2017年英文（二）讲解

GeneTell

Section I
出处：Walter Frick, “Companies in Happy Cities Invest More for the Long Term”, 于2015,June 09 刊登在Harvard Business Review.
考试做了部分修改；不与原文完全相同。

   Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firms work, too.
   Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. __2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.
   The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.
   __7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.  But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D?  To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.
   The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.  Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.
   __17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.


1. [A] why         [B] where        [C] how         [D] when
考词性。关键字：influence和work，这两个字都有它的名词和动词形式，所以要看清楚。…might用来修饰influence，所以是动词，影响；后面firms（公司） work，work是动词，工作或作业。这里自问，某物影响公司营业（什么），a）是理由，b）是地点，c）是方式，d）时间，哪个比较合适？当然，现在时间够，我可以想想各自的理由，像：政府法令可以影响公司作业的理由；毕业后吃政府、养老金18岁开始给，那我吃撑了去公司上班吗？大塞车可以影响公司营业的地点和时间：公司搬到郊区去或上班从朝九晚五调到朝六晚二来避开塞车巅峰；影响工作进度的方式的理由就多的去了：货币汇率、人事成本、产品需求、高层变动等等。心情呢？文章问happiness能影响营业的理由、地点、运营方式、还是时间呢？答案是［C］how。另一个理由是之前段落表明开心的人工作的态度和方式不同于常人，这也是how，如何在工作上反应出不同，的支持点。

2. [A] In return         [B] In particular         [C] In contrast         [D] In conclusion
考句首词，也是考连接词。a）in return,是有因果关系、交换条件。例句：I took a test for him; in return, he gave me money.我帮他代考，代价是他支付我钱。b）in particular是especially的同义词，特别的意思。例句：I like studying. In particular Math and English.我喜欢读书，特别是数学和英文。c）in contrast是相反、举反例。另一个同义词是On the contrary，不要搞混。He is foolish. In contrast, his son is smart.父亲愚昧，但儿子聪明，劣竹出好笋的意思。接下来d）in conclusion,是做总结。明显才第2句就忙着做总结的d）是错的，不要浪费时间在它身上。在做出选择abc的情况必须读它的上下文；上下文都是place，地方，但关键词是上文的invest和下文的R&D,研究开发部门的研究，research，和开发，develop。公司的投资是大项，R&D相较下是细项。所以b）in particular是正解。

3. [A] sufficient         [B] famous         [C] perfect         [D] necessary
考词汇：形容词。会觉得这句不好读吗？如果把杂讯遮住会不会好一点：把linked to a kind of longer-term thinking和future investments先放在脑后，再重看句子。Happiness is a）sufficient，足够了，b）famous，很有名，c）完美，还是d）重要的。在回答前先把刚刚放在脑后的放回来；快乐感对能过下对未来投资决定的长期思考方式很（答案），哪个选项比较适合呢？只有d）necessary能让句子通顺。有些同学可能质疑a），足够，也可以，但放在作者的角度，他必须在例举happiness之外的理由才能让它成立。但作者在这句就划下句点，所以不要选a），sufficient。

4. [A] individualism         [B] modernism         [C] optimism                 [D] realism
考单词量。这种if的假设句还是一个完整的句子；要主语和谓语。刚好主语是4的答案，而谓语是5的答案，两个是大有关联的。我们先看主语：主语被连接词and连贯，至少知道and前后是有关联的。Inclination是嗜好、爱好、倾向的意思；in-是往那边，-clin-是倾斜，-tion名词。研究考试编考员真是体贴，原文本来用的是proclivity,负面名词，癖好，改成了inclination，正面名词，爱好。那是在说什么样的嗜好、趋势呢？就是后面的‘开心的人敢于冒高凤险投资’的趋势，这也难怪原文用负面的proclivity，外国人就是爱冒险，不像老子（李耳，道德经）的不入险地。这题的问题来了：为什么开心的人敢冒这险呢？是a）个人主义作祟，b）现代主义，c）乐观，还是d）现实主义；明显的是c）乐观，所以敢投资。a）个人主义是八杆子都打不到关系，所以不要选；b）老实说，我不知道什么是modernism,我知道是想要变得更像现代人，但谁能告诉我现代人如何作为呢？小清新吗？白骨精吗？过劳死吗？穿着西装领带去Starbucks喝咖啡吗？我不纠结了，反正不要选怪怪的选项。d）现实主义的人是只做有把握的事，务实的人，而这种人是不会放胆投资的。所以只有c)optimism是答案。

5. [A] echo         [B] miss         [C] spoil         [D] change
续上题，动词什么的the way companies invested,以前公司的投资方式，也就是realism，保守派，的投资方式。a）echo是回声，也是响应的意思；b）miss，怀念；c）spoil是糟蹋；d）change，改变。续上题，乐观的人是不会a）响应或b）怀念以前陈旧作风。c）浪费也说不过去；最有可能的是d）改变以前的做法。

6. [A] imagined         [B] measured         [C] invented         [D] assumed
考单词量。…compare…happiness。要如何比较开心指标呢？必须要随机访问、记录、统计、总结等步骤。我们来看看选项中哪个符合：a）想像出来的，b）测量或记录的，c）投资的，d）假设的。a）和d）最好做实验可以随空想像、瞎掰出来，还可以申请研究费，写假报告，最后还出版成为假文献。等着坐牢吧！c）的投资也说不通，要不哪个人给我说说投资开心的利息怎么算。没什么悬念，b）量化的测量记录的结果。

7. [A] Sure         [B] Odd         [C] Unfortunate         [D] Often
考起始句题型。是副词片语，当副词（助动词）看待，也会给例子。这种题型从它的前后句是同义还是反义会比较好下手。上句说的是正面乐观的人约敢于投资，下句表明投资和快乐指数是呈正比（correlate)；下句是上句的支持点。看选项：a）Sure enough,是certainly,undoubtedly,unquestionably的同义词，没有疑问、肯定的意思；例句：You are a catch.  Sure enough you will find someone.你条件很好，一定会找到对象的。b）Odd enough，的确美剧里有人这样说，但正确地是Oddly enough,是strangely,actually,funnily enough的同义词，就是实际上、奇怪的是；例句：I saw John.  Oddly enough, I was thinking I’ve not seen him for a long time.我刚刚看到John了，巧的是我正纳闷好久没见到他了。c)和d）enough没有强烈修饰前缀的作用，所以c）Unfortunate enough,是更不幸的是；例句：he was unfortunate enough to be caught.太惨了，他做坏事被抓了。d）often enough，往往；例句：A lie told often enough becomes truth.谎言说久了就是真的。跟上下句一起看，选项a）sure enough是最符合的。b）的用法需要上下句不同、反义，所以不对。c）没什么不幸的，毕竟下句是支持上句；也不对。使用d）often的情况下会在firms前加some，部分的，或most，大部分的；毕竟不是100％发生，只是偶尔、常常。

8. [A] advertised         [B] divided         [C] overtaxed         [D] headquartered
考单词量。之前先弄懂they这个代名词是替代哪个名词，是替代firms，公司、组织；再想想firms会把R&D和大投资放在坐稳的大城市还是刚刚要大战略的新地盘呢？毛泽东国共战争输了逃到，抱歉，长征到陕西，为什么？因为地盘清楚人头熟。看选项：a）advertise是推销、广告，b）divide是分家、划分；可以跟David联想，因为David喜欢闹分家。c）overtax是多付税；d）headquarter是做为基地、扎根的意思。里面只有d）headquartered是对的。不是c）的理由是因为R&D很花钱，如果在一个赋税高的城市往往要增加开销，不是公司高层会下的决定，股东会的大股东也不会让这种事发生；损己利人不是无祖国的商人会做的事。

9. [A] explain         [B] overstate                 [C] summarize         [D] emphasize
考单词量。不要被长句子吓到，能分就分，能简化就简化。Or这个连接词前面是作者问读者‘投资真的是和happiness完全相关的吗’，后面的句子能如何简化呢？‘Can others explain why?有其他解释这现象的理由吗？’选项中刚好有a）explain。所以a）是对的。b）overstate猜猜什么意思；over-是超过，state是证明，over-state是过度强调、或者夸大。c）summarize是总结的意思；它的名词是summary，摘要、大意。d）emphasize是强调，也就是要重复说三次、荧光笔划到干、铅笔圈到穿的意思。

10.[A] stages         [B] factors         [C] levels         [D] methods
考单词量。这篇目前好多考单词的题目，单词量有点紧张的同学最好在字首、字尾这块下手。一样简化这句字：(In order) to find out, researchers controlled (答案)；re-是重复，search是找寻，－er是人员；re-search-er，需要日复一日重复同样找寻答案的人就是研究员；你们也日复一日寻找对的考题选项答案也是为了某日进研究院成为他们的一员而做准备。研究员在实验能control，控制，的什么呢？作者在句子的后端举例：size，industry，sales；分别为公司大小、公司类型和销售情况。这些是b）factors，因素。Fact是事实，-or跟-er是同样意思：人员。Fact-or是操纵事实的人员或影响事实的东西，也是因素。a）stage是步骤或阶段；c）level，程度；d）methods，手段或方法。作者举例的三个是不同的东西，更a、b、c难以牵上关系；跟影响实验的可控因素符合，所以b）factors是对的。

11.[A] desirable         [B] sociable         [C] reputable         [D] reliable
考单词量。后面字尾全是-able，跟-ble,-ible相同，有能力的，形容词。a）desir-able,desire是吸引的意思，desirable是有没有吸引能力、够不够吸引；social是人与人的关系、社交的意思，所以b）soci-able是够不够友善；reputed是名声好的，c）reput-able是够不够有名；rely是依赖，d）reli-able是能不能依靠。选项看完了，老方法，简化句子，发现不能再简化了，句子已经够短，这是好事。句子后面的例子：wage，薪水，和population，人口，是影响一个地点‘够不够吸引’人来居住的因素，所以答案是a）desirable。这样好了，如果还不懂我们可以来举例子看合不合理；新西兰是全球最友善的国家，偏地牧场，最近的邻居家需要开半个小时的车。开心吗？万里长城，中国因为它在全世界出名，有人会因为仰慕万里长城而到中国开心的居住吗？长城上吹风、溜滑梯吗？我只知道一个人可不可信需要那些条件，一个地方赢得人的信任条件我还真不知道，反正被查水表不是其中之一。最后，能不能吸引人的主要条件就是薪水和工作条件，而工作机会和人口数量呈正比。说的通，所以a）desirable是答案。

12.[A] resumed         [B] held         [C]emerged         [D] broke
关键字是link，连接。当我看到link我会联想到曹操被烧掉胡子的赤壁之战，连环船是被铁链连接起来的，ships were linked together.而连接点不是b）held，坚持住，就是d）broke，断裂。看关键字：even after accounting those things，在丢了这么多东西后，锁链依旧b）没断，还是d）断了合理？b）held是正确答案；加了这么多额外的东西，做了多余的考量后它俩的关系还是这么铁。

13.[A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare
考单词量。which这个代名词是替代这段落开始句，所以先看看一下它说了什么，主谓宾：主词‘The correlation’两者的关系；谓语是be动词，is；没有宾语，但表语的strong in younger generation,年轻一辈尤其明显。Strong是多义词，不要只认为它只有强壮的意思。例句：Body odor(体味) is strong,这里strong是浓臭的意思。再看后面有框起来的话，“”，里面看不懂没关系，但作者是把前后绑在一起的。既然是绑再一起就不可能是c）transfer，转变为、运输到，也不是d）compare，比较，再看b）assign是把责任给、分派给；文法上可以，但逻辑不通。句子前段是作者整篇重点；试问谁能把整家公司给外派出去？当然只能外派部分而且是小部分部门，核心部门是不可能让出的。剩下选型a）attribute，归功于、属于谁；现在看不管“”里面是正面还是负面意义；正面意义的话，公司这样都要‘归功’于它；负面意义的话，公司会这样都要‘怪’它。所以答案是a）attribute。看一下“”里面的词：关键词是codified。字有个cod-,像不像code，密码、编码、乱码。Code是名词，cod-ify是编码的动作。less codified也不知道是好是坏；说好，它容易被破解；说坏，别的工程师看不懂。我会翻译：不会犹豫不决的下决定。

14.[A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced
考同义词。记得江泽民97年对香港记者说了什么，‘Too young, too naïve.’，太年轻，太天真。先看选项：a）serious，正经，b）civilized，文明，c）ambitious，野心，d）experienced，但前面有个less，缺乏、较少；较少以上什么跟young相关，是年轻不正经、年轻不文明、年轻没野心还是年轻没经验？谁说年轻就是疯疯癫癫，年轻老成的大有人在；年轻就不文明吗？难道老了就不会随地丢垃圾，不会开车乱按喇叭？野心比较难说，但跟下棋一样：少年不出名难成国手，许多知名CEO都是年少有成。答案是d）experienced；经验是需要慢慢累计。

15.[A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never
考连接词。这段落前面用了strong，这句又用一次strong；答案够明显了吧，用同义连接词：and, also, thus, hence, next, likewise, indeed, besides, anyway, then, therefore…。答案不是a）thus，就是c）also。但是thus、hence、therefore、nonetheless这类同义连接词不能放在句子的中间。所以答案是c），also。

16.[A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally
这个…考逻辑？关键词是spread，散布、散发。看到这个字我会联想在烤热的土司上抹上果酱或黄油，spread butter（黄油）evenly on toasts。Evenly，均匀的，跟d）equally，同等厚度的，是同义词，所以我会看也不看就选d）作为答案。选项b）regularly和c）directly是很少跟spread应用在一起的。Spread regularly是要常常抹、经常要散布的；spread directly是直接抹在。不用的原因是没有东西是要经年累月定时抹上、散布的，也几乎没有spread indirectly，间接传播、抹上的东西。a）rapidly当然是可以用的，但不是选项，因为happiness不是短时间能够传遍一个地区的。不过disease，疾病，flu，流感，gas，毒气，和rumor，八卦绯闻，是可以spread rapidly。

17.[A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since
考状语句首。这类的状语从句包括：before, after, until, since, while, 和when。没把握的人可以好好复习。a）after是事件A后，事件B发生了；而事件A和B只有时间上的关联；例句：After I eat, I’ll study.我吃了饭后，就要去读书。b）until是直到事件A发生，事件B成立或发生；事件A和B有相关性；举例：Until I met her, I was nothing.我以前一直觉得自己像行尸走肉似的，直到我认识了她。c）while是事件A发生的同时，事件B发生；事件A和B只有时间上的关联：同时；例句：While I sleep, you study.我睡觉的时候，你依旧读书。d）since是事件A发生导致事件B发生或成立；事件A和B是因果关系；举例：Since you work so hard, let me help.看在你努力的份上，我来帮个忙吧。看句子，事件A是上述观点无法证明快乐跟高投资有关，事件B是作者相信这个可能性。选项一个个看过，发现只有c）while能用，所以c）是正确答案。

18.[A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes
考单词量。续上题，把主语author，作者，和宾语possibility，可能性,我在上题解释用了作者‘相信’这个可能性，但选项没有相信，believes，这个选项，再说，谁说我一定是对的？看看选项中有哪些能用：a）达到，b）不假思考的选择，c）提示，和d）灵机一动。先说a）arrive不会跟possibility连起来用；能跟conclusion，结论，并用。例句：I’ve arrived to this conclusion,苦思冥想后我得到这个结论。b）jump，和arrive一样，跟conclusion一起用。例句：he jumped to this conclusion,他靠直觉决定了。d）strike这个字，可能出题者没有其它字可用了，无法跟possibility和conclusion一起用，甚至我联想不到有什么能跟strike用的名词。答案是c）hints，目前没有证据能证明但作者还是提示有这个可能性。

19.[A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share
考单词量。关键词划好就没难度，关键词：culture and sentiment选一个来用就好，和think，我的简化句是culture （答案） future thinking／idea。选项a）shape是巩固、塑造，b）re-dis-cover是重新发现、再次挖掘，c）simpl-ify是简单化、单纯化，d）share是分享、共用，不是太难，答案是a）shape。每个国家的想法不同可能跟他们的传统文化有关：经历过大饥荒的国家就为了进食、生存，筛除了弱者基因变得激进、野蛮、强硬。达尔文的适者生存法则。

20.[A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out
考常见短句，所谓的俚语。最后一句话是总结作者的观点。从头到尾作者觉得乐天派用于投资，尤其是大公司会在R&D,research and development,上砸大钱，这个‘趋势’或‘倾向’的单词在第4题有用过：inclination，in-是往那边，-clin-是倾斜的意思；选项中也有个单字是‘倾靠’的英文：lean。b）lean toward是倾向于…那方。例句：Tom is leaning toward her.Tom可以是1、生理的：往她身上靠，2、心理的：更同意她的选择或决定，或3、爱情的：两个女人中选择她做为伴侣。a)pray for是祈求、祝愿或祷告。例句：He prays for grad-school entry.他祈祷能进硕士班。c）give away是大放送、免费给或泄底的意思。例句：he is giving away books.他在免费发赠书；you gave away my location,你把我所在地告诉他人了。d）send out是派遣、发送出；例句：it was sent out a week ago.一周前（某人）就（把它）送出去了。时间不够的同学只能自求多福，不要出太多的俚语，因为俚语变数太大：可以很简单也可以很难。Pray for less idioms in the test.希望不要有太多的俚语考题。

Section II
Part A
Text1
1   It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.  Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.
2   However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial.  When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses.  It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal.  Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.
3   Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.
4   The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change.  The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor.  For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.
5   The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.  Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.  But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.
6   Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.  But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.  These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives.  The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.

21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.
   A. complete future job training
   B. remodel the way of thinking
   C. formulate logical hypotheses
   D. perfect artwork production
Hold不只是握住、坚持住，在这问题里它是维持后面从句说明的想法，而这个想法是Early exposure，越早接触，到电脑科学的人越如何。到第2段落第1句，‘…early exposure is beneficial.’，我们在这一段下手；关键在第3句，“…transform their thought process…”，作者基本上是说越早学越容易，而thought process是处理思想、记忆的，与thinking大有关系。Transform这个动词如果能记住电影变形金刚，transformer，每次它们变形时喊的‘Transform’就是变形的意思， 变成不一样的形态，也是remodel，重新整理。答案是B。
22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.
   A. experience
   B. academic backgrounds
   C. career prospects
   D. interest
跟着Flatiron找到第4段落的Flatiron school，所以我们在这一段下手，而这一段作者借用了Friedman说的一词‘we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,’我们试着从学生喜爱的兴趣上下手让他们觉得课程有趣。答案也出来了，Flatiron会从D）interest下功夫。
23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.
   A. help students learn other computer languages
   B. have to be upgraded when new technologies come
   C. need improving when students look for jobs
   D. enable students to make big quick money
问题文Seehorn这人决的在Flatiron school学到的技能,learned skills如何，我们先看选项好了，a）帮助学生学习其它computer languages，电脑语言；b）当接触到新科技是必须更上一层楼，upgrade；c）当学生找工作时必须更精进，improving；d）让学生赚大钱，make big money。我们在第5段落找到Seehorn的名字；第3句“But the skill they learn…apply to any coding language…”,coding的原型是code，密码、程序。A是理所当然的答案。没有提到new technologies,新技术，或money或jobs。作者在第5段落说的是电脑语言淘汰率很高；他们在学校学得语言可能在他们毕业时就马上变得旧世代的电脑语言，但Seehorn认为学校不只是教电脑知识，还教逻辑－思考－处理的不过时的技术。
24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.
   A. compete with a future army of programmers
   B. stay longer in the information technology industry
   C. become better prepared for the digitalized world
   D. bring forth innovative computer technologies
马上看最后一段落，last paragraph。前两句就好，作者不认为所有学生都会走上IT产业，Flatiron也不是在训练一批电脑程序员。这基本上就否定了选项a）训练未来程序员，b）IT产业中生存下去，和d）发展未来电脑科技。答案只剩下C，让他们（学生）适应体重计跟冰箱、冰箱跟空调对话的数码生活。
25. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.
   A. challenge
   B. persuade
   C. frighten
   D. misguide
这种同义词的考题首先找到这句，“…how to coax the machine into producing what they want…”,coax不懂什么意思没关系，选项要知道。A）challenge，挑战，B）per-suade，说服，c）fright-en,吓、恐吓，D）mis-guide；mis-是反的、错误的，guide是领导、指挥；错误的指挥是误导,misguide，的意思。个别替换coax看看哪个对就好了：‘如何（答案）机器做它们想要的事’。答案事B，persuade，说服。


Text2
1   Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.  But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.
2   The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service （USFWS）decided to formally list the bird as threatened.  “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.  Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed.  They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.  But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches.  In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.
3   Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.  Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat.  The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat.  USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress.  Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，” Ashe said.
4   Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric.  Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court.  Not surprisingly, doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____
   [A]its drastically decreased population
   [B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage
   [C]a desperate appeal from some biologists
   [D]the insistence of private landowners
推理题。lesser prairie 是指lesser prairie chickens，田野鸡；as threatened是被威胁的意思。问题问把田野鸡纳入濒危动物（未到濒临绝种动物）行列的重要原因是？第1段落就有答案：原本2millions，现在22，000。数量的剧烈减少；答案是A），drastically，剧烈的，decreased population，数量的减少。但这题不用看文章就可以找出答案，世界上是如何归纳濒临绝种动物的，例如熊猫？就是凭数量。Population是人口的意思，但英文用在动物上面是指动物的总数。
27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____
   [A]was a give-in to governmental pressure
   [B]would involve fewer agencies in action
   [C]granted less federal regulatory power
   [D]went against conservation policies
大海捞针题型。做题之前先继续前题的话题，濒临绝种动物＝endangered，濒危动物＝threatened。Okay，问题问把田野鸡绑上‘threatened’tag，濒危的标签，后让许多environmentalists，环境保护团体的人，disappointed，失望的原因。我们按照问题进度看到第2段落第3句‘Some environmentalist…were disappointed.’,而后面两句就是解释为什么失望的理由：主要跟federal，联邦，action\regulation\official的权利。联邦在濒临绝种动物上有更多的权利，而濒危动物上是有flexibility，弹性的。所以C，濒危动物收到联邦政府较小的保护，是答案。Grant是上位对下位的给予，赏赐；例句：I grant you 3 wishes. 我可以实现你3个愿望。
28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____
   [A]agree to pay a sum for compensation
   [B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat
   [C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job
   [D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations
同义词题型。这篇文章较多单词，单词量少的同学可能会比较吃亏。一样，拆字是王道：unintentional拆开是un-intent-ion-al。un-这个字首和dis-,non-一样，都是反的、不是；intent是动词，故意的；-tion-是名词的结尾，而-al是形容词的结尾。所以，unintentional是不是故意的，无意的意思。Harm是伤害，doer是do-=做，-er＝人员；harm-doer是实施伤害的人。Prosecute是被法律处理，走法律程序管道。Unintentional harm doer是无意的人，被害者是可怜的濒危田园鸡；问题问：人在杀害田园鸡唯一不被法律制裁的条件是？我们到第3段落找；第1句后半段‘…unintentional killing, harm, and distub…’,关键词“as long as”,只要，跟问题中的‘if’是同义词。而as long as后面是signed a range-wide management plan，一个签定田野鸡农场管理计划，这句话里没有我们要找的答案；只知道这个计划，而它的细节在下一句。关键词是fund，基金。换句话说，只要付钱就不会收到法律的处罚。看选项：A）pay a sum，付一笔金额，for compensation，是处罚、慰问；B）voluteer，做义工，to set up a habitat,居住环境；C）offer，提供，to support a monitoring，监督，job；D）raise funds，收集捐募款，for operations。为什么不是D呢？因为raise funds是参加捐募款的活动或运动，但不代表一定是自己有捐款；可能只是提供劳力，volunteer，或提供地方而已。而段落中要求参加计划是要具体付钱，所以A是答案。
29.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in______
   [A]the federal government
   [B]the wildlife agencies
   [C]the landowners
   [D]the states
大海捞针题型。leading role是男一号或女一号的意思。问题问：谁负责管理濒危的田野鸡？不要被这汪洋吞没，顺着题目的顺序来到第三段落最后一句，刚好有我们在找的‘managing the species’和‘Ashe’，只是leading role改成了driver seat。这是比喻词：在舞台、电视剧中，leading roles是它的灵魂；开车子时，谁坐在driver seat上决定车的去向。所以他们是同义词，都是‘Who’s the Boss’，谁做主。答案就是作者在这一段框起来的词， “States”，政府。针找到了，是D。顺便一提，states指的是地方政府，federal是联邦政府。FBI的F就federal。
30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______
   [A]industry groups
   [B]the win-win rhetoric
   [C]environmental groups
   [D]the plan under challenge
比起大海捞针题型更像逻辑题。Support是支持的意思。我们在第4段落最后一句找到Jay Lininger的名字，和他说的一句话，自然答案就在里面。他话中充满了对联邦政府的不满，‘联邦政府要这些靠猎杀田园鸡的企业当球员兼裁判。’；明显是不support联邦政府的B）win-win rhetoric和A）industry groups，也不像支持D）the plan，就是付钱就可以无意杀害田野鸡的基金计划，只剩下C这个选项。

Text 3
1   That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché.  But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read.
2   What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient.  The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times”.  But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work.  Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.  The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”.  Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time, which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
3   In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem.  Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.  Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting.  Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.  “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes）as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”.  No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
4   So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading.  You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”.  You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers.  “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too - providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.  On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because…
   [A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind
   [B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
   [C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them
   [D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed
大海捞针题型。Time-management是时间管理，就是做出每日挤出的时间的计划。作者主要讨论能不能把时间节省出来做为每日看书、充实自己。Time-management在第2段落第1句看到，‘doesn’t work’，没用，和‘not sufficient’，不够，是同义词，所以答案在这句的后面；关键词是‘flywheel of work-related thoughts spinning’,‘so exhausted’分别为都是工作相关的事直在脑海中转，过度疲惫。并没有说到A）ease modern mind，缓解现代人的思绪；B）challenging books，有深度的书。第2段落的确有提到想省出一点每天读书的方法事随身拿本书，但人们还是无法做到每天看书不是因为C）forget carrying a book，忘了随身带书。答案是D）deep reading，做看书时能做深度的理解。
32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to…
   [A] update their to-do lists
   [B] make passing time fulfilling
   [C] carry their plans through
   [D] pursue carefree reading
大海捞针题型。Empty bottles我们在第3段落中第5句“The future comes at us…”，metaphor是比喻的意思；我们只要读懂他说的比喻就可以得出答案。Conveyor belt是工厂中的传输带，比喻未来跟永无止境的运输带上的空瓶子，必须要装满饮料，要不然就浪费了。这比喻跟选项中的哪个比较合适呢？a）更新‘待办事项’清单，b）不要浪费时间，c）完成计划，d）悠闲的看书。其中fulfilling和 not wasted在时间上是同义词，所以B）是正确选项。
33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps…
   [A] encourage the efficiency mind-set
   [B] develop online reading habits
   [C] promote ritualistic reading
   [D] achieve immersive reading
逻辑题型。顺着问题找到‘schedule regular times for reading’是在第4段落的第2句。注意，第4段落中的ritualistic behaviour指的是Eberle的每天安排规定时间看书规律到每天要上香、祈求佛祖让考研顺利似的，而选项C中的ritualistic reading是字面上的读金刚经、圣经；C是错误选项，不要被骗了。关键字是Eberle说的‘Soul Time’，这比喻者之前说的deep reading，也是D）immersive reading的意思；deep是有深度的，immersive是把自己投入书中，自己变成主角。其它选项虽然有提到，但都是不着重点的擦边球。答案是D。
34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if…
   [A] reading becomes your primary business of the day
   [B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with
   [C] you are able to drop back to business after reading
   [D] time can be evenly split for reading and business
大海捞针题型。一样在第4段落找。第5句“Carrying a book with you…”。这里就是我跟网上答案不一样的地方：第5句也是比喻，就好像读书是在潜水，而日常工作是浮出水面吸口气，尽快回到水中去的准备。网上答案选择A），读书是日常的主要工作，可是这也可以是在做图书馆员、主编、翻译、审稿者的工作，但我觉得B才是正确答案；promptly是迅速的，日常工作能迅速有有理的处理完，这样才能回去做deep reading：浮出水面，确定吸足一口气，迅速的回到水面下；temporarily很符合promptly。Drop back是快速的回去，比go back更有时间短促的作用。所以C）是从看书中能快速的回到工作状态，不是作者的概念。D）读书、工作各一半，作者也没提到这一点。
35. The best title for this text could be…
   [A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading
   [B] How to Find Time to Read
   [C] How to Set Reading Goals
   [D] How to Read Extensively
出现考题的大魔王了，找文章标题题型。这种题还是要分析每个段落的大意。第1段落：作者认为现代人没时间看书；第2段落：作者认为光挤出时间看书不够；第3段落：给出挤出时间不够的理由；第4段落：作者给出方法。首先，先做删去法，A）easy reading，兴趣阅读，和C）reading goals，阅读目标，这两个选项是不注重的，而B）find time to read在第2段落被否定了：找出时间不是难事，但无法做出深度的阅读。所以，答案，用删去法我们得到，D是正确的。证据是关键词‘fulfilling’‘deep’‘immersive’等。

Text 4
1   Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.
2   Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties.  But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.
3   Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.
4   From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.
5   Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.  While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.
6   Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.  Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.  Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.”  Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.  “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”

36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.
   [A] trying out different lifestyles
   [B] having a family with children
   [C] working beyond retirement age
   [D] setting up a profitable business
大海捞针题型。沿着问题的关键词‘generation’和‘successful life’在第2找到四种人生目标：getting married, having children, owning a house,和retiring in their sixties,分别是结婚，生子，有房和六十多岁时退休。选项B提到了其中两个，理所当然的事答案。A）不同生活方式和D）成功的事业对不对还不晓得，C）延退是绝对错的。
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ____.
   [A] favor a slower life pace
   [B] hold an occupation longer
   [C] attach importance to pre-marital finance
   [D] give priority to childcare outside the home
大海捞针题型。就是第3段落中的细项第一个：常换工作，第二个：公共设施要足，第三个：生活快速化，第四个：婚前男女财政自主，和第四个：双薪父母照顾小孩的能力，和选项符合的只有C）婚前财务的重要性。Pre-marital是婚前的单字，before marriage是婚前的白话单词；两者是一样的。Pre¬者字首是之前的意思，例子：pre-vious episode或pre-vious-ly都是看美剧时的前集提要；填文件时marital status是婚姻状况,可以填single，单身，married，已婚，divorced，离婚…
38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ____.
   [A] become increasingly clear
   [B] focus on materialistic issues
   [C] depend largely on political preferences
   [D] reach almost all aspects of American life
大海捞针题型。Priorities，优先事项，和expectations，期望是关键词，我们在第4段落中间找到。答案就在后面，all aspects of American life，D是答案。
39. Both young and old agree that ____.
   [A] good-paying jobs are less available
   [B] the old made more life achievements
   [C] housing loans today are easy to obtain
   [D] getting established is harder for the young
大海捞针题型。第5段落开头“Young and old…”converge on one point是汇合到一个共识，也是agree的意思。这个共识是什么，就是后面youngs are getting harder to get started in life.年轻世代没以前这么好混。看选项：a）没这么多高薪职位，b）老一辈做到更多的成就，c）房贷更好申请，d）年轻人更难立足。Getting established是立足，建立形象、品牌，成名，或有成的意思。所以D是比较符合文章的两代共识。
40. Which of the following is true about Schneider？
   [A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.
   [B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.
   [C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.
   [D] He thinks his job as a technician is quite challenging.
是非判断题型。当然只剩下最后一段，第6段落要看，先找到Schneider，然后发现第6段是Schineider当家作主。先看选项，毕竟选项的字比较少。A）大学毕业就拿到金饭碗；dream job，不是梦里的工作，而是理想的工作。B）他父母认为兢兢业业的工作才会有成就；is a must是必要的意思，口语用词，书面的话会用necessary，essential等。C）他父母的成就与大学文凭无关；has little to do是没大关联。D）他认为技工的工作很有挑战性。回到文章看看哪个选项是真的。Struggle to find a job推翻了A这选项；他虽然目前有个steady job, 但没有证据支持选项B；他认为父母有个good life，他父母也没有college degree，C这选项是对的。既然都到最后了，也看看选项D吧。他对他目前的工作，auto technician，唯一的意见是薪水不够，所以没有办法应付monthly mortgage payment，每月房贷或车贷；没有提到challenging。所以D，B和A都是错的。C是正选。

Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).  There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.  Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

   [A]Be silly
   [B]Have fun
   [C]Express your emotions
   [D]Don't overthink it
   [E]Be easily pleased
   [F]Notice things
   [G]Ask for help

   As adults, it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results.  Yet children appear to have it down to an art - and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy.  Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively, and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.  Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.
   41.______________
   What does a child do when he's sad? He cries.  When he's angry?  He shouts.  Scared?  Probably a bit of both.  As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing.  But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones.  That's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.  What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then-again like children-move.
   42.____________
   A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.  It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it.  Too often we believe that a new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels.  Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.
   43.______________________
   Have you ever noticed how much children laugh?  If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection.  All of which, of course, have a positive effect on happiness levels.
   44.__________________
   The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with--- work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner.  But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.  Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?) -- it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.
   45.___________________
   Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.  Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness."  And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by-product of the way they live.

Subheading是副标题。它相应的随后的段落，所以我们只要能够总结段落，就可以找到合适的副标题。看段落的中心思想代表句，开始句和结尾句，就够了。有时当段落出现模棱两可的情况的确对选对答案比较难，这时用删去法会变的很实用。
  先看第2段落，相应的是41的答案。“What does a child do…”，前面说的是小孩对情感的反应很老实，最后一句，we这个代名词替代‘成人’，作者建议成年人也能和小孩一样，不要羞于表达。这样，41的答案就是express your emotions,表达你的感情。41是C。
  第3段落，相应42的答案。“A couple Christmas ago…”，开头给了个例子：作者在圣诞节给了他义女一个小礼物就开心了好久。最后一句建议我们应该对生活小事而注重、感到满足。满足也是be pleased，刚好是选项E：be easily pleased，要懂的容易满足。42是E。
  第4段落相应的是43。“Have you ever noticed…”，用问句开始，第1句很短，而关键词在第2句：‘silliness and giggling’；再看最后一句，All of which也是代名词，指的是当你做小孩子气的事情中生理的变化。当老莱子于彼此都有好处。A）be silly是43的答案。
  第5段落相应的事44。“The problem with being a grown up…”，grown up是成人，adult也是成人，不同点是grown up指的是成熟、18到40岁左右，adult指的年龄层更广：18到100岁。第1句是列举成年人的责任，第2句和第3句作者建议既然成年了就要做对自己想做但要有正面价值的事情。关键词是‘enjoyable’和‘social’‘sporting’‘creative’和‘not…negative’，这些也是fun stuff，有趣的事情，跟B）have fun符合。44的答案是B。
  45也是总结。“Having said all…”，第1句就有关键词：‘not try too hard to be happy’，不要一头栽进庄子的‘至乐 外传’中；快乐不是生活的目标，而是生活之中自然产生的。Don’t overthink it，别想太多。答案是D。

Section III
Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
   The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.  The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy.  And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.  The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.  The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.  According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.  After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.
又到了翻译题，7句。翻译只要直到主谓宾，不用字面的翻译，只要能顺溜分数就不会太低，我还是一句一句来。
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.
主词是主角，leading role又是driver（见29题），这里是‘supermarket’，超市；谓语是‘design’，设计；宾语是‘customers’，顾客。Lure是吸引，as much as possible是越多越好，之外应该都没难度的单字了。The supermarket is designed，被动语气，超市是被设计出来的；The supermarket is designed to lure customers,超市的目的是吸引顾客（做出什么行为）；into spending time，做出花费时间的行为；而句子的最后的顺序是地点，时间；within its doors，在超市中。这句话翻成：超市旨在让顾客在店里停留最长的时间。
The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy.
主词：‘reason’；谓语：‘is’；没有宾语。道理很简单。后面的不难：待越久，看越多商品；看越多，买越多。翻译：这现象的原因很简单：店里待越久，商品看得越多；东西看得越多，买得也多。
And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.
主语：‘supermarkets’；谓语‘contain’是包含；宾语：‘stuff’。这句很短，超市有许多得东西。
The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more.
主语；‘supermarket’；谓语‘carries’是有…商品的意思；宾语‘items’也是东西、商品。而and这个同义连接词又开始了另一句，主语‘many’这个代名词是许多超市，谓语又是‘carry’，宾语是隐藏得‘items’。According to是根据，Food marketing Institute是食品营销局。所以，这句是根据食品营销局的统计，超市的不同商品平均在四万四千件左右，许多大超市能达到近十万件。
The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.
主词是‘volume’，量；谓语is；宾语‘shoppers’。Sheer volume是指数量大到无法负荷的程度；State是洲，也是状态的意思；information overload是讯息爆炸。注意，overload不是overlord，君主，目前有名的日系轻小说。翻译成：如此众多不同商品的选择让顾客感到难以负荷。
According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.
又是according to，brain是脑部，scan是扫描，experiment是实验。开头是介词短语，没有谓语，所以不是完整的句子，也就不需要连接词。主词是demands，要求、需求；谓语是become；没有宾语。Decision是决定、决心；make a decision，decision making,和decide都是一个意思。脑部扫描的研究指出，如此大量的决定指令对脑部的负荷过重。
After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rational selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally – which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.
介词短语说明特定时间，主词是people，谓语是stop，因为连接词的关系，begin也是谓语。40分钟左右的购物后，大部分的人不再坚持用理性选择商品了，而变得冲动购物。后面的which修饰的是冲动购物的方式、后果或原因。Accumulate是累积；cart是四轮商场小推车，美式英文，而英式是trolly。记住：开的是car，玩的是card，推的是cart。后面翻译成：造成一半在手推车里的东西不是一开始要买的。

翻译到一段落。希望这2017年英文（二）讲解对你有帮助，下面Section IV的写作不支持。如果想要在写作上下功夫，建议自己练习；像写日记、日志、电影观后感想、城市景点、新闻等等进行练习。目标是暑假每天一篇，九月到十月一周一篇，十月后两周一篇坚持到考试。加油。
       

GeneTell

2017 英文（一）的讲解在下列网址
http://bbs.kaoyan.com/t8293437p1