精华1
威望50
K币111 元
注册时间2007-12-28
在线时间58 小时
最后登录2011-8-4
一般战友
- 精华
- 1
- 威望
- 50
- K币
- 111 元
- 注册时间
- 2007-12-28
|
江 西 财 经 大 学
2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（A卷）
专 业：音乐学
考试科目：民族音乐理论
重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据
一、解释题（共40分，每小题5分）
1.鼓吹乐
2.劳动号子
3.戏曲剧种
4.秧歌
5.《诗经》
6.说唱音乐
7.皮黄腔
8.囊玛
二、简答题（共40分，每小题20分）
1.我国民歌的发展脉络及其特点。
2.我国戏曲音乐的发展脉络及其构成要素。
三、论述题（70分）
1.结合我国民族音乐的兴衰历程，谈谈音乐与政治（或政权）的关系。（30分）
2.学习《民族音乐概论》（中国艺术研究院音乐研究所编）这本书之后……（40分）
江 西 财 经 大 学
2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（ B 卷）
专 业：英语语言文学
考试科目：专业理论知识
重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据
A. Linguistics(60%)
I．Fill in the blanks(30%)
1) _____ studies how speakers use language in ways which can not be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone.
2)Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using_____in language study.
3)Halliday identifies three variables of context, namely,_field, tenor and___.
4)According to Leech, there exist seven types of meaning, five of which are included in the _____meaning.
5)Conceptual meaning is also called_____.
6)Man can be defined by the contrastive features Ⅰ+HumanⅠ, Ⅰ+MaleⅠ,Ⅰ+AdultⅠ,as distinct from girl, which can be defined as ___________.
7)According to Halliday, ____ can be defined as the element which serves as the point of departure of the message conveyed by the clause. In English, this element always takes the first position of a clause.
8)According to the property of the referents, there are three types of reference: personal reference, demonstrative reference and______reference.
9)In TG grammar, each sentence is said to consist of two levels of structure:________.
10)____is the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units.
II.Define the following terms(20%)
1) affix
2) complementary antonyms
3) meronymy
4) hyponymy
5) exophora
III．There are two main ways of classifying languages: the genetic (or genealogical) and the typological. Please define and comment on them.. (10%)
B．Translation Theory（40%）
I．Please explain ( supported with examples ) the following terms(20%)
1)literal translation
2)liberal translation
3)transliteration
4)formal translation
5)explanatory translation
II．Match the author with the work(20%)
1.Baker, M. _________ A. Translation Criticism, the Potentials & Limitations.
2.Bell, R.T. _________ B. 《英汉对比研究》
3.Catford, C.J. _________ C. 《林纾的翻译》
4.House, J. _________ D. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation.
5.Reiss,K. _________ E. 《尤利西期》
6.李运兴_________ F. A Linguistic Theory of Translation
7.连淑能_________ G. 《语篇翻译引论》
8.谢天振_________ H. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice.
9.钱钟书_________ I. 《译介学》
10.乔伊斯_________ J. Translation Quality Assessment.
C. English Literature(50%)
I. Match the literary work with the author. For each question (A-T) fill in the blank with one figure (1-20). (20 %)
1. Utopia _________ A. Christopher Marlowe
2. Doctor Faustus _________ B. Robert Burns
3. Julius Caesar _________ C. William Shakespeare
4. The Pilgrim’s Progress _________ D. William Wordsworth
5. Gulliver’s Travels _________ E. Jonathan Swift
6. A Red, Red Rose _________ F. George Gordon Byron
7. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud _________ G. J.D. Salinger
8. Don Juan _________ H. Thomas More
9. A Defence of Poetry _________ I. Percy Bysshe Shelley
10. Vanity Fair _________ J. Ralph Waldo Emerson
11. The Forsyte Saga _________ K. William Makepeace Thackeray
12. Leatherstocking Tales _________ L. Ernest Hemingway
13. Leaves of Grass _________ M. Walt Whitman
14. The Scarlet Letter _________ N. James Fenimore Cooper
15. The Sun Also Rises _________ O. Nathaniel Hawthorne
16. The Grapes of Wrath _________ P. John Steinbeck
17. Invisible Man _________ Q. Ralph Ellison
18. The Iceman Cometh _________ R. Eugene O’Neill
19. The Adventures of Augie March _________ S. John Bunyan
20. The Catcher in the Rye _________ T. Saul Bellow
II. Multiple Choice (30%)
Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement.
1. ____________ is regarded as the founder of English poetry.
A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Edmund Spenser
C. Francis Bacon D. William Shakespeare
2. ______________, as we are told at the outset, was “to justify the ways of God to man”, i.e. to preach submission to the Almighty. But the reader soon gets the impression that the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God’s authority.
A. Hamlet B. King Lear
C. Robinson Crusoe D. Paradise Lost
3. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT __________.
A. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
C. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matter
D. the use of everyday language spoken by the common people
4. Wordsworth, Coleridge and __________ have often been mentioned as the “Lake poets”
because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and ending up as conservatives.
A. George Gordon Byron B. Percy Bysshe Shelley
C. John Keats D. Robert Southey
5. Which of the following works is NOT written by Charles Dickens?
A. The Pickwick Papers B. David Copperfield
C. Hard Times D. Emma
6. The whole story is filled with a feeling of dismal foreboding and doom. Fateful circumstances and tragic coincidences abound in the book of _________.
A. Jane Eyre B. Wuthering Heights
C. Tess of the D’Urbervilles D. Adam Bede
7. In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled Nature by ______________.
A. Jonathan Edwards B. Ralph Waldo Emerson
C. Benjamin Franklin D. Henry David Thoreau
8. __________, by emphasizing the inner awareness and inward movements of his characters in face of outside occurrences rather than merely delineating their environment in any detail, became probably the first of the modern psychological analysts in the novel and anticipated in his works the modern stream-of-consciousness technique so widely employed in the first decades of 20th century.
A. William Dean Howells B. Henry James
C. Mark Twain D. Stephen Crane
9. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their __________.
A. war experiences B. pessimistic view of life
C. indestructible spirit D. masculinity
10. The first American author to win the Nobel Prize for literature is __________.
A. T. S. Eliot B. Sherwood Anderson
C. William Faulkner D. Sinclair Lewis
江 西 财 经 大 学
2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（ B 卷）
专 业：英语语言文学
考试科目：综合英语
重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据
Part I Exam in the society and culture of major English–speaking countries
I. Fill in the blanks. (0.5’X30 = 15’)
1. The doctrine of the “divine right of kings” held that the sovereign derived his authority from ______ , not from _____________.
2. The UK is divided into ________ constituencies with each of them represented by a member in ____________.
3. In the 5th century AD it is said a great leader__________ appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, ___________, drove the Saxons back.
4. New Zealand is keen to take environmental responsibility. New Zealand was declared ____________. There are no __________________ in New Zealand.
5. The largest school in New Zealand is the _________________, which provides __________________ for students who live in isolated places or who cannot attend school for medical or other reasons.
6. In 1829 Ellen Turner published his proposals for the development of the colonies of Australia. His proposals is called __________________________ in order to avoid a basic problem of “__________________”.
7. ________________________ television channel began broadcasting in 1980. It currently broadcasts in _________________ and provides a variety of programs in English that cover a much wider field of overseas stories than other channels.
8. The Supreme Court has the function of determining Congressional legislative or executive action that violates ______________________. This power is called ______________________ .
9. Canada ‘s political system was greatly influenced by the two major forces: ___________ and ________ .
10. Aid became an important component of Canadian foreign policy, and both Pearson and Trudeau pressed hard for international organization like __________________ and ______________________ to make humanitarian development assistance the priority of aid programs.
11. Canada’s motto is the country stretches “_______________”, with the Pacific Ocean on the west coast and ___________________ on the east coast.
12. The two of the taxes: _______________ and _____________ were imposed on North American colonies by the British government on the eve of the American Revolution.
13. One advantage of corporation over sole proprietorship and partnership is that it has ______________, so investor risked only the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.
14. Freedom of religious belief or non-belief is provided in the ______________________ in the US constitution.
15. Under President Franklin Roosevelt’s “_____________” , Democrats set up government programs that provided paid employment for people building dams and public buildings.
16. Today the Irish educational system is among the _________ and best in Europe.
17. __________is played by holding the airbag under the arm and pumping it with the elbow.
18. About 25% of all schools of higher education in America are privately operated by _____________.
II. State what you have known about the following in your own words.( 3’X5 = 15’)
1. Independent schools
2. the Elite Theory of Power
3. the Puritanism
4. the Bush Doctrine
5. the Canadian Mosaic
Part Two Exam in basic English
Ⅰ Choice of Words
Choose the correct word from the synonyms given in the brackets, changing the form of the choices when necessary. (1′x10=10′)
1.They started the business together, but after a couple of years their relationship became (questionable, problematical) so they had to part company.
2. Away from the madding crowd, many city-dwellers spend their weekends in the countryside to enjoy (peace, tranquility).
3. He (grabbed, grasped) the rope with both hands and pulled it with all his strength.
4. It is an excellent plan, but it would be very difficult to (execute, perform) it with our limited funds.
5. In spite of his weakness his (rugged, dogged) determination helped him to win the race.
6. Unaware of the truth, thousands of people gathered there, (clamoring, glamorizing) for legal recognition of their organization.
7. (Accusation, condemnation) of the bombing the embassy went swiftly across the country.
8. Even if you (mix, blend) oil and water, they will not (mix, blend).
9. Deep at night, they could still hear gun-fire (rambling, rumbling) in the distance.
10. Obviously they were getting nowhere with the meeting, so he decided to (desist, resist) from making a final decision that afternoon.
Ⅱ Blank-filling
The following paragraphs are followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to T. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (2′x10=20′)
The world is very different now. For man holds in his _1__ hands the power to __2_ all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still _3__ around the globe--the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.
We dare not forget today that we are the ___4 of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans--born in this century, __5_ by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage--and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.
This much we pledge--and more.
To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the___6 of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do--for we dare not meet a powerful challenge _7__ and split __8_
Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our__9_ , we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction _10_ by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.
A at issue B pledge C unleashed D farthest
E exploitation F adversary G reduction H warfare,
I asunder J mortal K torch L at odds
M previous N tempered O images P emergence
Q abolish R heirs S ride T loyalty
Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (2′x10=20′)
Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique - a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.
When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English. But Stokoe believed the "hand talk" his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually have a genuine language?
And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as "substandard". Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy. It is 37 years later. Stokoe - now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture - is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. "What I said," Stokoe explains, "is that language is not mouth stuff- it’s brain stuff."
1．The study of sign language is thought to be
A) an approach to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language.
B) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language.
C) a challenge to traditional views on the nature of language.
D) a new way to took at the learning of language.
2. The present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by
A) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts.
B) an English teacher in a university for the deaf.
C) Some senior experts in American Sign Language.
D) a famous Scholar in the study of the human brain.
3. According to Stokoe, sign language is
A) an international language.
B) a substandard language.
C) an artificial language.
D) a genuine language.
4. Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they thought
A) a language should be easy to use and understand.
B) sign language was too artificial to be widely accepted.
C) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds.
D) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people.
5. Stokoe’s argument is based on his belief that
A) language is a product of the brain.
B) language is a system of meaningful codes.
C) sign language is derived from natural language.
D) sign language is as efficient as any other language.
The ideal companion machine-the computer- would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.
Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.
An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.
6. Which of the following is not a feature of the ideal companion machine?
A) active in communication
B) attractive in personality.
C)enjoyable in performance
D)unpredictable in behaviour
7. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a (n) ---------way.
A)quick
B) unpredictable
C) productive
D) inconspicuous
8. Which of the following aspects is not mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?
A) Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.
B) Being sensitive to earlier contact.
C) Being ready to learn about the person's life.
D) Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.
9. Throughout the passage, the author is _____in his attitude toward the computer.
A) favorable
B) critical
C) vague
D) hesitant
10. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?
A) Artificial relationships
B) How to form intimate relationships
C)The affectionate machine
D) Humans and computers
Ⅳ Error correction (1′x10=10′)
The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.___
human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.___
with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-
gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one
half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on
fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds
and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from plants. 3.___
Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of
London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food
than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___
edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.___
Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___
diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if
they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary
aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___
They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental
decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood
cholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8.___
adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9.___
style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10.___
healthier diet.
Ⅴ Translation
1. Translate the following passages into Chinese. (20′)
The distance being considerable, I started early on the 3rd, crossed the broad Delaware River, where blocks of ice bumped and crackled around us, and saw the flat shores of New Jersey expanding in front, raked by the broad morning light. I was put ashore in a crude and apparently uninhabited village, grim with concentrated ugliness that only an American township in the depth of winter can display. Nobody to ask the way, or next to nobody. I wandered aimlessly about, and was just ready to give all possessed to be back again in New York, when I discovered that I was opposite No. 328 Mickle Street, and that on a minute brass plate was engraved “W. Whitman”. I knocked at this dreary little two-storey tenement house, and wondered what was going to happen. A melancholy woman opened the door; it was too late now to go away. But before I could speak, a large figure, hobbling down the stairs, called out in a cheery voice, “Is that my friend?” Suddenly, by I know not what magnetic charm, all wire-drawn literary reservations faded out of being, and one’s only sensation was of gratified satisfaction as being the “friend” of this very nice old gentleman.
2. Translate the following passages into English. (20′)
要采取有效措施，促进经济社会协调发展。只有重视协调发展，才能保持发展的持久性。亚太地区各国应结合自身的特点，采取适当的宏观政策措施，促进本地区的经济发展，促进全球经济的复苏。推动科技进步和创新对实现经济的持续发展至关重要。为推动各成员在这一领域开展合作，中国提出科技创新倡议，希望就促进亚太地区科技创新制定指导原则。作为启动项目，我们将于明年2月在北京举办有关科技中介机构发展问题的高级研讨会，欢迎各成员届时派代表参加。在推动经济发展的同时，我们应积极推动经济社会协调发展、城乡协调发展、人与自然和谐发展，使发展具有更加坚实的基础。
3. Writing (20′)
Write a composition entitled Friendship in more than 150 words.
江 西 财 经 大 学
2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（ B 卷）
专 业：英语语言文学
考试科目：综合英语
重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据
Part I Exam in the society and culture of major English–speaking countries
I. Fill in the blanks. (0.5’X30 = 15’)
1. The doctrine of the “divine right of kings” held that the sovereign derived his authority from ______ , not from _____________.
2. The UK is divided into ________ constituencies with each of them represented by a member in ____________.
3. In the 5th century AD it is said a great leader__________ appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, ___________, drove the Saxons back.
4. New Zealand is keen to take environmental responsibility. New Zealand was declared ____________. There are no __________________ in New Zealand.
5. The largest school in New Zealand is the _________________, which provides __________________ for students who live in isolated places or who cannot attend school for medical or other reasons.
6. In 1829 Ellen Turner published his proposals for the development of the colonies of Australia. His proposals is called __________________________ in order to avoid a basic problem of “__________________”.
7. ________________________ television channel began broadcasting in 1980. It currently broadcasts in _________________ and provides a variety of programs in English that cover a much wider field of overseas stories than other channels.
8. The Supreme Court has the function of determining Congressional legislative or executive action that violates ______________________. This power is called ______________________ .
9. Canada ‘s political system was greatly influenced by the two major forces: ___________ and ________ .
10. Aid became an important component of Canadian foreign policy, and both Pearson and Trudeau pressed hard for international organization like __________________ and ______________________ to make humanitarian development assistance the priority of aid programs.
11. Canada’s motto is the country stretches “_______________”, with the Pacific Ocean on the west coast and ___________________ on the east coast.
12. The two of the taxes: _______________ and _____________ were imposed on North American colonies by the British government on the eve of the American Revolution.
13. One advantage of corporation over sole proprietorship and partnership is that it has ______________, so investor risked only the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.
14. Freedom of religious belief or non-belief is provided in the ______________________ in the US constitution.
15. Under President Franklin Roosevelt’s “_____________” , Democrats set up government programs that provided paid employment for people building dams and public buildings.
16. Today the Irish educational system is among the _________ and best in Europe.
17. __________is played by holding the airbag under the arm and pumping it with the elbow.
18. About 25% of all schools of higher education in America are privately operated by _____________.
II. State what you have known about the following in your own words.( 3’X5 = 15’)
1. Independent schools
2. the Elite Theory of Power
3. the Puritanism
4. the Bush Doctrine
5. the Canadian Mosaic
Part Two Exam in basic English
Ⅰ Choice of Words
Choose the correct word from the synonyms given in the brackets, changing the form of the choices when necessary. (1′x10=10′)
1.They started the business together, but after a couple of years their relationship became (questionable, problematical) so they had to part company.
2. Away from the madding crowd, many city-dwellers spend their weekends in the countryside to enjoy (peace, tranquility).
3. He (grabbed, grasped) the rope with both hands and pulled it with all his strength.
4. It is an excellent plan, but it would be very difficult to (execute, perform) it with our limited funds.
5. In spite of his weakness his (rugged, dogged) determination helped him to win the race.
6. Unaware of the truth, thousands of people gathered there, (clamoring, glamorizing) for legal recognition of their organization.
7. (Accusation, condemnation) of the bombing the embassy went swiftly across the country.
8. Even if you (mix, blend) oil and water, they will not (mix, blend).
9. Deep at night, they could still hear gun-fire (rambling, rumbling) in the distance.
10. Obviously they were getting nowhere with the meeting, so he decided to (desist, resist) from making a final decision that afternoon.
Ⅱ Blank-filling
The following paragraphs are followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to T. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your answer sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (2′x10=20′)
The world is very different now. For man holds in his _1__ hands the power to __2_ all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still _3__ around the globe--the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.
We dare not forget today that we are the ___4 of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans--born in this century, __5_ by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage--and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.
This much we pledge--and more.
To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the___6 of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do--for we dare not meet a powerful challenge _7__ and split __8_
Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our__9_ , we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction _10_ by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.
A at issue B pledge C unleashed D farthest
E exploitation F adversary G reduction H warfare,
I asunder J mortal K torch L at odds
M previous N tempered O images P emergence
Q abolish R heirs S ride T loyalty
Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (2′x10=20′)
Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique - a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.
When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English. But Stokoe believed the "hand talk" his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually have a genuine language?
And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as "substandard". Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy. It is 37 years later. Stokoe - now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture - is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. "What I said," Stokoe explains, "is that language is not mouth stuff- it’s brain stuff."
1．The study of sign language is thought to be
A) an approach to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language.
B) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language.
C) a challenge to traditional views on the nature of language.
D) a new way to took at the learning of language.
2. The present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by
A) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts.
B) an English teacher in a university for the deaf.
C) Some senior experts in American Sign Language.
D) a famous Scholar in the study of the human brain.
3. According to Stokoe, sign language is
A) an international language.
B) a substandard language.
C) an artificial language.
D) a genuine language.
4. Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they thought
A) a language should be easy to use and understand.
B) sign language was too artificial to be widely accepted.
C) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds.
D) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people.
5. Stokoe’s argument is based on his belief that
A) language is a product of the brain.
B) language is a system of meaningful codes.
C) sign language is derived from natural language.
D) sign language is as efficient as any other language.
The ideal companion machine-the computer- would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.
Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.
An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.
6. Which of the following is not a feature of the ideal companion machine?
A) active in communication
B) attractive in personality.
C)enjoyable in performance
D)unpredictable in behaviour
7. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a (n) ---------way.
A)quick
B) unpredictable
C) productive
D) inconspicuous
8. Which of the following aspects is not mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?
A) Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.
B) Being sensitive to earlier contact.
C) Being ready to learn about the person's life.
D) Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.
9. Throughout the passage, the author is _____in his attitude toward the computer.
A) favorable
B) critical
C) vague
D) hesitant
10. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?
A) Artificial relationships
B) How to form intimate relationships
C)The affectionate machine
D) Humans and computers
Ⅳ Error correction (1′x10=10′)
The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.___
human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.___
with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-
gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one
half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on
fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds
and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from plants. 3.___
Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of
London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food
than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___
edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.___
Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___
diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if
they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary
aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___
They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental
decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood
cholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8.___
adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9.___
style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10.___
healthier diet.
Ⅴ Translation
1. Translate the following passages into Chinese. (20′)
The distance being considerable, I started early on the 3rd, crossed the broad Delaware River, where blocks of ice bumped and crackled around us, and saw the flat shores of New Jersey expanding in front, raked by the broad morning light. I was put ashore in a crude and apparently uninhabited village, grim with concentrated ugliness that only an American township in the depth of winter can display. Nobody to ask the way, or next to nobody. I wandered aimlessly about, and was just ready to give all possessed to be back again in New York, when I discovered that I was opposite No. 328 Mickle Street, and that on a minute brass plate was engraved “W. Whitman”. I knocked at this dreary little two-storey tenement house, and wondered what was going to happen. A melancholy woman opened the door; it was too late now to go away. But before I could speak, a large figure, hobbling down the stairs, called out in a cheery voice, “Is that my friend?” Suddenly, by I know not what magnetic charm, all wire-drawn literary reservations faded out of being, and one’s only sensation was of gratified satisfaction as being the “friend” of this very nice old gentleman.
2. Translate the following passages into English. (20′)
要采取有效措施，促进经济社会协调发展。只有重视协调发展，才能保持发展的持久性。亚太地区各国应结合自身的特点，采取适当的宏观政策措施，促进本地区的经济发展，促进全球经济的复苏。推动科技进步和创新对实现经济的持续发展至关重要。为推动各成员在这一领域开展合作，中国提出科技创新倡议，希望就促进亚太地区科技创新制定指导原则。作为启动项目，我们将于明年2月在北京举办有关科技中介机构发展问题的高级研讨会，欢迎各成员届时派代表参加。在推动经济发展的同时，我们应积极推动经济社会协调发展、城乡协调发展、人与自然和谐发展，使发展具有更加坚实的基础。
3. Writing (20′)
Write a composition entitled Friendship in more than 150 words. |
|
发表于 2008-7-7 18:32
收藏
分享
支持
反对
楼主
