*erload是讯息爆炸。注意，o*erload不是o*erlord，君主，目前有名的日系轻小说。翻译成：如此众多不同商品的选择让顾客感到难以负荷。
According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.
又是according to，brain是脑部，scan是扫描，experiment是实验。开头是介词短语，没有谓语，所以不是完整的句子，也就不需要连接词。主词是demands，要求、需求；谓语是become；没有宾语。Decision是决定、决心；make a decision，decision making,和decide都是一个意思。脑部扫描的研究指出，如此大量的决定指令对脑部的负荷过重。
After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rational selecti*e, and instead begin shopping emotionally – which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we ne*er intended buying.
介词短语说明特定时间，主词是people，谓语是stop，因为连接词的关系，begin也是谓语。40分钟左右的购物后，大部分的人不再坚持用理性选择商品了，而变得冲动购物。后面的which修饰的是冲动购物的方式、后果或原因。Accumulate是累积；cart是四轮商场小推车，美式英文，而英式是trolly。记住：开的是car，玩的是card，推的是cart。后面翻译成：造成一半在手推车里的东西不是一开始要买的。

翻译到一段落。希望这2017年英文（二）讲解对你有帮助，下面Section IV的写作不支持。如果想要在写作上下功夫，建议自己练习；像写日记、日志、电影观后感想、城市景点、新闻等等进行练习。目标是暑假每天一篇，九月到十月一周一篇，十月后两周一篇坚持到考试。加油。
       

GeneTell

2015 English (1)
Section I
原文出处：Jayalakshmi K,“DNA of Friendship: Study Finds We are Genetically Linked to Our Friends”, 于2014, July 15 刊登在 International Business Times。
   Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes.  That is __(1)__ a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has __(2)__.
   The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted __(3)__ 1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.  The same people were used in both __(5)__.
   While 1% may seem __(6)__, it is not so to a geneticist.  As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even __(7)__ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who __(8)__ our kin.”

1. [a]when         [b]why         [c] how         [d] what
第1题和第2题一起看比较容易，而且能够简化，把逗号后的忽略掉就好。简化句：That is （1） a study （2）。That这个代名词是重点，它代替的事开头第1句：一个study,实验,的发现。一个实验的发现不是时间，选项a）when排除掉；不是原因，c）排除掉；也不是方法，c）排除掉。而是结论是什么东西，What is it？what is this study about?选项d）what是正选。
2. [a]defended        [b]concluded        [c]withdrawn        [d]advised
简化句是‘That is what a study （2）.’，刚刚也说到结论，conclude，正好是选项b，放进简化句中看看顺溜不，…what a study has concluded.是可以的。答案是b）。选项a）defend是防御或帮忙辩护，c）withdraw是撤退、撤回前言，d）advise是建议。如果是一个医师的建议，而不是实验结论到1％如此细节，是可以用advise。顺便一提，这边用现在完成式是因为这个结论仍有影响；换句话说，还有戏。而不是过去一般式；斩钉截铁的做过了、结束了。
3. [a]for        [b]with                [c]on        [d]by
惯用句，跟study，experiment，test中用在subjects，受体或被实验者的介词一律选ON，跟researcher有关的介词一律用BY，做实验的原因一律用FOR。On是作用在…上，by是作俑者或实施者，for是为了…而做。介词有时间的话可以多做、多看，因为介词有许多例外；上面虽然说‘一律’，但都是为了应付考试的高几率选项。
4. [a]compared        [b]sought        [c]separated        [d]connected
找从句谓语，关键词是从句宾语‘friends and strangers’，一个是朋友一个是陌生人；两个是有对立关系的。当有个连接词和两个对立关系的宾语，选compare，比较，选项a。b）seek的过去式，细细找寻。c）separate，分离。d）connect，连结。如果没有前文的情况下，这4种选项都能与friends and strangers，但前文是实验要求近2000实验者比较各自的朋友和陌生人的基因，所以分组的前提下，比较，compare，两组的基因找到之中有1％的差距。
5. [a]tests        [b]objects        [c]samples        [d]examples
考单词量。都是跟实验有关，对文科的同学可能比较棘手。看过美国大片“钢铁侠”吗？我用那个当［d］example，例子或举例：experiment，实验，是做出完美外骨骼装甲为目标的长期试验。［a］test是特定，有短程目标的局部测试；举例：Test A：手部推进器；Test B：脚部推进器；Test C：室内飞行；Test D：户外飞行。Subject是被试验者，［b］object是被实验者之间的不同实验差异。举例：钢铁侠1，外骨骼装甲安装了圆形的电池；外骨骼装甲是subject，object是圆电池；在钢铁侠2，外骨骼装甲新安装了三角形电池，subject一样，但object是三角电池。钢铁侠3，一整群的不同的外骨骼装甲前来支援主角；对主角而言，每一个不同性能的外骨骼装甲都是为了作出最终完美外骨骼装甲的［c］sample，实验样本。回到问题，被实验者的朋友和陌生人是这句的主词，they，代替的主角，他们也是要被比较gene，基因，的不同；他们是实验样本，sample，选项C。
6. [a]insignificant        [b]unexpected        [c]unbelievable        [d]incredible
考单词量。文中作者问1％的差距看起来如何，这是在向正常、大部分人群提问。如果去问考生，60分跟61分就是补考、一个暑假的差距；问我，咸酥鸡11元，炒饭12元，是小吃和主食之间的差距。对句子后半段的主角：geneticists,基因工程人员，基因的1％差距是黑猩猩和人类的区别。注意，作者是在向非特定人群提问，1％应该是微不足道的差距。选项a）in-significant,不足重视，b)un-expect-ed,预料之外，c)un-believ-able,无法相信，d)in-credible，神奇。10万个农民工对北京城的总人口来说是微不足道的，不足重视的，所以政府在2017年大冬天的把无产阶级的他们驱逐出北京城，也不怕他们作乱。答案是A。
7. [a]visit        [b]miss        [c]seek        [d]know
考单词量。考的还不是选项的单词量，而是fourth cousin这单词。Cousin的确是表兄弟姐妹或堂兄弟姐妹，但fourth cousin不是第四个表、堂兄弟姐妹。简单地说：数字越小，血缘越近。难的来说：1st cousin是父母辈兄弟姐妹的儿女，2nd cousin是祖父母辈兄弟姐妹的孙儿女，3rd cousin是曾祖父母辈的兄弟姐妹的曾孙儿女…。对你而言，1st cousin可能还住同一城市，2nd cousin可能划到台港澳，4th cousin可能划到东南亚去了，能熟悉、会认识吗？这已经不是能a）visit，拜访，b）miss，思念，的程度了。c）seek，寻根，是可能选项，但寻根不是文中most people会做的是。Most people是不会认识，d）know，自己的4th cousins。除非你们家族是古墓派，长年不出外界的。
8. [a]resemble        [b]influence        [c]favor        [d]surpass
考单词量。关键词是kin，血亲。基因研究者觉得这个现象很奇妙，incredible（见题6）：难道我们一直选择有血缘关系的人当朋友吗？不认识的情况下如何区分的呢？选项A）resemble有相似的，尤其是说人的时候是有外表类似。例如：whom do you resemble in your family?你在家里跟谁容貌最像？我们认人都是靠外表，故选项a是答案。b）influence是潜移默化的影响，不是affect，影响；c）favor是偏好；d）surpass是超越某人，都不适用。

希望对你有帮助，考试不到一个月，加油加油

GeneTell

   The study __(9)__ found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.  Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.  __(10)__, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more __(11)__ it.  There could be many mechanisms working together that __(12)__ us in choosing genetically similar friends __(13)__ ”functional Kinship” of being friends with __(14)__!
   One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolving __(15)__ than other genes.  Studying this could help __(16)__ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major __(17)__ factor.
   ‘The findings do not simply explain people’s __(18)__ to befriend those of similar __(19)__ backgrounds’, say the researchers.  Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to __(20)__ that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.

9. [a]again        [b]also         [c]instead        [d]thus
考连接词。此句后面关键词是gene of smell，嗅觉的基因，也是跟朋友也是相似的。既然是同义，就可以排除选项c）instead和d）thus；转折同义词。也不是重复强调相同的东西，素以不用选项a）again。理所当然用同义连接词，a）also。
10. [a]Meanwhile        [b]Furthermore        [c]Likewise        [d]Perhaps
考句首。前一句适用问句结束，是作者自问difficult to explain的负责嗅觉的基因。然后用了suggest，建议，而不是conclude，有证据、数据证明，所以是一个不确定原因的问题，不用选项a）meanwhile，同时间，b）furthermore，再者，c）likewise，也是如此。而用不确定的d）perhaps，可能、也许。Perhaps，I should go back to work.(自言自语)也许…我该回去工作了。
11. [a]about        [b]to        [c]from        [d]like
考固定用语／短句。There is more to it than that.还有更多我没告诉你的东西。选项b）to是答案。当然其它选项和more一起用都是可以的。learn more a)about it,学更多跟它相关的知识；take more c)from it,从中拿更多一点；be more d）like it，更像它一点。再次强调，介词很难，甚至国家不同用的也不同，只能多做多看多听。
12. [a]drive        [b]observe        [c]confuse        [d]limit
考单词量。因为that的关系，知道答案是从句谓语，us是从句宾语，而这个从句是在修饰主句宾语‘many mechanisms’，许多细节、机关。这个时候用公式：只看主句宾语＋从句动词／谓语＋从句宾语＝简短句。选项a）drive是开车、驾驶，如果你这样想就丢分了；drive还有驱使的意思。例句：you drive me crazy！你把我搞疯了。而这句‘many mechanisms drive us’后面的in是什么样的反应。所以翻成“许多不同的原因导致我们选择基因与自己类似的人当朋友”，选项a）drive是答案。选项b）observe是观察；observ-er是实验的观察者，也是记录员；c）confuse是难懂、不理解；记忆法：Confu-ci-us是至圣先师－孔子－的英文，Confucius’ sayings confused us.子曰的论语真让人难懂（花了2000年还没理解出什么）；d）limit是限制。Speed limit是开车室的限速。
13. [a]according        [b]rather than        [c]regardless        [d]along with
考连接词。第一：according在没有to的情况在考研中还真没出现过，因为用法完全不同：according to是依据（消息来源），accord是同意。所以，这种情况下直接把选项a给删除掉。第二：functional kinship是关键词；任何正常工作情况下的东西都是functional，而kin-ship就跟friend-ship类似，之前说过kin是血缘，kinship就是血缘关系的人。引号中的functional kinship起始就是之前（题7）说的4th cousin那些熟识的血缘亲戚。Okay，选项三选一，这句说我们的朋友其实都是有kingship（毕竟基因有1％的类似度）但不是我们故意选functional kinship，知情情况选的远亲，这样一来，唯一的比较连接词，b）rather than，是答案。选项b）regardless是无论如何，后面不管如何影响都不会造成不同；c）along with是同义连接词，伴随的意思。选项a、c与d不是正确答案。
14. [a]chances        [b]responses        [c]missions        [d]benefits
考常用句。知道英语“炮友”怎么说吗？friend（s） with benefits＝能彼此满足但没有感情上的牵挂。比起来中文解释过为单一，英文中不止是解决肉欲的彼此，更是生意、聊天、玩耍等的点头之交。d）Benefit是好处的意思。其它选项a）chances是机会，b）responses是反应；没有这两种说法。c）missions跟friends with是可以一起用，能懂，但没人会这样说。直接用comrade，同志。
15. [a]later        [b]slower        [c]faster        [d]earlier
考逻辑题型。意思是没看完下面一句无法回答。先知道evolve是进化的动词，evolu-tion是进化的名词。Okay，下一句找到关键词：picked pace是俚语pick up the pace的变形，脚步加快的意思。也是催促别人‘快一点’。这样符合选项c）faster。
16. [a]forecast        [b]remember        [c]understand        [d]express
考惯用语。光看…help （答案） why…就够了，就能把选项a）forecast，天气预报，和d）express，表达，删除掉，因为没有人会这样搭配。能用在why之前的动词很少，能想到只有know，understand，ponder，wonder，remember，get，一一说明。Know why=知道原因；understand why＝了解原因（比起know why更有细节上的要求）；wonder why＝想知道答案；ponder why＝苦思原因；remember why＝还记得原因。句中科学家想要得到未知的答案，故不用b）remember，而用c）understand。…help remember why…有回忆起原因的意思。
17. [a]unpredictable        [b]contributory        [c]controllable        [d]disruptive
考单词量。Major是重要、主要的，factor是原因、因素。 选项a）un-pre-dict-able是无法预测；un-＝不能、非，pre-＝之前，dict-＝字、书写、话，-able＝能力；合起来就是‘无法在发生前知道的能力’。b）con-tribu-tory是促使；con-是同方向，tribu-是提供，-tory是形容词的尾缀；后面推手的意思。c）control(l)-able是不可控制。d）dis-rupt-ive是干扰、破坏；dis-＝是反方向、不是，rupt-＝快速的破坏、爆发，-ive＝形容词尾缀。句中的social environment是关键词，社交环境，在这篇研究朋友的文章是同一方向的大环境，所以选项b）contributory是答案。
18. [a]endeavor        [b]decision        [c]arrangement        [d]tendency
考单词量。关键词是befriend，be friend也是一样，变成朋友。前面一直在说朋友与陌生人有1％基因的差距，因为人有未知的方式选择当朋友的方式，或习惯。看看选项a）endeavor，努力；b）decision，决定；c）arrangement，安排；d）tendency，偏好。之中哪个比较想方式或习惯？如果问为什么不用b）decision的原因，那是因为大家都用几率，而不是偏好去择友，基因不会有朋友与陌生人的差距。c）arrangement当然可以，但你的朋友与否是别人给你安排的吗？当然不是，所以不对。‘指腹为婚’和‘童养媳’的英文是arranged marriage，别人安排下的婚姻。现代社会的确要花功夫维持朋友圈，但以前似乎不需要那么多的endeavor；选项a）也是错误答案。d）tendency是答案。
19. [a]political        [b]religious        [c]ethnic        [d]economic
考单词量。句中的‘…similar （genetic）background’，类似基因背景，是说1％的基因相似度；如此，只要找出跟‘genetic’类似的单词就好。选项a）political，是考研也要考的政治；b）religious是宗教；c）ethnic种族；d）economic是经济。答案是c），ethnic。
20. [a]see        [b]show        [c]prove        [d]tell
考惯用词。Though是反义连接词，因为人口迁移和澳洲本身就是种族大熔炉的关系，实验者非常小心地选择被实验者。之前说过，实验者，researcher，在实验中是观察者，observer，观察中得到规律，在规律中的可变因素为数据来证明。Care was taken跟take care是一个意思，只是前者是被动语气，句子后面是被实验者的朋友和陌生人是来自种族是一致的。选项a）see这个多义词不仅是‘观看’，而是‘证实、确认’；有点‘make sure’。选项b）show的话，那给我们看看证据啊，c）prove，证明，成立的话，前面不能用care was taken to，而要用明确的证据。选项d）tell这个多义词跟see比起来是小巫见大巫，反正横竖都不通。答案是广泛多义词，a）see。

GeneTell

Text 3

1   The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
2   “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
3   Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
4   Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
5   John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
6   Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.

31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that
   [A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.
   [B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
   [C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
   [D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
  理解题型。随着问题看第1段落，才两句。关键词：‘extra round of statistical check to peer-review’；extra是多余、另加，statistic是统计学、数据分析的，check是检验，peer review是同辈之间的满意度调查。杂志是Science journal，调查对象是Science journal的文章，调查的理由在第1段落第2句，‘concern basic mistakes in data analysis’，其它类似杂志出现内容数据，data analysis，不准确的现况；为了维持高水准的杂志，Science决定严格把关，所以对文章做出定期，甚至每一期，的数据准确度分析。看选项：A）是简化调查步骤；这时错误的。B）strengthen，强化，statistical checks，确认数据准确；这是Science作满意度调查的目的，所以这选项是对的。C）blamed是被指责；没有直接或间接在第1段落中出现或提到过，所以错误。D）lack是缺乏；缺乏数据是不能发表文章，所以有人凭空捏造数据发表假论文也不能让数据空着。D也是错的。只有B是正确选项。
32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to
   [A] found.
   [B] marked.
   [C] revised.
   [D] stored.
  找近似词。用替代法就可以攻破。先找到这句是在第2段落的第3句：‘Manuscript will be flagged…’，但有几个单词不会怎么办。首先，先别慌；抑制自己猜题的冲动；想破解方法。先问同学你看到不会的中文单词怎么对付？应该是拆字或猜部首、字形。英文也不例外；看manuscript，man-是男人或人类相关的，毕竟古社会都是以男性为尊；-script是文字、书写，例如de-scribe是用文字形容、表达。Manuscript是人写出来的某物；其实也没差多少，是‘手稿’的意思。再来，scrutiny可能没办法攻破，所以用前文来猜，additional是再一次的，后文是杂志，journal，的编辑，editors。前一题说要加强数据的审核，所以可以猜想scrutiny是审阅的卡口。由此得到‘（答案的）未发表的手稿要被编辑再细审核一次’。选项A是找到，B是标记，C是重写，D是在库的。是B）marked最合适。其实flagged是flag，旗子，的动词化，也是插旗子。电影，在某处插上旗子，友军就知道要去那边汇合。让目标明显化的意思。
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
   [A] pose a threat to all its peers.
   [B] meet with strong opposition.
   [C] increase Science’s circulation.
   [D]set an example for other journals.
  大海捞针题型。缩写不是重点，但要知道是什么意思。在第2段落知道SBoRE是Statistics board of reviewing editors；board是协会，大概能翻译成‘杂志数据分析工会’。现在要找主角，Giovanni Parmigiani；在第4段落第1句，但第4段都是他的信念，也是答案所在。关键词是第3句的‘…novel,unique and…lasting impact.’；希望你们英文四六级没白背；novel＝高尚理念，unique＝特别，lasting impact＝具有持续影响力。下一句也是这段落的最后一句就是说明这个什么样的‘影响力’：‘… a larger group…may want to model…after Science.’,更多杂志能跟随Science的作法。选项A）pose a threat是具有威胁，这是错误选项；B）strong opposition是强烈反对意见，也是错误的；C）increase circulation是增加销量，又是错误的。D）set example是设先例或当先锋者。选项D是对的。
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
   [A] adds to researchers’ workload.
   [B] diminishes the role of reviewers.
   [C] has room for further improvement.
   [D] is to fail in the foreseeable future
  大海捞针题型。在第6段落找到这位David Vaux，第1句‘…according to David…’，后面他继续写到‘Researcher should improve… but journals should also take a tougher line.’是要求投稿和审稿的人两方共同精进，因为‘…statistical errors are…common…’，很容易犯数据统计学上的错误。看选项：A）add to…workload是增加某方的工作量；这不是David的观点。B）diminish是消灭；去除审稿编辑的工作也不是David的想法。C）room for improvement是有进步的空间；这是David的信念。基本可以确定选项C是答案。看D）is to fail，注定失败；真悲观。明显是错误答案。
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
   [A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.
   [B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
   [C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
   [D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
  下标题题型。很难，要好好找出每一段落的大意才能攻破。第1段：Science加强peer review的目的；第2段：加强peer review的原因；第3段：加强peer review的第二原因；第4段：Giovanni同意加强peer review的理由；第5段：John同意加强peer review的理由；第6段：David同意加强peer review的理由。有没有像人民大会全体起立鼓掌全票通过？真河蟹。不是选项B），尊重数据分析专家；不是C），数据分析变成杂志编辑的工作；也不是D）数据分析重回Science杂志。答案是A）各专家同意严格审核科学文稿的数据真实性。

Text 4
这篇相对简单，但网络版上有许多错字，可能是扫描器无法识别出的错，甚至连38题题干都有错字。下面文章已更正：
Will Hutton,‘As the hacking trail proves, we lack moral purpose in public life’.于 2014，June 29 刊登在 UK News。

1   Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market.  But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit ”.
2   Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”  This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
3   As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge – the wider issue of dearth of integrity still standstill. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.  This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
4   In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
5   In today’s world, title has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run.  Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words relegated to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
6   The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions - nor received traceable, recorded answers.

36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
   [A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
   [B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.
   [C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
   [D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
  大海捞针题型。海洋已经限制住了，在前两段之中，找一找让Elisabeth不开心的地方。第1段落第2句，‘Integrity had collapsed…’，中的‘she argued’表现出她不开心的辩论，所以这里如果你没留意到这线索可能就麻烦了。看看她撇着嘴为什么不开心：‘integrity had collapsed’,没有诚信可言、满街的潜规则。‘…because of a collective acceptance,大众认知，the only sorting mechanism in society,社会上的唯一‘分类机制’， should be profit and the market，是利润和市场占有率。白话文：她对现代社会的向钱看非常有意见。第2段的其它证据：关键词‘absence of purpose…become…dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.’，缺乏目标的一昧求利是资本主义和自由主义的威胁。选项A），consequences是后果；目前sorting mechanism会带来的后果，也就是对自由和资本主义的威胁。所以A是对的。看看其它选项：B）financial loss是赔钱，并没有在这两段提到，所以是错的；C）政府在道德上的管束；要知道国外不像中国标语贴满街，因为它们知道这不是政府能或需要强势规定的。国外重视身教，不是言教。D）wide misuse广泛的错误应用；部分是没错，但跟选项A比起来差的多。比起选部分没错的选项不如选对的选项安心。答案是A。
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
   [A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
   [B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
   [C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
   [D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
  理解题。因为‘infer’的关系，好好的把规定的第3段落看看。Ex-是‘前’的意思，例如ex-boyfriend是前男友，ex-wife是前妻，ex-editor是已退休的编辑。Hack是数据入侵；hack phone是电话的非法窃听。Okay，第3段是一个ex-editor因为hacking phone被判刑，但另一个无罪。怎么蒋杀人有罪，毛杀人无罪呢？这不是重点；重点是更多的案件，5千5百类似案件待审 － 更多缺乏诚信的类似事件仍然standstill，停滞不前。跟单一事件无关，所以选项A和C被删除掉。选项D的will be accepted，被认同，不是事实也没有这个趋势；也是错的。看看选项B，5千5百新闻人也做着同样窃听他人电话的事还待审，所以的确有更多的人，不会是所有的5千多人，会步入Andy Coulson的后尘：定谳有罪。
38. The author believes the Rebekah Brooks’s defence
   [A] revealed a cunning personality
   [B] centered on trivial issues
   [C] was hardly convincing
   [D] was part of a conspiracy
  大海捞针题型。注意，题干问的是Brook’s defence，不是Book’s deference。海有点大，跟着人名找到第4段，关键词是‘astonishing’，让人难以置信的。至于难以相信的事是Rebekah，一名News of the World报社的主编，会什么都不知道（最后一句的‘she knew nothing’）、不确认消息来源（第3句的‘thought to ask but never inquire’）。这是临时工，不是主编吧…。‘难以相信’是选项C的同义词，hard to convince，没有说服力；不过陪审团信了，所以是个successful defence：她被判无罪。选项A是露出母狐狸尾巴，但没有证据，故不选。B是百年大案；也不是事实，可能许多同学连她是谁都不晓得。Conspiracy是阴谋论；D是某阴谋论的一角也是缺乏事实证据的。确认C是答案。
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
   [A] generally distorted values
   [B] unfair wealth distribution
   [C] a marginalized lifestyle
   [D] a rigid moral code
  大海捞针题型。找找题干中的collective doctrine，在第5段落第3句‘ For a generation…’，collective doctrine指的是这一世代的确是以‘利润’为前提。再看看后面一句，‘words that mattered’,重要的东西都是跟利益有关的，其它‘正义’、‘公平’都是可被忽视的。这样，选项B）不公平的财产分配，D）不被妥兮的道德 ，都不是这世代的人相信的，所以两个都是错误选项。C是边缘化的生活方式；不要问我是什么东西，没有在文中提到；猜想是不是住在树上、桥下、自给自足、找个山寨夫人这种非非非主流生活方式…。答案是A，作者虽然不想苟同，却为现代主流、多数人的信念。
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
   [A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.
   [B] Common humanity is central news reporting.
   [C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.
   [D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
  姑且算作者态度题型。这种suggest的题型不是看那段第一句就是最后一句，要称它为‘大海’也太勉强了；不过是一杯水吧。第1句可能有点难理解，估计许多讲课老师都会解释错。这一句是作者对Rebekah Brook执笔的News of the World报社不满：“正常的报社、杂志社是公正中立、不背弃人性理念的，是为了让读者了解时事而存在；但News of the World在做者背道而驰的鸟事。”。看选项：选项A是能把死的写成活的文笔是primary importance，最重要的；当然不符合。选项C是写雷锋那种打鸡血让人high的文章；也不符合。D要求更严格的职业法规；这也不是作者要求。作者要的很简单：报导时不要抹灭人性，common humanity，就好了。答案是B。

考试加油

GeneTell

Part B
   How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) ______. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
   The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues. (42) _______.
   Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______.
   Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _______.
   This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
   How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______. Such dimensions of read suggest - as others introduced later in the book will also do - that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

[F] In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.

[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
  这部分好像每一年都有不一样的方式，发现考官真厉害，发明各式各样的酷刑来整考生。“天降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨。”令我好奇不知道今年的形式会是如何。但这一篇是找出合适的句子，A～G放入适合的空格，41～45中。A到G有7个，但41到45共5题；表示有2个选项是干扰。找出关键词非常重要，这样才能在有限时间内马上找到对的句子。在关键词下画线或标帜，如果方向错误也要马上放弃之前标记然后重新标记。
  看41题。第一段开头句问人是如何处理看书时资讯在大脑里处理的方式。41的上句的关键词是comprehend，identify…relationship, grammar,分别是认知，与熟悉知识找到关联，文法处理。41的下句的关键词是infer和make decisions，分别是推断，定论。这时你得到的资料是：认知->处理资料->(41)->推断->定论。快速的看选项的关键词，如果熟悉的情况下最好是总结出各选项的大意：A中有studying text，fulfill requirement of course， reading for pleasure等关键词，分别为仔细理解文章，为了考试而读，和悠闲的读书。从中知道A是不同的读书方式。B的关键词是place，period，gender，age，class，分别为地方，时间，性别，年龄，阶级背景。B是细读后做深度的理解。C的关键词是unfamiliar，guess，mental note，possible link，分别为不熟悉，猜测，提醒自己留意，可能的关联。C一看就有点像我们之前的处理看书时资料处理步骤的一环。先做个mental note。看D，关键词reconstruct，image，author intended，分别时重新整理，想像图，作者的打算。也有点像上面的步骤，但是在下断定之后，错误了再回头重审的步骤，所以不可能是41的答案。E的关键词是further inference，test…significant，personal response，分别是更进一步的推论，关键的实验，个人反应。E有点广泛，但知道是对作者的深度理解。F关键词是，比较长，character speak as construct created， not mouthpieces for author’s thoughts。F比较深奥，角色的话是作者基于世代背景下创造出来的结构，不是作者的喉舌。最后G,关键词是rather，interaction between textual and contextual，background，social knowledge，belief and attitude，分别是，与其（开头的连接词一定是关键），字面和上下文的关系，背景，社会了解，信念和感受。G说的很细节，看起来就是作者解释文的中段。
  有点长但A～G的关键词和大意都出来了。41题是［C］比较明确，因为是适合的步骤：从看进去字，理解那是字，文字处理，不懂字的意思是要假设，与类似但认识的字做链接、比较，下结论字与句子的意思。
  42上文的关键词是infer information，writer presents specific evidence and clues，分别是推论，作者给予的提示或证据。这上文跟［E］，evidence和clues的理解后再做further inference比较合适，然后做出读者跟author的共鸣或抵抗。为什么不用选项［B］的原因是开头句不合适：evidence跟factors。当你用factors的时候一定是说明一个能被左右的事物；而不是铁证的evidence跟clue。
  43的上文虽然是用what开头但不是问句；what是代名词。关键词是not…absolute, not…fixed, not…clocked for accuracy, not…timeless relation。简单地说，一种米养百种人，一本书各自理解；没有绝对，也没有单一意思。这种not的句子后面常用反义连接词，这样能想到哪一句合适？没错，是［G］：每个人年龄、经历、信念和感受不同，接触到某物的结论也不同，所以适合是的选项。
  再看44上句的关键词是background material，造成个人差异的生活背景的东西。不懂，没关系，因为是作者要解释给读者了解的44题的答案：同学与最亲的人（举男女朋友为例，2D或3D的都好）不同的地方，不就是出身地、生日、性别、宗教等等，不就是选项［B］吗？
  最后看45。卡在中间的句子；depends，particular interest，跟下句的agenda，分别为取决于，特定的理由／嗜好，隐藏目的。‘特殊的目的’不就是［A］吗：为了考试而读、为了兴趣而读、为了理解而读。简简单单就攻略了这章节。
  死记硬背不如找对方法。每个人都有相应的方法，所以如果上述方法不适合你，可以让我知道或慢慢找出适合自己的方式。

考试加油！

GeneTell

Section III
Directions:
   Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

   Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
   47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.
   48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
   49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
   “To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.

46.  This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
  又是翻译的时候。一样，只要找到句中的主谓宾就可以迎刃而解。但这句有两个逗号后面没有连接词的句子，这是修饰词；修饰词顾名思义，修饰它之前的名词或动词。先看看主谓宾；主语：movement，注意一下，movement可以是类似民主运动、政府修法、人口移动、物品运输…等等，所以要看上一句找出这是什么movement；从上找到是from Europe to America的人口移动，称美洲移民；谓语因为有连接词的关系有两个：一个是built，建筑、建设等；另一个是shaped，塑造、成型等。宾语则有三个：一个是相应第一个谓语的 nation，国家，第二个是character，人格、个性、性格，第三个是destiny ，命运。其它单词也写出来：driven by＝被什么驱使之下，wilderness＝野外、大自然。好了，应该写的出来吧。许多强力和多元的理由驱使之下，众人横渡大西洋在荒野之中建起了一个属于他们的国家，这种气势成就了未知大陆的命运和这国家的性格。By nature可以翻译成就本质而言，也可以是自然而然；它也不是修饰连接词的，它修饰了整个前半句。
47.The United States is the product of two principal forces – the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics, and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.
  主谓宾很简单，在‘－’之后的说明也不会太复杂；总而言之，还是比较直接的句子。主语：United States，美利坚共和国；谓语：is；宾语：product，成果、成品。Two forces，两股力量；第一股是immigration peoples，你没看错，peoples，复数，指的是‘众多民族’；不要翻译称‘人们’。第二股力量是新国家的成立。翻译吧：两个不同的力量造就了美利坚共和国：第一股是众多欧洲民族的移民有各自不同的想法、习俗和民族个性；第二股是来到这新国家更强化了各民族的特征。
48.But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
  有点像46句的开头，用连接词开头，后面马上来一个修饰词，所以我们先看看修饰词；因为它没有谓语，所以不是一个完整的句子，而被称为词，可以把它理解为解释的背景说明。Geographic是地理的意思，peculiar是奇特的。；修饰词是‘美国特有的地理环境作用下，’。好了，还是要看主句的主谓宾：主语被连接词连起来了，有两个：interplay和difficulty，分别为相互作用和困难；谓语是caused，造成；宾语是changes。主语对各位同学应该是比较困难的，知道‘of’是形象的归属词，不要硬翻成‘的’，‘varied national groups upon one another’是各民族团体之间…,‘maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent’是在危险、未知的新大陆上维持旧世界法则…。Raw是生猛、狂野、危机四伏，不只是看电影时‘生肉’的单一意思。看看翻译：不过，由于美国特有的地理环境的作用下，各个民族之间的相互作用产生巨大的变化，在一个未知的危险新大陆上维持旧世界关系的顽固想法也随之改变。
49. The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th and 16thcentury explorations of North America.
  要反应到这是比较词：more than…，还有 …which is now the US…是修饰前面的‘territory’，领土。如果你发现这两点这句也不难了。More than比较的是时间，也就是first shiploads of immigrants，一满船的移民，抵达的时间和explorations of North America，发现并探险北美，最初的时间。第一梢船满载着横渡大西洋的移民前往现在称为美利坚共和国的土地是在十五、十六世界的北美洲开荒百年之后的事情。
50.The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure–house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.
  有一个好字，‘veritable’，好好记着能在写作时使用，是‘名副其实’的意思。另一个字，‘virgin’，看到不要太兴奋，virgin forest确实可以翻译成‘为开发的处女地’，但‘原始森林’是不是更好呢？老样子，还是找出主谓宾：主语是forest；谓语是was；宾语是treasure－house，大宝库。修饰主词的字较多，还有which之后的都是修饰treasure－house的。翻译：这一片原始森林确实是一个大宝库，拥有着丰富而且种类繁多的树木，一直从现在的Maine州延绵到Georgia州。 真的好大一片森林，从美国东北一直到东南，涵盖了除了Florida州的整个东岸。不要浪费翻译特有人名、地名，照样写就好了；不扣分的。

Section IV
Part A 和 Part B还是不写例子，让各位同学自由发挥。要不然大家写的都差不多看起来也没有多大意思。不要想太多，按照自己思路写出自己所见的东西就好了；不要过分依赖模板，要不然以后当上研究生以后过分依赖模板就有可能去抄袭别人文章去了。这时最要不得的。
当然也有练习的方法： 像写日记、日志、电影观后感想、城市景点、新闻等等进行练习。目标是暑假每天一篇，九月到十月一周一篇，十月后两周一篇坚持到考试。加油。

以上就是2015年英文（一）。

GeneTell

考研的同学们，别忘了多补充营养。千万不要在这几天倒了。
希望大家都能充分表现水平以上，加油。

给出了意外的同学，学无止境，再接再厉就好，不要跟自己过不去。
不要忘了感谢考研准备这段时间默默支持你的人！感恩。