关于英语中的标点——如果觉得标点很简单,那可能就错了.

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jr8967 发表于 2012-11-1 15:22
都是你翻译的？

是

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Apostrophes撇号

Rule 1
Use the apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is always placed at the spot where the letter(s) has been removed.
用撇号表示单词的缩写。撇号通常意味着有些字母被省略了。
Examples:
don't, isn't
You're right.
She's a great teacher.

Rule 2
Use the apostrophe to show possession. Place the apostrophe before the s to show singular possession.
用撇号表示所有格。在“s”的前面加撇号，表示单数名词的所有格。
Examples:
one boy's hat
one woman's hat
one actress's hat
one child's hat
Ms. Chang's house
NOTE: Although names ending in s or an s sound are not required to have the second s added in possessive form, it is preferred.
注意：以“s”或发音为“s”结果的单数名词，其所有格最好在其后再加一个“s”
Examples:
Mr. Jones's golf clubs
Texas's weather
Ms. Straus's daughter
Jose Sanchez's artwork
Dr. Hastings's appointment (name is Hastings)
Mrs. Lees's books (name is Lees)

Rule 3
Use the apostrophe where the noun that should follow is implied.
用撇号表示所有格时，若其后名词可以推测而知，可省略该名词
Example:
This was his father's, not his, jacket.

Rule 4
To show plural possession, make the noun plural first. Then immediately use the apostrophe.
表示复数名词所有格时，首先把单词名词写成复数，然后再加撇号
Examples:
two boys' hats two women's hats
two actresses' hats
two children's hats
the Changs' house
the Joneses' golf clubs
the Strauses' daughter
the Sanchezes' artwork
the Hastingses' appointment
the Leeses' books

Rule 5
Do not use an apostrophe for the plural of a name.
撇号不是用来表示姓名的复数形式的
Examples:
We visited the Sanchezes in Los Angeles.
The Changs have two cats and a dog.

Rule 6
With a singular compound noun, show possession with 's at the end of the word.
单数复合名词的所有格，在最后一个单词后加“'s”
Example:
my mother-in-law's hat

Rule 7
If the compound noun is plural, form the plural first and then use the apostrophe.
如果符合名词是复数，则先写出复数名词，然后再加撇号
Example:
my two brothers-in-law's hats

Rule 8
Use the apostrophe and s after the second name only if two people possess the same item.
如果两个人同时拥有一个事物，则在第二个人名后加撇号和“s”
Examples:
Cesar and Maribel's home is constructed of redwood.
Cesar's and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year.
Indicates separate ownership.
这说明两个人各自所有
Cesar and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year.
Indicates joint ownership of more than one contract.
这说明两个人共同所有

Rule 9
Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns: his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yours, whose. They already show possession so they do not require an apostrophe.
永远不要在物主代词（“his”、“hers”、“its”、“theirs”、“ours”、“yours”、“whose”）后面加撇号。这些词语已经表示所有格了，所以就不用再加撇号
Correct:
This book is hers, not yours.
Incorrect:
Sincerely your's.

Rule 10
The only time an apostrophe is used for it's is when it is a contraction for it is or it has.
“it's”只可能表示“it is”或“it has”的缩写
Examples:
It's a nice day.
It's your right to refuse the invitation.
It's been great getting to know you.

Rule 11
The plurals for capital letters and numbers used as nouns are not formed with apostrophes.
由大写字母或数字构成的名词，表示复数时不用加撇号
Examples:
She consulted with three M.D.s.
BUT
She went to three M.D.s' offices.
The apostrophe is needed here to show plural possessive.
这里的撇号表示复数所有格
She learned her ABCs.
the 1990s not the 1990's
the '90s or the mid-'70s not the '90's or the mid-'70's
She learned her times tables for 6s and 7s.
Exception: Use apostrophes with capital letters and numbers when the meaning would be unclear otherwise.
例外：只有当大写字母或数字表意不清时，用撇号
Examples:
Please dot your i's.
You don't mean is.
意思不是“is”
Ted couldn't distinguish between his 6's and 0's.
You need to use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of zero or it will look like the word Os. To be consistent within a sentence, you would also use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of 6's.
使用撇号表示“zero”的复数，否则这个词看起来就有点像“Os”，为了使整句句子看起来比较整齐，因此同样使用这种方法表示复数“6's”

Rule 12
Use the possessive case in front of a gerund (-ing word).
在动名词（后缀“-ing”）前使用，表示所有格
Examples:
Alex's skating was a joy to behold.
This does not stop Joan's inspecting of our facilities next Thursday.

Rule 13
If the gerund has a pronoun in front of it, use the possessive form of that pronoun.
如果动名词前有代词，使用该代词的物主代词
Examples:
I appreciate your inviting me to dinner. I appreciated his working with me to resolve the conflict.

!感-杠-问?

Hyphens连字符

Hyphens Between Words
单词之间的连字符
Rule 1
To check whether a compound noun is two words, one word, or hyphenated, you may need to look it up in the dictionary. If you can't find the word in the dictionary, treat the noun as separate words.
如果要想知道一个复合名词，到底是两个单词构成的词组，还是一个单词，或者用连字符连接，都需要在字典中查询。如果无法在字典中找到，那就用分开的单词表示复合名词
Examples:
eyewitness, eye shadow, eye-opener
NOTE: All these words had to be looked up in the dictionary to know what to do with them!
注意：所有这一类的词，都必须先查询字典，才能知道如何使用

Rule 2
Phrases that have verb, noun, and adjective forms should appear as separate words when used as verbs and as one word when used as nouns or adjectives.
对于有动词、名词、形容词形式的词组，单词分开写表示动词，合起来写表示名词或形容词
Examples:
The engine will eventually break down. (verb)
We suffered a breakdown in communications. (noun)
Please clean up your room. (verb)
That Superfund site will require specialized cleanup procedures. (adjective)

Rule 3
Compound verbs are either hyphenated or appear as one word. If you do not find the verb in the dictionary, hyphenate it.
复合动词可以用连字符连接，也可以不加连字符直接合成一个词。如果在字典中找不到这个动词，那就用连字符连接
Examples:
To air-condition the house will be costly.
We were notified that management will downsize the organization next year.

Rule 4
Generally, hyphenate between two or more adjectives when they come before a noun and act as a single idea.
通常而言，用连字符连接多个形容词构成的复合形容词作名词定语时，视作一个整体
Examples:
friendly-looking man
(compound adjective in front of a noun)
（复合形容词作名词定语）
friendly little girl
(not a compound adjective)
（不是复合形容词）
brightly lit room
(Brightly is an adverb describing lit, not an adjective.)
（“brightly”是一个副词，用来修饰“lit”，不是形容词）

Rule 5
When adverbs not ending in -ly are used as compound words in front of a noun, hyphenate. When the combination of words is used after the noun, do not hyphenate.
如果不是以“ly”结尾的副词被用作复合词作名词定语时，用连字符连接。如果用在名词之后，则不用连字符。
Examples:
The well-known actress accepted her award.
Well is an adverb followed by another descriptive word. They combine to form one idea in front of the noun.
“well”是副词，后面跟了另一个修饰性词汇。他们共同组成一个整体，修饰名词。
The actress who accepted her award was well known.
Well known follows the noun it describes, so no hyphen is used.
“well known”在所形容的名词之后，所以就不用连字符
A long-anticipated decision was finally made.
He got a much-needed haircut yesterday.
His haircut was much needed.

Rule 6
Remember to use a comma, not a hyphen, between two adjectives when you could have used and between them.
如果在两个形容词间能加“and”，那么在这两个形容词间用逗号，而不是连字符
Examples:
I have important, classified documents.
Jennifer received a lovely, fragrant bouquet on Valentine's Day.

Rule 7
Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
从“twenty-one”到“ninety-nine”的所有复合数字都要用连字符
Examples:
The teacher had thirty-two children in her classroom.
Only twenty-one of the children were bilingual.

Rule 8
Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions.
用单词表示分数时，用连字符连接
Examples: You need one-third of a cup of sugar for that recipe.
More than one-half of the student body voted for removing soda machines from campus.

Hyphens with Prefixes
表示前缀的连字符
Rule 1
The current trend is to do away with unnecessary hyphens. Therefore, attach most prefixes and suffixes onto root words without a hyphen.
目前的趋势是，删去不必要的连字符。因此，在原词基础上加前后缀时，大部分情况下都不要用连字符
Examples:
noncompliance
copayment
semiconscious
fortyish

Rule 2
Hyphenate prefixes when they come before proper nouns.
专有名词与前缀间用连字符连接
Example:
un-American

Rule 3
Hyphenate prefixes ending in an a or i only when the root word begins with the same letter.
如果前缀以“a”或“i”结尾，而原词也是以同样的字母开头时，两者间加连字符
Examples:
ultra-ambitious
semi-invalid

Rule 4
When a prefix ends in one vowel and a root word begins with a different vowel, generally attach them without a hyphen.
如果前缀以原音结尾，原词以原音开头，一般不用连字符连接
Examples:
antiaircraft
proactive

Rule 5
Prefixes and root words that result in double e's and double o's are usually combined to form one word.
如果前缀和原词连接后，有双写的“e”或“o”，通常直接连接
Examples:
preemployment
coordinate
Exceptions:
例外：
de-emphasize
co-owner

Rule 6
Hyphenate all words beginning with self except for selfish and selfless.
前缀“self”后必须加连字符，除了“selfish”、“selfless”
Examples:
self-assured
self-respect
self-addressed

Rule 7
Use a hyphen with the prefix ex.
前缀“ex”后使用连字符
Example:
His ex-wife sued for nonsupport.

Rule 8
Use the hyphen with the prefix re only when: the re means again AND omitting the hyphen would cause confusion with another word.
只有当前缀“re”表示“again”的意思，且没有连字符会造成歧义时，才在“re”后加连字符
Examples:
Will she recover from her illness?
Re does not mean again.
“re”不表示“again”
I have re-covered the sofa twice.
Re does mean again AND omitting the hyphen would have caused confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，且没有连字符会造成歧义
The stamps have been reissued.
Re means again but would not cause confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，但没有连字符也不会有歧义
I must re-press the shirt.
Re means again AND omitting the hyphen would have caused confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，且没有连字符会造成歧义

!感-杠-问?

Dashes横杠（破折号）
There are many uses of the en and em dash . The following explanations offer the most common uses and methods for forming these dashes.
“en”横杠和“em”横杠的用法很多，以下只介绍最为常用的方法。

En Dash
An en dash, roughly the width of an n,  is a little longer than a hyphen. It is used for periods of time when you might otherwise use to.
“en”横杠的长度差不多就是“n”的宽度，比连字符稍长一些。使用这个符号表示时段，作用相当于“to”
Examples:
The years 2001–2003
January–June
An en dash is also used in place of a hyphen when combining open compounds.
当用连字符表示假性复合词时，也可用“en”横杠替换连字符
Examples:
North Carolina–Virginia border
a high school–college conference

Em Dash
An em dash is the width of an m. Use an em dash sparingly in formal writing. In informal writing, em dashes may replace commas, semicolons, colons, and parentheses to indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought.
“em”横杠的长度是“m”的宽度。在正式写作中，不要大量使用“em”横杠。在非正式写作中，“em”横杠可用来替代：逗号、分号、冒号、圆括号，表示补充强调、解释说明、话题转化。
Examples:
You are the friend—the only friend—who offered to help me.
Never have I met such a lovely person—before you.
I pay the bills—she has all the fun.
A semicolon would be used here in formal writing.
在正式写作中，此处用分号
I need three items at the store—dog food, vegetarian chili, and cheddar cheese.
Remember, a colon would be used here in formal writing.
在正式写作中，此处冒号
My agreement with Fiona is clear—she teaches me French and I teach her German.
Again, a colon would work here in formal writing.
在正式写作中，此处用冒号
Please call my agent—Jessica Cohen—about hiring me.
Parentheses or commas would work just fine here instead of the dashes.
在正式写作中，此处用圆括号或逗号，而非横杠
I wish you would—oh, never mind.
This shows an abrupt change in thought and warrants an em dash.
这里确实应该使用“em”横杠，表示话题转化
While there are many more possible uses of the em dash, by not providing additional rules, I am hoping to curb your temptation to employ this convenient but overused punctuation mark.
尽管还有许多关于“em”横杠的用法，但是此处不再提供其他的使用准则。因为，这个标点符合太方便了，导致已经滥用，本文不建议过度使用这个符号。



以上。（完）