给2013年考研英语基础一般的同志们

miyaviforyoujun

由于现在每篇文章的生词相对减少，从今天起每天发两篇

龙跃九原

楼主威猛  继续坚持哈

摩卡王妃

楼主，辛苦！强大人！由于本人基础太差，经过楼主的总结还是有些许不认识单词，自己添加，还是谢谢楼主！

伯牙爱

楼主 可不可以 给我发一份  那些零散单词真心记不住....    624996605@qq.com   谢谢啦...

澈水

楼主  太牛了

skbd000

楼主顶你啊

miyaviforyoujun

skbd000 发表于 2012-7-12 23:00
擦，这都多少天了，楼主不更了啊

你好  我在每天更新  请注意更新

miyaviforyoujun

2008Text 4
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.、

tooth  （n）牙齿；齿状物，（锯，梳，齿轮等的）齿；嗜好，胃口  toothless（a）
dentist  （n）牙科医生
transplant  （v）移植，移种；做移植手术
extract  （v）拔出；榨出，提取；引出，推断出；摘录，精选（n）精华，汁；摘录，选录
slave   （n）奴隶；摆脱不了某种习惯（或影响）的人；奴隶般工作的人，苦工（v）做苦工，奴隶般工作的，做牛马
historian  （n）历史学家
slavery  （n）奴隶制度，淌口水；奴隶身份；苦役，奴隶般的劳动
spurred  （a）（靴）装有马刺的；[植]有花距的
certainly  （ad）一定，必定
prove   （v）证明，证实；检验，试验，考研；结果（是），证明（是），原来（是）
scholar   （n）（尤指人文学科的）学者；学者；学生，学习者；奖学金获得者
bottom  （n）下部，底；底部，下侧，基础；椅面；水底；根底，原因；[复]河边低地（a）底部的，最低的
reveal  （v）揭示，揭露；展现，（显）露出
moral  （a）道德（上）的；合乎道德的，有道德的；道德教育的；能辨别是非的；精神上的，心理上的，道义上的（n）（由事件，事故等引出的）道德上的教训，寓意；[复]道德，伦理，（男女的）品行
bedrock  （n）[地]床岩；根底，底部
owning   应给予的；欠着的，未付的
own  （a）自己的（n）属于某人自己的东西（v）有，拥有；承认
creation  （n）创作；天地万物，宇宙；创造物，创作物
constitution  （n）建立，设立，制定，任命；人的体格，体质，性格，素质，事物的构造，组成方式；制度，宪法
peculiar  （a）罕见的，奇怪的，乖僻的；（个人或一个团体）特有的，独具的；特别的，特殊的  peculiarly（ad）
clause  （n）[语]分句，从句；条款，款项
congressional （a）代表大会的，国会的，议会的
representation （n）代表，表示，表现，描写；图画，图像；雕像，塑像；[复]陈述，请求，正式抗议；[总称]代理；代表    representational（a）
formula  （n）俗套话；配方，处方；公式，程式；化学式，分子式
victory  （n）胜利，战胜
presidential  （a）总统（或校长等）的，总统（或校长等）职务的
election  （n）选举
inflate   （v）灌气（于…）；是膨胀
extend  （v）延长，伸长；伸展，延续；扩大，扩展；致，提供；伸出，伸    extended（a）
carve   （v）刻，雕刻；切开，切（熟肉，鸡肉等）   carver  （n）
approximately  （ad）近于，几乎
bravery  （n）勇敢，勇气；要验货华丽的服装
soldier  （n）（陆军）士兵，军人；战士（v）从军，当年；偷懒，磨洋工   soldierly（a）
opposition  （n）（位置）面对，相对；反对，反抗；相反，对立；反对党；反对物（如反对派的政策等），反对派
legislative  （a）立法的；有立法权的
2007Text 1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.
examine  （v）观察，诊察；查问，对…进行考试  examiner（n）
certificate  （n）证（明）书，执照
soccer  （n）英式足球
tournament  （n）比赛，锦标赛，联赛；（中世纪骑士的）马上比赛（大会）
noteworthy  （a）值得注意的，显著的
quirk   （n）古怪的举动，乖僻，怪癖；突然的弯曲，（书写的）花体；遁词，双关语，妙语；讥讽national  （a）民族的，国家的，国民的，全民性的，国有的，国立的（n）国民（尤指侨居与外国的）
rank⒈  （n）社会阶层；高位，显位；[军]军阶，军衔；等级；[复]士兵，军队，平民；一列士兵，一排士兵（v）列为；保持某地位；等记或级别较高或最高的
rank⒉   （a）野生的，繁茂的，丛生的；臭气难闻的，腥臭的；极坏的，极端的
strange   （a）陌生的，不熟悉的；奇怪的，奇特的，古怪的；生疏的，无经验的  strangely（ad）
phenomenon  （n）现象；稀有现象，奇迹
pronounce  （v）发…的音，注…的音；宣布，宣称，宣告，断言，表示
guess   （v）猜测，推测；猜中，猜对；想，认为（n）猜测，推测
astrology  （n）星占学，占星术    astrologer（n）星占学家  astrological（a）
confer   （v）授予；商谈，商议，协商，讨论
superior  （a）（地位，级别）较高的；（质量，价值，技术）上乘的，极好的；目中无人的，自认为比别人高一等的，傲慢的（n）上级，长官，优胜者，占优势者
oxygen   （n）[化]氧，氧气
conceive  （v）构想出（主意，计划等），想象，设想；明白，理解；怀孕
springtime  （n）春天，春季；初期，青年时期
annual  （a）每年的，一年一次的；年度的；（植物）一年一声的，季生的（n）年刊，年报，年鉴；年轮，年生植物，季生植物
mania  （n）[医]躁狂症，疯狂；狂热，癖好
psychology  （n）心理学；心理，心理特点   psychologist（n）
engineering  （n）工程，工程学
realize   （v）体会，认识到，了解；实现；把…变成现实，变卖；赚取，获取（利润等） realization（n）
switch  （n）软枝条，鞭子；杖条；开关，电闸；（铁路的）转撤器；骤变，转换（v）鞭打；摆动；转换，改变；（使用铁路转撤器）使转轨；接通电流
experiment   （n）实验，试验（v）进行试验  experimentation（n）
involve  （v）使卷入；专心；拖累；复杂
repeat  （v）重说，重做；背诵；把…讲出去；重演，重播，使再现，在经历（n）重说，重做，重复；重演
digit  （n）手指，足趾；数字
improve  （v）改善；使变得更好
couple  （n）（一）对，（一）双；夫妇，定过混的男女，跳舞的一对男女；几个，两三个（v）连结，结合，把…拴在一起，使成夫妇
genetically  （ad）从基因方面，从遗传学角度
cognitive  （a）认知的，认识的
exercise  （n）行使，运用；锻炼，运动；[常用复]体操；练习，习题，功课；[复]典礼，礼仪（v）使用，实行；训练，锻炼
inborn  （a）生来的，天生的，先天的
entail   （v）必须，使承担，要求；限定…的继承人（n）限定继承人的地产，限定继承人
obtain  （v）获得，得到，买到；得到公认，流行，通行
immediate  （a）立即的，即时的；紧靠着的；最接近的，直接的  immediately（ad）
concentrate  （v）集中，全神贯注；集中于一点；浓缩（n）浓缩物
gather  （v）收集，收拾，采集；积聚，聚集，聚合；采集，搜集；推测；给…打褶，皱拢；化脓，（脓疮）出头（n）衣物的褶   gatherer（n）
statistics  （n）[复]统计数据；统计学[使用单数动词]
biography  （n）传记    biographical（n）
assertion  （n）主张，断言；维护，坚持
trait  （n）特性，性格
commonly  （ad）通常的，平常的
talent  （n）天才，天资；有才能的人，人才；古希腊的重量及货币单位
overrate  （v）对…估计（或估价）过高
surgery  （n）外科；外科手术；手术室
ballet  （n）芭蕾舞；芭蕾舞剧团

miyaviforyoujun

2007Text 2
For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.



supplement   （n）补充（物），补遗，增补（物）；增刊，副刊（v）增补，补充，增加
parade  （n）（军队等的）检阅，阅兵场；（庆祝）游行；公共广场，在广场漫步的人群；陈列，展览，炫示，夸耀（v）在…游行，在…散布；使（军队等）集队行进（以受检阅或操练）；夸耀，标榜
column   （n）柱，石柱，圆柱；柱状物；书页上狭长的直栏，栏；（报刊中的）专栏；[军]纵队，小分队
invite  （v）邀请；征求；招致
query  （n）问题，质问，询问，提问；问号（v）询问，讯问，审问；表示怀疑
mental  （a）精神的，思想的，内心的；脑力的，智力的；精神病的；治疗精神病的
verbal  （a）词语的，言语的，字句的，关于词语的；口头的，非书面的；逐字的，照字面的；动词的，动词性质的，由动词形成的，用以构成动词的（n）动词的非谓语形式   verbally（ad）
visual  （a）看的，视觉的，视力的；看得见的   visually（ad）
analogy  （n）比喻，相似，类似
envision  （v）想象，展望
deduce  （v）演绎，推断
numerical  （a）数字的，用断字表示的，数值的   numerically（ad）
sequence  （n）连续，继续，先后；次序，顺序；一连串
confuse  （v）使混乱，使混淆，使糊涂；把…混同，混淆   confusedly（ad）
fond   （a）亲切的；珍爱的   fondly（ad）  fondness（n）
coincidence  （n）巧合，巧合的事物；符合，一致
visualize  （v）设想，想象
figure  （n）外形，轮廓，体形；插图，图表；图案；人物，形象；数字；[复]算数，计算；价格，价钱；舞步，（滑冰）花式；修辞格（v）算出，计算；[口]估计，相信；用图案装饰；与…有关系
elude  （v）（巧妙地）逃避，解释；使不理解，难道
intelligence  （n）智力，理解力；消息，情报；秘密情报（机构）
encompass   （v）围绕，包围
specify   （v）具体制定，详细说明；特别要求，指定要求
neurology  （n）[医]神经病学   neurologist（n）…学家
variation  （n）变化，变动，变更；变量；变奏（曲）
statistical  （a）统计学的，统计的  statistically（ad）
chronological  （a）按时间顺序的，按年代先后的；年代学的   chronologically（ad）
multiply   （v）增加，增多；[数]乘，使相乘
capture  （v）捕获，俘获，赢得，引起注意（n）捕获，夺得；夺得，占领
assess   （v）对财产进行估价（作为征税根据）；确定（税款，罚款等）的金额；征收（税款，罚款等）
component  （n）组成部分，成分（a）组成的，合成的
correlate  （v）联系，连接
testify  （v）证明，证实，[法]（宣誓）作证；声明，表明
skip   （v）跳，蹦；跳过；使（石片等）跳跃着擦过水面；略过，遗漏；故意略去，有意不出席；匆匆离开，悄悄离开（n）轻跳，边走边跳；跳过，漏过，略过   skipper（n）
2007Text 3
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.


count⒈  （v）点，数，从一数到…；计算；算（入）；认为；重要的，有（考虑的）价值（n）计算，合计；[法]（被控告的一条）罪状
count⒉   （n）（某些西方国家的）伯爵
secure   （a）安全的，可靠地；无忧虑的，无恐惧的，安心的；牢固的，牢靠的；有把握的，确定无疑的（v）使安全，掩护；关紧，把…弄牢；保证；为（借款）等作保；获得，替…弄到  securely（ad）
diagnosis  （n）[医]诊断；[法]调查分析，判断；判断分析后的决定，观点   diagnoses（复）
disappear  （v）不见，消失   disappearance（n）
spouse   （n）配偶（v）和…结婚
reduce   （v）减少，减小；减肥；使降级，使降职；使化为，使变为；降服，攻陷  reducer（n）  reducible（a）
solid   （a）固体的；实心的；立体的；坚固的，结实的，靠得住的，站得住脚的；严肃的，深入的；完整的，无缝隙的，整体的；纯质的，（颜色）同一的；团结一致的（n）固体，立体图形  solidly（ad）
policy⒈  （n）政策，方针，规定；策（性），贤明（性），精明的行为，权谋
policy⒉  （n）保险单
stripe   （n）条纹，条状物；（皮肤上的）鞭痕，伤痕，道子；（人的）类型（v）划上条纹，使有条纹
paycheck   （n）付薪水的支票，新律
status  （n）（重要）地位，身份；情况，状况，状态
parachute  （n）降落伞（v）用降落伞投送，伞投  parachutist跳伞者，伞兵
setback  （n）挫折，失败，倒退；（疾病的）复发；逆流，涡流；[建]外墙缩进，外墙逐层收进的高楼
effect  （n）结果，影响；作用，效果，效应；印象，外观；[复]财物，动产（n）产生，引起
unemployment  （n）失业，失业状态；失业人数
insurance  （n）保险；保险单；保险费；保险额；保险业
weather  （n）天气（v）度过；经受风吹雨打，经受日晒夜露（a）上风的，迎风的
disrupt  （v）分裂，瓦解，使混乱，破坏  disruption（n）
fortune  （n）命运，运气；某人未来的命运；好运，成功；一大笔钱，财富
otherwise  （ad）另外，别样；在其他方面；要不然，否则（a）另外的，不那样的
period  （n）时期，时代，期间；学时，课时（比赛的）一节时间；句号，句点；结束，终止
absorb  （v）吸；吞并，合并，同化；吸引（注意），使（精神）贯注；吸收；（无反冲地）承受
retire  （v）退休，退职，退役；使隐退（或退休等）；退下，离开，去；[正式用语]就寝；（战斗中）退却，撤退；收回（纸币等），付清（证券等的本息）  retirement（n）
rate⒈  （n）比率，率；价格，费用；速度；等级（v）对…估价，对…评价；认为；[口]值得，应得
rate⒉  （v）挑剔，斥骂，斥责
fluctuate （v）起伏，波动，动摇  fluctuation（n）
harsh   （a）粗糙的，刺耳的；严厉的，苛刻的   harshly（ad）  harshness（n）
outlive   （v）比…活得长，比（某物）经久；渡过…而存在，经受住
security  （n）安全，安全感；使免遭危险的东西，保护物；抵押品，保证金；[复]证券，有价证券
retiree   （n）退休人员
guarantee  （n）担保；保证；担保物，抵押品；保证人，担保人（v）担保；许诺，保证
absolute  （a）绝对的，完全的；纯粹的；无限制的，专制的；确实的；真实的  absolutely（ad）
healthcare  保健
fashionable  （a）流行的，时髦的   fashionable（ad）
deductible  （a）可扣除的，可减免的（n）（保险）扣除条款
demographic  （a）人口统计学的
elderly  （a）上了年纪的
attendant  （a）在场的；护理的；伴随的，附随的（n）随从，服务员，侍者
assistance  （n）帮助，援助
eightfold  （a/ad）八倍的（地）
perspective  （n）远景，前景，展望，前途，景象；透视，透视画法，透视图；观点，看法；正确观察事物相互关系的能力，眼力；事物相互关系的外观，整体与各个部分的比例（或关系）
responsibility  （n）责任，负责状态；职责，任务，义务
acceleration  （n）加速，促进；[物]加速度
wholesale  （n）批发（a）批发的，成批售出的；大批的，大规模的（v）成批售出  wholesaler（n）
overburden  （v）使装载过多，使负担过重，使过劳，压垂
fallout  （n）（发射性尘粒的）回降，沉降；放射性坠尘

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