第十六讲:
状语从句讲解
㈠ 时间状语从句
通常有下列连词引导: when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, every time, each time。
1. | When a person feels encouraged, he can face the impossible. | 2. | Every time you help somebody else, you help yourself. | ㈡ 地点状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: where, wherever, no matter where, everywhere, anywhere。
1. | Your liberty to swing your arms ends where my nose begins. | 2. | Where there is smoke, there is fire. | ㈢ 条件状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: if, unless, suppose, supposing, provided, providing, on condition that, as long as, in case, once, assuming, so long as。
1. | If one thinks small, he will stay small. | 2. | All dreams are of no value unless they are followed by action. | 3. | As long as the world lasts, there will be mistakes. | ㈣ 原因状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: because, as, since, now that, not that…but that, in that, considering that。
1. | People are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges. | 2. | When I was young, I admired people with wealth. Now that I am mature, I admire people with wisdom. | ㈤ 结果状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: so…that…, such…that…, so that。
1. | I like to see a man live, so that his country will be proud of him. | 2. | Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it | ㈥ 目的状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that。
1. | We should greet each new day with a plan so that the high road upon which we travel could be marked well. | 2. | Be helpful to those on their way up, in case you should need them on your way down. | ㈦ 让步状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: although, though, as, even if, even though, whatever, no matter (how, what, where, when) , while, whether, whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however。
1. | Although the world is full of suffering, they can always be overcome. | 2. | While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything. | 3. | No matter how much we have learned, there is always more to learn. | ㈧ 方式状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: as, as if, as though, in the way that, in the same way that, in the manner that, in the same manner that。
1. | If we couldn’t do as we would, we should do as we can. | 2. | Look at everything as though you were seeing it either for the first time or last time. | ㈨ 比较状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: as…as, than, not so… as, the…the…。
1. | Wisdom is more precious than wealth. | 2. | The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance. |
第十七讲:
A.不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成,及物动词的不定式可以带宾语。不定式的否定结构是在to前面加上not.不定式在句中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。
⑴(主)
To love is the most beautiful word in the world.
To err is human.
不定式做主语,可以用it当形式主语,把做主语的不定式短语后置。
It is enough to have one close friend in one’s life.
It is no exaggeration to say that friendship is to people what sunlight is to flowers.
⑵(宾)
We resolve to make a dull job interesting.
Never intend to know everything, or you will know nothing.
下面的动词常常可加不定式做宾语
attempt | 企图 | enable | 能够 | afford | 负担得起 | neglect | 忽视 | demand | 要求 | long | 渴望 | arrange | 安排 | destine | 注定 | mean | 意欲,打算 | begin | 开始 | expect | 期望 | omit | 忽略,漏 | appear | 似乎,显得 | determine | 决定 | manage | 设法 | cease | 停止 | ask | 问 | hate | 憎恨,厌恶 | pretend | 假装 | dread | 害怕 | need | 需要 | agree | 同意 | desire | 愿望 | love | 爱 | swear | 宣誓 | volunteer | 志愿 | wish | 希望 | bear | 承受 | endeavor | 努力 | offer | 自愿 | beg | 请求 | fail | 不能 | plan | 计划 | bother | 扰乱;烦恼 | forget | 忘记 | prefer | 喜欢,宁愿 | care | 关心,喜欢 | happen | 碰巧 | prepare | 准备 | decide | 决定 | learn | 学习 | regret | 抱歉,遗憾 | choose | 选择 | hesitate | 犹豫 | profess | 表明 | claim | 要求 | hope | 希望 | promise | 承诺,允许 | start | 开始 | undertake | 承接 | want | 想要 | consent | 同意,赞同 | intend | 想要 | refuse | 拒绝 | decide | 决定 | learn | 学习 | vow | 起 | contrive | 设法,图谋 | incline | 有…倾向 | propose | 提议 | seek | 找,寻觅 | Try | 试图 | ⑶(表)
The most important thing is to have a code of life.
Faith is to believe what you do not see and the reward for this is to see what you believe.
⑷(后置定语)
The deepest urge in human nature is the desire to be important.
The important thing in life is the determination to attain a great aim.
下面的名词常常可加不定式做定语
ability | 能力,本领 | drive | 驱动 | movement | 运动,活动 | ambition | 抱负,野心 | effort | 努力,尝试 | need | 需要,需求 | campaign | 战役,运动 | failure | 失败 | opportunity | 机会 | chance | 机会 | force | 力,压力,要点 | promise | 许诺,希望 | courage | 勇气 | intention | 意向,意图 | reason | 理由,原因 | decision | 决定 | method | 方法,方式 | determination | 决心,决定 | motive | 动机,目的 | struggle | 奋斗,努力 | tendency | 倾向,趋势 | wish | 希望,愿望,祝愿 | ⑸(状)
To achieve happiness, we should make sure that we are never without an important goal.
Lift a stone only to drop it on your own feet..
Life is too short to worry about everything.
⑹ (主补)
Time is often said to be money.
Positive thinking is considered to be an essential factor of success.
⑺ (宾补)
Difficulties train one to be great.
When you want the present to be better than the past, it is time to learn from the past.
下面的动词习惯于用不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask | 要求,邀请 | Get | 请,得到 | prompt | 促使 | allow | 允许 | forbid | 禁止 | prefer | 喜欢,宁愿 | announce | 宣布 | force | 强迫 | press | 迫使 | bride | 收买 | inspire | 鼓舞 | request | 请求 | assist | 协助 | Hate | 憎恶 | pronounce | 断定,表示 | advise | 劝告 | exhort | 告诫,勉励 | Pray | 请求 | authorize | 授权,委托 | Help | 帮助 | recommend | 劝告,推荐 | Bear | 容忍 | implore | 恳求 | remind | 提醒 | beg | 请求 | induce | 引诱 | report | 报告 | compel | 强迫 | invite | 吸引,邀请 | summon | 传唤 | command | 命令 | intend | 想要,企图 | show | 显示 | drive | 驱赶 | mean | 意欲,打算 | train | 训练 | cause | 引起 | instruct | 指示 | require | 要求 | deserve | 应受 | direct | 指导 | leave | 使,让 | tell | 告诉 | Like | 喜欢 | tempt | 劝诱 | entitle | 有资格 | order | 命令 | Warn | 告诫 | enable | 使能够 | Need | 需要 | urge | 激励,力说 | encourage | 鼓励 | oblige | 不得不 | Want | 想要 | condemn | 指责,谴责 | Lead | 引起,使得 | teach | 教 | entreat | 恳求 | permit | 允许 | Wish | 希望 | ⑻ 插入语:
英语中常用的不定式做插入语: | 1 | To start with, | 2 | To begin with, | 3 | To sum up, | 4 | To conclude, | 5 | To summarize, | 6 | To be brief, | 7 | To be short, | 8 | To illustrate, | 9 | To be honest, | 10 | To be fair, | 11 | To be sure, | 12 | To be true, | 13 | Sad to say, | 14 | So to speak, | 15 | To make matters worse, | 16 | To make things worse, | 17 | That is to say, | 18 | Needless to say, | 19 | Strange to say, | 20 | To tell the truth, | 21 | To put it like this, | 22 | To put it differently, | 23 | To put it from another way, | 24 | To be exact, | 25 | To be precise, | 26 | not to mention… | 27 | to name just a few. | 28 | to name but a few. | (9) 不带to的不定式:
| 1) | 在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有: | | | feel 觉得
observe 注意到,看到
overhear听到
watch注视
listen to听 | perceive察觉,感知
notice注意
see看见
look at看
hear听 | | 2) | 另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。 | | 3) | 在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to。 | Every bird loves to hear himself sing.
Take your way. Let the world talk!
Working can help one (to) create a rich and balanced life.
(10) 不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 | 主动 | 被动 | 一般式 | to do | to be done | 进行式 | to be doing | | 完成式 | to have done | to have been done | 完成进行式 | to have been doing | | A不定式的时态
1) | 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 | 2) | 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 | 3) | 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 | 4) | 完成进行时: 动作的持续性。 | B不定式的语态
(一般式:to be done;完成式:to have been done)。
(11)不定式的复合结构
It is good for one to have self-knowledge.
It is possible for everybody to be successful.
Confidence makes it easy for one to achieve the goal.
The secret of success is for one to be ready for the opportunity when it comes.
All adversity is really an opportunity for us to grow.
For things to change, one has to change.
(12) 关系代词或副词加不定式
How to act in this changing world is a real challenge.
Experience tells one what to do and confidence helps one do it.
第十八讲:
B. V-ing:
1 | 做主语:
Having a goal in itself is a state of happiness.
It is no good learning without practice. | | 2 | 做宾语:
Change requires taking the right direction.
Life consists not in holding good cards, but in playing them well.
以下动词常常加doing做宾语: | | | acknowledge | 承认,自认 | confess | 坦白 | | | cease | 停止 | tolerate | 忍受 | | | mention | 说到,讲到 | avoid | 避免 | | | admit | 承认 | contemplate | 细想 | | | dislike | 不喜欢,讨厌 | endure | 忍受 | | | advocate: | 提倡,主张 | complete | 完成 | | | dread | 害怕 | appreciate | 感激,欣赏 | | | enjoy | 喜爱 | bear | 忍受 | | | defer | 拖延 | envy | 嫉妒 | | | can't help | 不禁 | delay | 延迟 | | | escape | 逃跑,逃避 | can't stand | 受不了 | | | deny | 否认 | excuse | 借口 | | | consider | 考虑 | detest | 嫌恶 | | | fancy | 幻想,爱好 | favor | 偏爱 | | | mind | 介意 | repent | 悔悟 | | | figure | 描绘 | miss | 错过 | | | resent | 怨恨 | finish | 完成 | | | pardon | 原谅,饶恕 | resist | 抵抗,阻止 | | | forgive | 原谅 | permit | 允许 | | | resume | 恢复 | imagine | 设想 | | | postpone | 延迟,延期 | risk | 冒险 | | | involve | 卷入,包含 | practice | 实行,实践 | | | suggest | 建议 | hate | 讨厌 | | | prevent | 阻止 | save | 省钱 | | | keep | 保持 | quit | 放弃 | | | stand | 坚持,忍受 | loathe | 厌恶 | | | recall | 回想 | | | | 3 | 做表语:
Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum.
The subject of life is making choices. | | | | 4 | 做定语:
The starting point of all achievements is desire.
Every failure can be a stepping stone to something better. | | | | 5 | 做状语: ( 只要主句的主语是Ving的发出者,Ving 可以做所有的状语)
Life is like running water, flowing away never to return.
Those who take the long view are patient with difficulties, knowing that time often makes impossible possible. | | | | 6 | V-ing的时态和语态 | | |
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 | | 一般式 | Doing | Being done | | 完成式 | Having done | Having been done | | 7 做插入语:
A常规 (一些可以做插入语的副词后加上Speaking而意思不变) | 1 | Properly speaking, | 2 | Generally speaking, | 3 | Roughly speaking, | 4 | Precisely speaking, | 5 | Personally speaking, | 6 | Strictly speaking, | 7 | Frankly speaking, | 8 | Honestly speaking, | 9 | Emotionally speaking, | 10 | Psychologically speaking, | B特殊 (一些由Ving构成的特殊插入语) | 1 | Considering… | 2 | Concerning… | 3 | Regarding… | 4 | Respecting… | 5 | Judging by… | 6 | Judging from… | 7 | According to… | 8 | Speaking of… | 9 | Talking of… | 10 | Taking all factors into account, | 11 | Taking all factors into consideration, | 12 | Taking all things into account, | 13 | Taking all things into consideration, |
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