考研论坛

 
查看: 40375|回复: 293
打印 上一主题 下一主题

[词汇] 给2013年考研英语基础一般的同志们

[复制链接]

2

主题

66

帖子

239

积分

一般战友

Rank: 2

精华
0
威望
0
K币
239 元
注册时间
2012-6-26
跳转到指定楼层
楼主
发表于 2012-6-26 02:29 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
英语啊!考研的难关啊!
第一大难关是什么?!单词   一本一本少说也是300多页的考研词汇书!!!!!
何必拼上半条命去围绕那不知道具体会考哪些单词的300多页单词记得昏天黑地?
突破第一大难关   紧扣真题单词开始!未来每日更新一篇  
同志们赏脸的就帮我顶起!


Text 1
  Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.
  
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
  The idea seems promising
and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
  
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
  
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
  
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
invitation   
n)邀请;邀请的话或信

force      
n)力,暴力,武力,说服力,控制力(v)强迫,迫使,强行,加强

whisper   
v)低语,耳语;发出沙沙声;私下说(n)低语;谣传,私密说;沙沙声

pressure   
n)按,挤,压,榨;紧迫,艰难;压力,强制,逼迫,催促;大气压力;

            
v)对施加压力;迫使,说服

lead        
v)带领,引导;劝导,影响;通过;居首,率先;经历,花费;致使,引发,领先,开始(n)领导,榜样;首位,领先;领先的距离;暗示,提示

drug      
n)药物,药材;麻醉药,毒品(v)使麻醉;下麻药(毒品)于;使感到无聊

casual      
a)偶然的,碰巧的;随便的,非正式的;临时的,不定期的;荒唐的,漫不经心的

contend   
v)竞争,斗争;比赛;争论,坚持主张

positive   
a)确定的,明确的;有把握的,确信的;过于自信的,独断的;肯定的;积极的,建设性的,确有益处的;证实的,实际的,实在的

social     
a)社会的;社会性的,群居的;社交的,好交际的;上流社会的;联谊的(n)联谊活动

cure      
n)药物;治愈;治疗法;(v)使恢复健康;消除弊病;被加工处理

organization     
n)组织,体制,编制;(政党、社会、企业等的)组织、团体

dynamic     
n)力学,动力学;(一项运动的)所有力量

individual   
a)个人的,个体的;供一人用的;独特的(n)个人,个体;人

improve   
v)改善;使变得更好

possibly   
ad)无论如何,究竟;也许,可能

recipient   
n)接受者,领受着,接受器,容器

offer      
v)提出,提供;奉献,贡献;试图;出价,开价,提供出售;呈现出,使出现(n)提供,提议;意图;想做

host      
n)主人;旅店老板;寄主,宿主;一大群,许多;军队

sponsor   
n)担保人,保证人;教父,教母(v)做担保人,做广播电视节目广告出资人,做教父(母)

anti-      [
前缀表反对,反抗,排斥

program   
n)节目,表演;节目单;纲领,要领,计划,方案(v)为安排节目,把列入节目;为制定计划;为编制程序

prevention   
n)预防,防止,阻止,妨碍;预防药,预防法

initiative   
n)发端;创始

recruit   
n)新兵,新水手;新成员(v)补充兵员;吸收新成员;请求帮助,得到供应

promote  
v)提升;促进,发扬,助长,提倡,增进

among   
prep)被所环绕,在中间;从中;在之中;划分,分配,所有,联合活动;相互

promising  
a)有指望的,有希望的,有出息的,有前途的

perceptive   
a)知觉的,感觉灵敏的,有察觉力的,有理解力的

observe   
v)遵守,奉行;纪念,庆祝;看到,注意到;说,评述,评论;观察

critique   
n)评论文,短评;批评术,批评法

lameness   
n)跛;不充足

campaign   
n)战役;竞选运动(v)参加活动,搞运动

mobilize   
v)动员

demonstrate  
v)论证,证实;以实例说明;演示;表明,表示,示威

seriously   
ad)严肃地;认真的,当真的;严重地

flawed   
ad)有缺点的,错误的

plead   
v)恳求;以作为答辩,以作为理由,以作为借口;辩护,抗辩,申明

billboard   
n)广告招贴板

desire  
v)想望,期望,希望;要求,请求(n)强烈的愿望,想要的东西

fitting  
a)适当的,适合的,相称的;(n)试穿;装置,设备,家具

convincingly  
ad)令人信服地,有说服力的

advocate  
n)提倡者,拥护者;辩护者,律师(v)拥护,提倡,主张

ought  
v)应当,应该

skill  
n)熟练,熟巧,能力;技能,技巧,技艺

apply   
v)贴用,敷,涂;应用,使用;集中精力做某事;申请,请求;适用

general  
a)普通的,全面的,全体的;广泛的,普遍的;大概的,概括的;一般的,综合的;最高的,最重要的

effectiveness
n)有效,有力

persuasive  
a)劝说的,劝诱的;有说服力的

irrelevant   
a)不相干的,离题的

detail     
n)细节,详情;逐一处理,详细;小分队(v)详述,细说;分遣

exploration  
n)勘察,探索;研究,调查,研究

biological   
a)生物学的

factor      
n)因素,要素;因子,因数;代理商

glaring     
a)耀眼的,闪光的;炫目的,显眼的;目瞪的,怒目而视的;显著的

flaw     
n)裂隙,裂缝,瑕疵;错误

present   
a)出席的,在座的;现在的,目前的,现存的;(n)现在,目前;礼物(v)介绍,引见;上演;提出,呈递,提供;赠送,授予;给予

fund
funding  n)基金,专款

evidence   
n)证据    v)是明显,显示

produce  
v)生产,出产;制造;出示;产生,引起;上演,演出,出版

limited  
a)有限的;有限制的;停站少的

doubt   
v)怀疑,不信,拿不准(n)怀疑,拿不准;拿不准或未决定的情况

exert   
v)行使,运用,使用

enormous  
a)极大地,巨大的

influence   
n)影响力,感化力,有影响力的事物(人)

emerge   
v)露出,出现;暴露,被知晓

megative
a)否定的,否认的;反对的;反面的,相反的,消极的(n)否定词,否定语;否定的观点

spread   
v)伸展开,铺开,摆开;布满;展开,展现;流传,散布;传播;涂敷,撒,抹;摆放(饭菜)(n)伸展,扩散;展开的距离,面积;桌布,床单,床罩;涂料

via   
prep)经过,经由,取道

subtle  
a)敏锐的,有辨别力的;微妙的,细微的;不明显的,不直接的,巧妙地,狡猾的;精巧的,精妙的

unconscious  
a)失去知觉的,不省人事的;不知道的,未发觉的;无意识的,不知不觉的

certain   
a)一定的,必然的,确信的,有把握的;必定会发生的;某,某一,某一些

expert   
a)熟练地,老练的,有经验的;专家的,内行的(n)专家,内行,权威人士

bureaucrat  
n)官僚;墨守陈规的官员

select   
v)选择,挑选,选拔(a)挑选出来的,精选的,优秀的,杰出的;(协会,学校等)选择成员严格的

steer   
v)驾驶,掌舵;被驾驶,开起来;遵循;引导,指导

virtuous   
a)有道德的,善良的,贞洁的

direction  
n)支配,指导,管理;命令;指示,用法说明;方向,方位;趋向,倾向

tactic   
n)战术,策略,手法

insist   
v)坚信;坚决要求

顺序是从12年的阅读真题开始总结的    直到03年的阅读真题   每日一篇,每日记一点,不带任何压力的渐渐看到奇迹!
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    2

    主题

    66

    帖子

    239

    积分

    一般战友

    Rank: 2

    精华
    0
    威望
    0
    K币
    239 元
    注册时间
    2012-6-26
    沙发
     楼主| 发表于 2012-6-26 14:40 | 只看该作者
                                  Text2
    A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
      Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.
      The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.
      Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
      Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.
      The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

    apparently   (ad)明显的,显而易见的;表面上的,貌似得,外观上的
    invole      (v)使卷入;专心;拖累;复杂
    major      (a)较大的,较多的,较年长的,较重要的(n)少校;主课,专业,专业学生
    supplier    (n)供应者;供应国,供应厂商
    provoke    (v)激怒,刺激,对…挑衅;引起,激起,惹
    justify     (v)证明…是正当的;为…提供法律根据,辨明,开脱
    outrage    (n)蛮横,逞凶,暴行;伤害,凌辱,蹂躏;严重的违法行为;义愤,痛恨;(v)对…施暴行,伤害,凌辱;引起…义愤;强奸
    announce  (v)宣布,发表,通告;告知,报告;预告;通报,显示
    renege     (vi)食言,背信,违约;(vt)否认,弃绝(n)有牌而不出
    commitment   (n)交托,提交;承担义务,承诺,约束
    abide       (v)保持,继续,逗留;等待;容忍,忍受  ~by遵守;让步
    strict       (a)严格按规则的,一丝不苟的;不变的,严格的;完美的,精确的,绝对的
    nuclear     (a)核心的,中心的;核的,核能的
    regulation    (n)管理,控制,调整,调节,校准;规则,规章,法规;(a)规定的;普通的,正常的;正式的
    instead     (ad)代替,顶替
    precisely    (ad)精确,准确,讲究精确;严格,细致
    constitutionality  (n)合宪法性
    federal     (a)联邦的,联邦制的
    court      (n)大天井;一端通大厅的陋巷;运动场;朝廷;委员们;市议政会;求爱,求婚;法官;法院;立法机关议会
    desperate   (a)不顾一切的,孤注一掷的;令人绝望的,危急的
    effort      (n)努力,尽力;尝试,企图;努力的成果,成就
    stun       (v)使眩晕,把…打晕过去;是震惊
    conflict    (n)斗争,战斗;抵触,冲突,争论;倾轧,抵触,冲突
    corporation  (n)社团,法人
    aging     (n)变老,老化;陈化,熟化
    reactor    (n)起反应者;反应器
    condition   (n)人或物的状况、状态;健康状态良好;地位,身份;条件(v)使达到适合的情况;形成习惯;决定为…的条件
    receive     (v)收到,接到;得到,受到;接受,承认;接待,款待;容纳,承受;(无线电,电视等的)接收
    approval     (v)赞成,同意;批准,认可
    seek       (v)寻找;探索,追求;试图,企图
    permission    (n)允许,许可,同意
    regulator    (n)调整者,管理者;调节器,调节阀;标准时钟
    operate     (v)操作,开动,运转
    require    (v)需要;要求,命令
    extension   (n)伸长,伸展,扩大;扩大的部分,附加的部分;电话分机
    license    (n)许可证;放纵;放肆(v)批准,准许
    legislature   (n)立法机关
    intend     (v)想要,打算;留出,意指
    foresee    (v)预见,预知
    string    (n)细绳,布条,皮带;串;排,列;弦(v)加弦于…,加绳于…;用绳子串成串;用绳扎、挂等;伸展,拉直;去掉(豆荚等的)筋
    include   (v)包括,包含,包住
    partial   (a)部分的,不完全的;偏袒的,不公平的
    collapse  (v)倒塌,崩塌,塌陷;病倒,颓丧,崩溃,瓦解;折叠
    pipe    (n)管子,导管,输送管;烟斗,旱烟筒,一斗烟丝;管乐器(v)用管乐器吹奏;用尖嗓子讲话唱歌;用管道输送;装管子
    leakage  (n)漏,泄露;泄漏物
    management   (n)管理,处理,经营,安排;管理部门,资方
    especially    (ad)主要,特别,尤其
    misslead   (n)带错路,引导错;错误印象,使误解;把…带坏,误入歧途
    statement  (n)陈述,声明;说明书、话语;报告单,结算单
    enrage    (v)激怒
    invalid    (n)病弱者(a)有病的;属于病弱的,伤残的
    legislation  (n)理发;法规
    regulatory  (a)管理的,控制的,调整的
    authority   (n)权利;当局,官方;权威
    legal      (a)法律的;合法的,正当的;法定的
    precedent  (n)先例,前例(a)先前的,在先的,优先的
    valid   (a)有根据的,正当的,正确的;有效的
    concern  (v)涉及,对…有关系;使担心,使关心(n)关系,所关系的事;关心,忧虑,挂念
    patchwork  (n)缝缀起来的各色布片;拼凑的东西,混杂物
    result     (v)发生,产生,导致(n)结果,成果;(计算)结果,答案
    debate   (v)争论,辩论,讨论;考虑理由(n)争论,辩论,讨论
    conclude  (v)结束;决定,安排;断定
    reputation  (n)名誉,名声;好名声,声望;荣誉,信誉,体面
    damage   (n)损害,损坏,损失;损害赔偿金
    consequence   (n)结果,后果,成果;重要性,重大
    trust    (n)信任,信赖;可信任的人;责任,职责;信用,赊账;信托,财产;托拉斯(v)信任,信赖;委托;盼望;相信;卖给(a)信托的,代人保管的;被信托的
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    2

    主题

    66

    帖子

    239

    积分

    一般战友

    Rank: 2

    精华
    0
    威望
    0
    K币
    239 元
    注册时间
    2012-6-26
    板凳
     楼主| 发表于 2012-6-27 08:54 | 只看该作者
    2012Text 3
      In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
      Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
      Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
      Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
      In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”


    idealize  (v)使理想化
    version  (n)译文,译本,翻译;描述,说法,看法;改写本
    science  (n)科学;学科;专门的技巧,技术
    observe  (v)遵守,奉行;纪念,庆祝;看到,注意到;说,评述,评论;观察
    scientific  (a)科学,用于自然科学的;科学性的,符合科学定律的,系统的,精确的;技术熟练的,受过技术训练的
    method   (n)方法,办法,法;条理,秩序
    collect    (v)聚集,收集,堆积;搜集,收集;收款,收账
    objective  (a)如实的客观的,不带感情的,无偏见的;真实的,客观上存在的(n)目的,目标,宗旨;可见的事物
    practice   (v)实践,实行;练习,实习,使练习,训练;开业(n)惯例,习惯做法,习俗;练习,实习;熟练;(医生律师等的)开业;(医生律师等的)业务
    frequently   (ad)屡次地,频繁地
    ambiguous  (a)有两种或两种以上解释的,含糊的;不明确的
    route      (n)路,路线,路程,航线;(邮递员,送奶人等的)划定递送路线(v)按规定路线发送
    aim    (v)以(枪)瞄准,对准,(对着…)打击或评论;目的在于(n)(以枪)对准,瞄准;打算,目标,目的
    context  (n)文章的上下文
    unique  (a)唯一的,独一无二的,无比的;不寻常的,不平凡的,罕有的
    experience  (n)经验;经历,阅历;(实践中学到的)技能,熟练
    influence   (n)影响力,感化力;有影响力的事物(人)
    subsequent  (a)继…之后的,后来的,随后的
    opportunity  (n)机会,良机
    misinterpretation   (n)误解,误会
    deception    (n)欺骗,愚弄;骗人的东西
    consequently  (ad)因而,所以
    claim    (v)要求,认领,索取;需要,值得;声言,宣称,说某是为事实(n)要求;权力,所有权;所要求之物;主张,断定
    similar   (a)相似的,类似的
    mining   (n)采矿,矿业
    potential  (a)潜在的;有可能性的(n)潜势,潜能,潜力
    collective  (a)共同的;集体的,集团的;集合的,集合性的
    scrutiny   (n)详细的检查,仔细的观察;监视,监督;选票,复查
    acceptance  (n)接受,验收;认可,赞同,相信
    transform   (v)使变形,使改观;改变性质
    mature    (a)成熟的(v)成熟,成长
    credibility   (n)可信性,确实性;(核子武器威慑力量的)确实有效性
    process    (n)变化的过程,进程,作用;工序,制作法;过程,进行;诉讼程序,传票;(动植物)机体的突起,隆起(v)加工
    researcher  (n)研究院,调查员
    goal    (n)终点;目标,目的;进球得分
    intellectual   (a)智力的,理智的;需要智力的,用脑筋的;有智力的(n)知识分子
    credit   (n)信任,相信;称赞;光荣,荣誉,功绩;增光的人,带给荣誉之事物;信用,信誉;存折中尚余的存款(v)相信,信赖;记入贷方
    community   (n)同一地区的全体居民,公众;团体,公社,社会;共有,共同性,一致
    control   (v)控制,管理,支配,指挥;抑制感情(n)指挥的权力,管理的权力;支配,调解,抑制;操纵装置,控制器
    complex   (a)合成的,复杂的,综合的(n)合成物,复杂的事物;(不正常的)心理状态
    structure   (n)建筑物,结构物;楼房,桥梁,水坝等;结构
    suit     (n)一套衣服;一副清一色的纸牌;起诉,诉讼,讼案;请求,恳求,求婚(v)适合;使适合,使适应
    purpose   (n)意图,目的;效果,效用,意义
    scientist   (n)自然科学家
    accompany   (v)陪伴;伴奏
    interaction   (n)互相作用
    confrontation   (n)(持有不同观点的双方)对抗
    compete   (v)比赛,竞争,对抗
    credible   (a)可信的,可靠的
    paradox   (n)悖论;似矛盾而可能正确的说法;自相矛盾的话,谬论,怪事,妄人
    throughout   (prep)遍及,贯穿
    tend   (v)照管,照料(v)有某种倾向,致使,易于;移向,通向,流向
    aspect  (n)样子,外表,外貌;(问题事物等)方面;方向,方位
    prevail  (v)胜(过),优胜;流行,盛行,普遍
    incomplete  (a)不完全的,未完成的,不完善的
    incorrect   (a)不正确的,错误的,不妥当的,不是真的
    duplication  (n)复制,复写;复本;成倍,成双
    confirmation  (n)构造,结构,组成
    appear   (v)出现,显露;来到;出庭,出场;显得,好像
    modification   (n)修改,改变;缓和,减轻;修改后的形成,变形;修饰,变异
    refutation   (n)反驳
    novelty    (n)新颖,新奇;新奇的事物;新颖小巧而廉价的物品
    physiologist   (n)生理学家
    describe    (v)描写,描绘,叙述;画,制(图)
    accept  (v)接受,收(礼);理解,承认,容纳;同意,答应,赞同;认可
    appreciate   (v)欣赏,鉴赏,赏识;感谢,感激;意识到,懂得;太高…的价格
    correspond   (v)符合,一致;相当,相应;通信
    philosopher   (n)哲学家;思想家,学者;能泰然自若地对待为难的人,达观者,逆来顺受者
    conception   (n)概念的形成,思想的构成;概念,观念,想法;开始怀孕
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    9

    主题

    542

    帖子

    1935

    积分

    中级战友

    Rank: 3Rank: 3

    精华
    0
    威望
    103
    K币
    1832 元
    注册时间
    2011-10-30
    地板
    发表于 2012-6-27 13:21 来自手机 | 只看该作者
    这是神马
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    2

    主题

    184

    帖子

    819

    积分

    中级战友

    Rank: 3Rank: 3

    精华
    0
    威望
    78
    K币
    741 元
    注册时间
    2011-5-9
    5
    发表于 2012-6-27 14:41 | 只看该作者
    {:soso_e125:}
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    2

    主题

    66

    帖子

    239

    积分

    一般战友

    Rank: 2

    精华
    0
    威望
    0
    K币
    239 元
    注册时间
    2012-6-26
    6
     楼主| 发表于 2012-6-28 12:23 | 只看该作者
    2012Text 4
      If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
      There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
      At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
      In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
      Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
      As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
      John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.




    trade   (n)行业,手艺;生意;贸易,商业;顾客;交易,买卖;贸易风(v)贸易,经商;对换
    unionist  (n)工会会员,公会主义者,联合主义者
    represent  (v)代表,表示,象征;描绘,(形象地)表现;作为…的代表;演出,扮演;意味着,相当于,相等于;集中地体现,典型地反映;声称
    civil  (a)公民的,市民的;国内的,国民间的,文职的;文明的,有礼貌的;非神职的,非宗教的
    servant  (n)仆人,佣人,雇工;公务员,雇员;献身于事业者
    prime   (a)首要的,主要的,首位的,基本的,原始的;最好的,第一流的(n)最初,初期;青春期,全盛时期(v)通过注(或装)入(某物)使做好准备,在…涂底漆,事先给…指导,事先为…提供消息
    government  (n)行政管理;政体;ZF
    union   (n)联合,合并;联邦,联盟;结婚;连管节,管子接头;公会
    fellow  (n)人,小伙子;同伙,助手;配对物,一对中之一;同学;(学术团体的)会员(a)同伴的,同事的
    private   (a)私人的,个人的,私立的,私营的;非官职的,士兵的;秘密的,机密的(n)列兵,陆军,士兵
    sector   (n)扇形,扇形面;部分,成分(v)把…分成扇形,使分成部分
    thrive   (v)兴旺,繁荣,旺盛;茁壮成长
    shut    (v)关上,关闭;(用插销等)把…闩住;合上…的盖子;折拢,收拢,合拢(a)关闭的,闩住的,合拢的,封闭的
    suffer   (v)受痛苦,遭罪;经受,遭受,蒙受;变糟,变差;忍受,容忍
    bright   (a)明亮的,发光的;(颜色)显眼的,(声音)嘹亮的;生气勃勃的,欢快的;伶俐的,聪明的;充满希望的,光辉灿烂的(ad)光亮地,鲜明地
    educate   (v)教育,培养
    quarter   (n)四等分,四分之一;一季度,三个月;一刻钟;(美国、加拿大的)两角五分钱;包括一条腿在内的一大块肉;(罗盘上)四个主要点中的一点;(城镇中)的地区;(短暂的)住处;来源;一个月的四分之一;(对敌人的)宽恕(v)把…四等分;供…住宿,安置…驻扎(a)四分之一的
    degree   (n)阶段,程度;度(温度的单位);度(角的单位);地位,身份,阶层;学位,学衔;程度,数量
    dominate  (v)支配,统治,控制;高出于,高耸
    centre   (=center)(n)中心,中央;中心区(v)剧中,被置于中心;集中,使聚集到一点
    imply   (v)暗示,含有…的意思
    associate  (v)把…联系起来;使发生联系,使联合;与某人联合从事一项企业(n)伙伴,同事,朋友(a)同伙的,同伴的;准的,副的
    current   (a)现时的,当前的,现行的;通用的,流通的;公认的(n)水流,气流;电流,趋势,倾向,潮流
    position  (n)(身体的)姿势;方位;主张,见解,立场,态度;(适当的)位置,地点;职位,职务;地位,身份(v)放在适当的位置,给…定位
    vote    (n)选举,表决;选票,票;投票总数;赞同的表示;选票权,选举权(v)投票,表决;投票决定,投票选举,投票通过;公认
    fearsome  (a)可怕的,吓人的
    budget   (n)预算(v)编预算;安排,预定
    patrol    (v)巡逻,巡查(n)巡逻兵,巡逻队;巡逻艇队,巡逻机队
    prison   (n)监狱,监牢,看守所,拘留所,羁押室,禁闭室
    variety   (n)变化,多样化;种类;种种;杂耍演出
    labor   (n)劳工;工作,活计;[集体名词]工人,劳方;分娩(v)劳动或苦干;费力的前进
    average  (n)平均数;一般的水平,平均标准(a)平均的;平常的,一般的,正常的(v)求…平均数;平均达到
    gain    (n)增加,增进;利润,获益;财富的获取(v)获得,获胜,获取;增加,增益;赶上,到达;进步,改进
    politician  (n)从事政治者,通晓政事者,政治家
    repeatedly  (ad)一再,再三,多次
    increase   (v)增加,增长,增进(n)增加,增长,增进
    pension   (n)抚恤金,年金,养老金(v)给予…抚恤金
    generous  (a)大方的,无私的,好施舍的,宽宏大量的;大量的,充分的;高尚的
    vigorous  (a)朝气蓬勃的,精力充沛的  ~ly(ad)
    egregious  (a)显而易见的,异乎寻常的  ~ly(ad)
    charter   (n)特许证;宪章;许可证(v)特许,发执照给…;出租,包租
    academy  (n)专科院校,中等学校;私立高等学校;专业院校;研究院,学术协会,文艺协会
    merit    (n)长处,优点,价值;[复]是非曲直;功绩,功劳,荣誉;功过;法律意义,法律依据(v)值得,应受
    plenty   (n)丰富,充足,大量(ad)充分地,十分
    evidence  (n)证据(v)使明显,显示
    quality   (n)品质,特性;性质;质量,品级;优质
    fight   (v)打架,打仗,搏斗;与…斗争,克服(n)战斗,搏斗;斗争;战争精神,战斗力
    rid    (v)使摆脱,使去掉
    promote  (v)提升;使(学生)升级;促进,发扬,助长,提倡,增进;发起,创办
    clamp   (n)夹钳,夹子(v)(用尖钳)夹住,套紧
    rally ⒈ (v)(重新)集合,整合;召集;团结,扶助,支持;恢复健康,复原(n)集合,重整旗鼓,恢复,**
    rally⒉ (v)取笑,戏弄,嘲笑,挖苦
    supporter   (n)支持者,拥护者;抚养着,赡养者;支撑物,护身,三角带
    hardline   (a)强硬的,不妥协的
    within   (prep)在…里面,在…内部;不超过;在…范围内(ad)在里面,户内
    system   (n)系统,体系;制度,体制;方法,方式,秩序,规律;身体,全身
    norm   (n)基准,规范;定额,分配的工作量
    culture   (n)耕田;养殖,栽培;细菌的培养;教养,陶冶,修养;人类社会,文化,文明
    earn    (v)赚得,挣得;博得,赢得,是得到;获利
    coach   (n)四轮大马车,公共马车;(铁路上的)客车;公共汽车;辅导者,教练员(v)训练,指导,辅导
    president  (n)会长,社长,校长,行长,总裁,董事长;共和国的总统,主席
    packet   (n)小包(裹),小捆,封套,袋;(定期)邮船,班轮
    attract   (v)吸引;引起(注意,兴趣,赞美);诱惑
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    0

    主题

    1

    帖子

    6

    积分

    新手上路

    Rank: 1

    精华
    0
    威望
    0
    K币
    6 元
    注册时间
    2012-6-21
    7
    发表于 2012-6-28 17:12 | 只看该作者
    看美剧培养语感。再多看看阅读    英语积累很重要
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    2

    主题

    66

    帖子

    239

    积分

    一般战友

    Rank: 2

    精华
    0
    威望
    0
    K币
    239 元
    注册时间
    2012-6-26
    8
     楼主| 发表于 2012-6-29 08:01 | 只看该作者
    2011Text 1
    The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
    One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.
    For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.
    Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
    One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
    decision   (n)决定,决心;果断,坚定
    hire      (v)雇,雇佣;租用;出租(n)租金,酬金
    director   (n)指导者,处长,局长,总监,导演;理事,董事
    announcement  (n)通告,布告,宣告,预告,声明;宣布…即将来临(或已经发生)
    appointment   (n)任命,委任;被任命的职位,职务;约会,约见[复]家具
    response    (n)回答,作答,相应;轮流应答(吟唱)的祈祷文
    sober     (a)对酒有节制的,适度的;未喝醉的;严肃的,从容安静的,朴素的,肃静的,有理智的(v)使自制,使清醒,使严肃
    critic    (n)批评家,评论家;吹毛求疵者
    comparative (a)比较的,比较上的;比较而言的,相当的  ~ly(ad)
    advocate   (v)拥护,提倡,支持(n)拥护者,提倡者,鼓吹者;辩护者,律师
    unpretentious   (a)不矫饰的,不虚装门面的,不矜持的,谦逊的
    formidable    (a)可怕的,令人生畏的;艰难的,棘手的
    conductor    (n)管理人,指导者;售票员;导体
    description   (n)描写,叙述;种类
    orchestra    (n)管弦乐队;管弦乐队的全部乐器;(剧场中的)乐队席;剧场正厅的全部前排座位;剧场的正厅      ~l (a)
    hitherto    (ad)迄今,到目前为止
    faint    (a)虚弱的,微弱的,不清楚的;将昏晕的,萎顿无力的(n)昏厥(v)晕倒,昏厥
    praise   (v)赞扬,表扬,歌颂;[宗]赞美(上帝)(n)赞扬,表扬[复]赞词,赞美的话
    perform  (v)履行,执行,完成(事业等);演出,表演,演奏
    impressive  (a)给人深刻印象的
    composition   (n)合成的;作品,作文,乐曲;成分,构成,组成;合成物,混合物
    necessary    (a)必须的,必要的;必然的,不可避免的(n)[复]必需品
    shelf    (n)搁板,架子;搁板状物;突出的扁平的岩石
    boot⒈  (n)长筒靴;汽车行李箱;[俚]解雇(v)穿靴,踢
    boot⒉   (v)[古]有益于,有利于
    record    (v)记录,记载;标明,在刻度上标示;将(声音等)录下(n)案卷,经历;唱片;最高纪录,最佳成绩(a)创纪录的,空前的
    concertgoer   (n)常参加音乐会者
    concert    (n)音乐会,演奏会
    reply   (v)回答,答复,(以行动)答复,回击(n)[复]回答,回复
    recording   (n)记录,录制;唱片
    substitute   (n)取代者,代替物,代替品(v)用…替代,做替代
    performance  (n)履行,执行,完成;行为,行动,工作,成绩,功绩;演出,演奏,表演,把戏
    attention   (n)注意力;注意,留心,关心;殷勤,厚待;立正姿势
    instrumentalist   (n)器乐家;乐器演奏者
    complete   (v)比赛,竞争,对抗
    opera    (n)歌剧
    troup   (n)(演员等的)一团,一班(v)巡回演出
    available  (a)可用的,有效地,可获得的
    consume  (v)毁灭,烧毁;用尽,耗尽,消费,浪费
    widespread  (a)分布(或散布)广的;普遍的,广泛的
    thus   (ad)如此,这样,以此方式;到如此程度;因此,从而;例如
    crisis  (n)危险期;转折点;艰苦危难时期
    institution  (n)建立,设立,制定;制度,惯例,风俗;学校,学会,公共机构
    tradition   (n)传统;惯例
    attractive   (a)有吸引力的,引起注意的;引起兴趣的,有迷惑力的
    capable   (a)有能力的,有才能的,有技能的
    markedly   (ad)显著地
    vibrant  (a)震动的,颤动的;回响的;有活力的
    organization  (n)组织,体制,编制;(政党,社会,企业等的)组织,团体;[生]有机体,机构
    expand   (v)使扩张,使膨胀,展开,扩大;详谈,扩展
    repertoire  (n)个人(或团体)的曲目(或戏目);(某艺术领域的)全部作品;某人(或机器)的全部技能(或功能)
    relationship  (n)关系,关联,人际关系;亲属关系,姻亲关系;风流韵事,恋爱关系
    audience   (n)听众,观众,读者;倾听,意见等被听取的机会;(国家领导人等对外国使节的)正式会见,接见,拜会
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    0

    主题

    14

    帖子

    186

    积分

    一般战友

    Rank: 2

    精华
    0
    威望
    0
    K币
    186 元
    注册时间
    2012-3-28
    9
    发表于 2012-6-29 09:31 | 只看该作者
    ding ~
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    39

    主题

    1639

    帖子

    1万

    积分

    开国大老

    星沟【基友店】联合保安部队长兼天下第一高手

    Rank: 5Rank: 5

    精华
    0
    威望
    1815
    K币
    8233 元
    注册时间
    2011-5-8

    2015考研必胜

    10
    发表于 2012-6-29 17:28 | 只看该作者
    挺好的,帮顶
    回复

    使用道具 举报

    您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 注册 人人连接登陆

    本版积分规则   

    关闭

    您还剩5次免费下载资料的机会哦~

    扫描二维码下载资料

    使用手机端考研帮,进入扫一扫
    在“我”中打开扫一扫,
    扫描二维码下载资料

    关于我们|商务合作|小黑屋|手机版|联系我们|服务条款|隐私保护|帮学堂| 网站地图|院校地图|漏洞提交|考研帮

    GMT+8, 2024-4-20 13:44 , Processed in 0.140171 second(s), Total 21, Slave 20(Usage:7.5M, Links:[2]1,1_1) queries , Memcache On.

    Powered by Discuz!

    © 2001-2017 考研 Inc.

    快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表
    × 关闭