震惊世界的五个哲学家（中英图文）----申请精华哦

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Dangerous Minds

5 Philosophers Who Shocked the World

　　Who says great minds think alike? Great minds think nothing alike. To make it big as a philosopher, you have to say something so new and different that it shocks people into paying attention. Here are five controversial philosophers who risked being arrested, deported, and even executed because of their radical ideas.
　　

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　危险的头脑：震惊世界的5个哲学家

简介
　　谁说英雄所见略同？英雄所见根本不同。如果想要成为一个像哲学家这样重量级的人物，你就必须做到语不惊人死不休。

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Philosopher #1: Socrates, the Questioner


　　A poor stonemason, Socrates (469–399 bce) spent his free time wandering around Athens asking questions like How do you know whether something is true or false? and Why do you live the kind of life you do? Socrates’ questions inspired others—including a burly young wrestler named Plato—to follow him around and ask him questions. And so philosophy was born. But not everyone thought all of this questioning was a good thing. Fearing that Socrates encouraged immorality and disloyalty, the Greek bigwigs put him on trial. In his defense, Socrates offered a remark that has stood as the motto of philosophy ever since: “An unexamined life is not worth living.” Socrates’ trial resulted in a death sentence, making him history’s first martyr to free thought.

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第一位哲学家：询问者苏格拉底

　　苏格拉底（469-399 BC）本是一个穷石匠，在闲暇时间，他会信步于雅典的街道，向人们提问一些问题，比如“你怎么知道事情的对错？” 或者“你为什么过现在这样的生活？” 苏格拉底的问题启发了周围的人，包括一个名叫柏拉图的长得很结实的年轻摔跤手，他们追随着他，并且反过来向他提问题。哲学就这样诞生了。但是并不是所有的人都认为他这种问东问西的做法是件好事。由于害怕苏格拉底会诱导伤风败俗和不忠不信，希腊贵族将他送上了法庭。苏格拉底在为自己辩护时所说的一句话从此成了哲学的警句：“未经审视的生活是毫无价值的”。审讯的结果是苏格拉底被判死刑，这也使他成了历史上第一个为自由思想而殉道的人。

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Philosopher #2: Niccolò Machiavelli, the Schemer

　　When your name becomes a synonym for evil scheming, you know you’ve hit the philosophical big time. Such is the fate of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)， a Florentine diplomat whose big yet simple idea really messed with everyone’s minds. In his b**, Machiavelli examines what rulers actually do to maintain power. He finds that they lie, manipulate, steal, and kill their way to the top, and if you want to be a good ruler, you have to be prepared to do these things too. Machiavelli isn’t necessarily defending or recommending this behavior; he’s just reporting the facts. In true Machiavellian fashion, the author was canny enough to wait until he was dead to publish his book, which has outraged readers (and inspired schemers) ever since.

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第二位哲学家：阴谋家尼科洛·马基雅弗利


　　如果你的名字成了阴谋的代名词，那就说明在哲学领域你已成了大人物了。尼科洛·马基雅弗利（1469-1527）的命运就是如此。这位佛罗伦萨外交官的貌似简单的大理论着实把世人的头脑折磨了一番。在他的《君主论》一书中，马基雅弗利审视了统治者是如何保住自己的权力的。他发现他们通过谎言、玩弄权术、偷窃和铲除异己而到达权力的顶峰；他同时得出结论，如果一个人想要成为一个好的统治者，那他也得做好准备这样做。马基雅弗利并不一定是在推崇这些做法，或者为之辩解；他只是实话实说。如果说马基雅弗利也玩了一把阴谋的话，那就是他狡猾地选择在自己死后再发表这本书，这本书发表后一直使它的读者感到愤慨（但同时也让阴谋家们找到了灵感）。

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Philosopher #3: Thomas Hobbes, the Realist

　　Today Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) is lauded as one of the founders of political science. In his own lifetime, however, his books were banned and burned, and he was forced to flee multiple countries to save his neck—all because of Leviathan. In this, his most famous b**s that people are fundamentally selfish and aggressive and will only curtail their natural nastiness out of fear of a powerful leader. He softened this grim view by saying that the leader should be someone whom people agree should hold power, not simply the strongest guy around. Now known as the social contract, this notion irked those in power, since it implied that monarchs need the consent of the people to be legitimate. Hobbes’s work became the fountainhead of all liberal revolutionary movements for the next 300 years

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第三位哲学家：现实主义者托马斯·霍布斯


　　今天，托马斯·霍布斯被推崇为政治科学的奠基人之一，但是在他的有生之年，他的书不是被禁就是被焚，为了保住自己的项上人头，他不得不逃往数个国家，这一切都是拜他的《利维坦》一书所赐。在这部他最著名的著作中，霍布斯认为，从本质上讲，人都是自私和富有攻击性的，而且只有出于对强有力的统治者的惧怕才会收敛自己的天然恶性。为了冲淡一下自己的这种悲观的世界观，他又接着说，统治者应该是大家公认的应该掌权的人，而不仅仅是拳头最大的那个。这就是现在众所周知的“社会契约”理论。这个观点使当权者烦恼不堪，因为这意味着君主们需要得到人民的认可才能维持其合法性。霍布斯的著作在三百年内一直是所有自由革命运动的理论源泉。

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Philosopher #4: Karl Marx, the Communist


　　A radical political thinker who became an even more radical self-taught economist, Karl Marx (1818–1883) was hounded out of France, Belgium, and then France again. Today he is remembered (or reviled, depending on your view) as the father of communism. Marx’s body of work is vast, but its most infamous highlights are Capital and The Communist Manifesto. The former explains how capitalism works, especially how it exploits the working classes. The latter urges workers to unite for the overthrow of world capitalism. While the transformation he called for didn’t happen in his own lifetime, Russia and China, among others, experienced successful communist revolutions in the 20th century. Even noncommunist countries like the United States adopted many of Marx’s socialist ideas, including free education and a graduated income tax. Marx hasn’t lost his capacity to scare people: in 2005, a conservative magazine named the Manifesto the most dangerous book ever written.

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第四位哲学家：共产主义者卡尔·马克思

　　卡尔·马克思（1818-1883）是一个激进的政治思想家，更激进的爱学成才的经济学家，曾经两次被法国驱逐出境，一次被比利时驱逐出境。今天，他因为是共产主义之父而受到缅怀（或者斥责，这取决于你的政治观点）。马克思一生著作颇丰，但是其中最有名的是《资本论》和《共产主义宣言》这两本书。前者分析了资本主义的运转过程，尤其是它如何剥削工人阶级。后者则敦促工人联合起来推翻全世界的资本主义制度。虽然在他的有生之年他所呼吁的变革并没有发生，但是在二十世纪，俄罗斯、中国以及其他一些国家，成功地实践了共产主义革命。即使是美国这种非共产主义国家也采纳了很多马克思的社会主义理论，包括义务教育和累进收入税。直到今日，马克思仍然没有失去其威胁性：2005年，一份保守杂志命名《宣言》一书为有史以来最危险的书。