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长难句概述
1. 特点:英语书面句子多为长句,结构紧密,逻辑性极强,多用主从结构,有各种后置修饰语,如介词短语、不定式短语、动名词、和分词短语以及从句。
2. 正确理解长难句的过程,要具备:
a. 基本的语法知识 b. 一定的词汇量 c. 找出句子主干(主、谓、宾),弄清主干和枝条的关系。
3.拆分的方法:在主干和修饰成分交界信号词处拆分,信号词如:
• 名词后置定语:由于名词性主语后经常出现修饰成分,是无法找到位于,所以从名词后去掉后置定语非常重要
• 连词:and, or, but, yet, for等并列连词连接并列句
• 连接从句的关系词:who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, which, that,when, as, since, until, before, after, because, since, though, although, sothat, etc
• 介词:on, from, with , at, of, to…
• 不定式符号to:引导的不定式短语作定语或状语修饰语
• 标点符号:常常断开句子的主干和修饰成分
• 插入语:for instance, suppose, by the way…
今日一句
Many American regard the jury systemas a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principlesthat all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy areequally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should bedenied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, ornational origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and thatverdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just theletter of the law.
1.单词:
(1)rush (v./n.)冲,奔,闯;仓促行动(有学者认为, rush-冲,奔,闯由 race-赛跑,奔跑演变而来,体会两词在发音上的接近冲、奔、闯后引申出仓促行动 )。 rush through (v.)快速通过, 匆忙完成。
(2)sexual (adj.)性的,两性的;性别的。
(3)conscience (n.)良心,良知;道德心(con-共同,sci-词根,知道,ence-名词后缀世人所共知、所应具备的东西即良心,良知;道德心 )。
(4) crucial(adj.)重要的,决定性的;定局的;决断的:(可在作文中用来替换important)。
2.句法:
(1)被动语态are entitled to 用了“有被不用被”的译法。
(2)本句最大的难点在于同位语中的principles一词后有五个并列的从句,这五个从句均由that引导,且都是principles的同位语从句,用以解释说明principles的内容。
(3)其中同位语从句1中还包含一个由who引导的定语从句修饰citizens。本句的难点在于五个并列的同位语从句使得句子的修饰成分过长。
Many American (主语)/regard(谓语) /the jury system(宾语) /as a concreteexpression(宾语补足语) /of crucial democraticvalues(后置定语),/ includingthe principles(同位语) /that all citizens /who meet minimal qualifications of age /and literacy are equally competent to serveon juries; /that jurors should be selectedrandomly /from a representative cross section of the community;/ that no citizen should be denied /the right toserve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin;/ that defendants /are entitled to trial /by their peers;/ and that verdicts /should represent /the conscience of the community /and not just the letter of the law.(从句)
翻译:许多美国人把陪审团制度视为关键民主价值的具体体现,包括的原则有:所有满足年龄和读写能力最低要求的公民,有同等的资格担任陪审员;陪审员应该从具有代表性的典型社会成员中随机挑选;不得由于种族、宗教、性别或民族始籍的原因剥夺任何公民担任陪审员的权利;被告人有权利接受同辈人的审判;判决应代表社会的良知,而不仅仅是法律条文。
-THE END-
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