【外刊精读】经济学人：肠道、大脑和孤独症。

晓晓正能量

经济学人：肠道、大脑和孤独症（1）
Paradigm shift is an overused term. Properly, it refers to a radical change of perspective on a topic,such as the move from the physics of Newton to the physics of Einstein, or the introduction of plate tectonics into geology.Such things are rare. Something which history may come to regard as a true paradigm shift does,however, seem to be going on at the moment in medicine.
范式转换是一个被过度使用的术语。准确的是，它指的是对一个话题观点的彻底改变，比如从牛顿物理学转变到爱因斯坦物理学，或是将板块构造学引入到地质学。这种转变很少见。但历史上可能认为属于真正的范式转换的事情似乎此刻正发生在医学领域。

  ● paradigm: A paradigm is a model for something that explains it or shows how it can be produced. 范例 eg: ...a new paradigm of production.…一种新的生产范例。
  ● radical: adj. Radical changes and differences are very important and great in degree. 重大的; 彻底的 eg: The country needs a period of calm without more surges of radical change. 这个国家需要一段平静的时期，不再有重大变化所引发的动荡。
  ● plate tectonics: 板块构造学。
  ● at the moment: 现在；此刻。< at the last moment在最后的时刻/ at the very moment 就在那一刹那>

This is a recognition that the zillions of apparently non-pathogenic bacteria on and in human bodies,hitherto largely ignored, are actually important for people\'s health.They may even help to explain the development of some mysterious conditions. One such condition is autism—these days often called autism-spectrum disorder (ASD).
这是一种认识，即人体和体内有着无数非致病菌，迄今为止这一点被很大程度的忽略了，这些病菌对人类健康非常重要。它们甚至可能有助于解释一些神秘疾病的形成。其中之一就是孤独症—如今经常被称为自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）。

  ● this is a recognition that： 写作推荐 “这是一种认知”、“有这样一种认知...\"
  ● zillion：n.  庞大的数字；无法计算的数字 If you talk about a zillion people or things, you are emphasizing that there is an extremely large number of them. 极多 eg: It\'s been a zillion years since I\'ve seen her. 我已经很多年没见过她了。
  ● non-pathogenic: 非病原的；不致病的
  ● hitherto：You use hitherto to indicate that something was true up until the time you are talking about, although it may no longer be the case. 迄今 eg: The ruling party is likely to be opened up to let in people hitherto excluded. 执政党可能会放开政策，吸纳迄今被排斥在外的人士。
  ● they may help to explain: 写作推荐 \"这些有助于解释....\"
  ● autism-spectrum disorder（ASD): 自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一系列复杂的神经发展障碍性疾病，能影响孩子的社交，行为和交流方面的能力。有孤独症谱系障碍的人，其大脑处理信息的方式异于常人。孤独症谱系障碍共有三类：自闭症（或典型自闭症），阿斯伯格综合症和待分类的广泛性发展障碍（PDD-NOS）。

ASD is characterised by repetitive, stereotypical and often restricted behaviour such as head-nodding,and by the difficulties those with it have in reading the emotions of, and communicating with, other people.These symptoms are noticeable in children from the age of two onwards. Currently, in America, about one child in 59 is diagnosed with ASD.What causes ASD has baffled psychiatrists and neurologists，since the syndrome was first described in the mid-20th century, by Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner.
ASD的特征是重复的、刻板的以及经常性的限制行为，如点头，患者有无法读懂别人情绪以及和他人沟通的困难。这些症状在两岁以上的儿童中很明显。目前，在美国约每59个孩子中就有一个被诊断为ASD。自20世纪中期，汉斯·阿斯伯格和利奥·坎纳首次对这种综合症状进行描述以来，ASD的病因就一直困扰着精神病学家和神经学家。

  ● sth be characterized by: 某事物的特征是...
  ● stereotypical: adj. A stereotypical idea of a type of person or thing is a fixed general idea that a lot of people have about it, that may be false in many cases. 模式化的; 成见的 eg: These are men whose masculinity does not conform to stereotypical images of the unfeeling male. 这些阳刚的男人不符合那种冷血男人的成见形象。
  ● and by the difficulties those with it have in reading the emotions of, and communicating with, other people.: 这句话正常的语序应该是：and those with it have difficulties in reading....have difficulty in doing sth做某事有困难。
  ● diagnoised: If someone or something is diagnosed as having a particular illness or problem,诊断 eg: The soldiers were diagnosed as having flu. 这些士兵被诊断为患了流感。
  ● baffled: V. If something baffles you, you cannot understand it or explain it. 使困惑 eg: An apple tree producing square fruit is baffling experts. 一棵结方形果实的苹果树正令专家们感到困惑。


But the evidence is pointing towards the bacteria of the gut.That suggestion has been reinforced by two recently published studies—one on human beings and one on laboratory rodents.The human study, the latest results of which came out a few weeks ago in Scientific Reports,is being conducted by Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown of Arizona State University and her associates.It was prompted by earlier work in which Dr Krajmalnik-Brown and James Adams, a colleague at Arizona State,sequenced the DNA of gut bacteria from 20 autistic children to discover which species were present.
但证据正指向肠道细菌。最近发表的两项研究进一步证实了这一观点—一项是针对人类，另一项是针对啮齿类实验动物。人类研究，其最新结果几周前发表在《科学报告》上由亚利桑那州立大学的Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown及其合作人共同进行。该研究由Krajmalnik-Brown和一位亚利桑那州同事James Adams的早期作品促成，研究将20个孤独症孩子的肠道细菌DNA进行排序以发现其呈现出的是哪些种类。
  ● but the evidence is  pointing towards: 写作推荐 但是证据指向...
  ● That suggestion has been reinforced by two recently published studies： 写作推荐\"两项研究进一步证明了这一观点...”   “has been reinforced by...\"被动译为主动。
  ● rodents: n. Rodents are small mammals which have sharp front teeth. Rats, mice, and squirrels are rodents. 啮齿动物
  ● come out: 出版。= publish、 bring out
  ● promoted: If people promote something, they help or encourage it to happen, increase, or spread. 促进 eg: You don\'t have to sacrifice environmental protection to promote economic growth. 你们没有必要牺牲环保来促进经济增长。
  ● sequence: V. 排序。
  ● autistic：adj.自闭的 An autistic person suffers from autism. 自闭症的


They found that the children in their sample were missing hundreds of the thousand-plus bacterial species that colonise a \"neurotypical\" person\'s intestine. One notable absence was Prevotella.This bug, which makes its living by fermenting otherwise-indigestible carbohydrate polymers in dietary fibre,is abundant in the alimentary canals of farmers and hunter-gatherers in places like Africa,rare in western Europeans and Americans, and nearly nonexistent in children with ASD
他们发现样本儿童的千种细菌种类中缺失了有数百种千种细菌种类在“典型发育的”人体内进行殖民。一个值得注意的缺失是普雷沃氏菌属。这种细菌通过在膳食纤维中发酵其他不能消化的碳水化合物聚合物为生，非洲等地的农民和狩猎采集者的消化道中有大量的普氏菌，在西欧人和美国人消化道很少，在ASD儿童患者体内几乎不存在。

  ● colonise:  V.If people colonize a foreign country, they go to live there and take control of it. 把…变为殖民地 eg: The first British attempt to colonize Ireland was in the twelfth century.英国第一次企图把爱尔兰变成殖民地是在12世纪。
  ● intestine: Your intestines are the tubes in your body through which food passes when it has left your stomach. 肠 eg: This area is always tender to the touch if the intestines are not functioning properly. 如果肠功能不正常的话，这个部位总是一按就痛。
  ● ferment: V. I If a food, drink, or other natural substance ferments, or if it is fermented, a chemical change takes place in it so that alcohol is produced.  使发酵; 发酵 eg: The dried grapes are allowed to ferment until there is no sugar left and the wine is dry.干葡萄要经过发酵，直到没有糖分存留，葡萄酒才不会有甜味。
  ● carbohydrate polymers :碳水化合物聚合物
  ● alimentary canal: 消化道

Their discovery led Dr Krajmalnik Brown and Dr Adams to the idea that restoring the missing bacteria might alleviate autism\'s symptoms.Two years ago they tested a process called microbiota transfer therapy (MTT) on 18 autistic children aged between seven and 16.Of their participants 15 were regarded, according to the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, as having \"severe\" autism.
他们的发现引导Krajmalnik Brown博士和Adams博士产生了一种想法：修复缺失的细菌或许可以减轻自闭症的症状。两年前，他们对18名7到16岁的孤独症儿童患者进行了一种名为微生物群转移治疗（MTT）的测试。其中15名参与者，根据《儿童孤独症评定量表》，被评定为重度自闭症。
  ● alleviate: V. If you alleviate pain, suffering, or an unpleasant condition, you make it less intense or severe. 减轻 (不适) eg: Nowadays, a great deal can be done to alleviate back pain.如今，很多方法可以被用来减轻背部疼痛。
  ● microbiota transfer therapy: 生物群转移治疗。
  ● Of their participants 15 were regarded, according to the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, as having \"severe\" autism.：这句话中“according to the Childhood Autism Rating Scale”是插入语。 正常的语序为“according to the Childhood Autism Rating Scale，of their participants 15 were regarded as having \"severe\" autism.\"
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