英文阅读讲解

GeneTell

Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" __1__ helping you feel close and __2__ to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a __3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you __4__ getting sick this winter.
1. (a)Unlike         (b)Besides                (c)Despite                (d)Throughout
先看后面一句，it turns… 有主有谓，是一个完整的句子，没有连接词在前面，提示第一句不需要完整句型。‘helping you feel close’翻译成跟他人亲近（距离缩短），有正面意义，可以在句子上表个＋，而后面的连接词‘and’也表示‘__2__ to people you care about’也有振正面意义；也在它上面放个＋。重点来啦，后面那句 bring…benefit,带来好处／得益，也是正面，也放个＋。现在看选项，a）unlike 像‘but’，具有前后倒转词义；c）Despite也是像‘but’；就快乐的删除吧，没人会说话的。 d）Throughout是说明某事经过的时间内，有点关羽战秦琼的莫名其妙的选项，划掉划掉。剩下的b）Besides和同意连接词‘and’相似，是合适的选项。
2. (a)connected         (b)restricted        (c)equal                (d)inferior
上题说过，（helping you feel）__2__ to people you care about 是正面，＋，词义。好戏不拖蓬，看选项，b）restricted是受限制于，负面；d）inferior是低人一等，负面。当个人嘛，当然是要高人一等，super-ior,而非infer-ior,当个小白领也是想哪天升官到你super-visor,主管，的位置，是不是。c）equal to，可怜巴巴的感觉同等地位，也不是。剩下选项a）connected，连接在一起，可以是生理和心理上的链接哦。例句：Soul-mates are connected no matter how far they are apart.无论距离多远，真心的伴侣是永不分离的。送给两地恋的你们。
3. (a)choice         (b)view        (c)lesson        (d)host
选项要的是名词，而状语动词，bring，其实限制了选项：bring you a view(b)… 很绕口，通常会说bring you an insight of…，给你看…的一面；bring you a lesson(c)也是绕口。所谓尊师重道啊，要老师大老远的bring you a lesson，说的过去吗？？小心孔夫子梦里teach you a lesson，教训你一顿；bring you a choice of，bring choice不对，be choice的话就对了。例句：Eating right is a choice of health，选择吃对的东西是变健康的合理选择。host是宿主，主体的意思，而你的身体（body）和心理（mind）都属于你（host），这选项是对的。
4. (a)recall                 (b)forget                (c)avoid                (d)keep
embrace是hug的同义词（可以是主语或名词，动词或谓语），这里是主语，getting sick是生病呐！不好的事，放个-。刚刚在前面hug附近放了这么多＋难道是白放的吗？当然不是，我们来个负负得正，getting sick前放个负面的谓语不就得了。a）recall是好的，本来忘了的可是想起来了，好事，可惜不是我们要的选项；d）keep这种中立的选项也不对，keep就延续下去了，抱抱后居然继续病下去，劝你也别抱了。b）forget和c）avoid都是负面的，不能选择的情况下套用看看合不合理；forget getting sick，忘记自己病没病，不合理吧。准备考研的你能拖着鼻涕发着烧忘记自己生病？不可能吧，因为身体事诚实的；失恋了不管再难过肚子还是会锇。avoid getting sick，是病魔推散！的意思。顺便一提，keep away和avoid是一个意思。’An apple a day keeps doctors away.’每天吃一颗苹果就不会生病，是美国俚语，也是这篇文章的开头的第一句的出处。

希望对考研的你有帮助。

GeneTell

In a recent study __5__ over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs __6__ the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being __7__ to the virus.  People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come __8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9__ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging __10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. __11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12__ . 5. (a)collecting        (b)involving                (c)guiding                (d)affecting 开始句，不需要完整句子；只要有主语就好。这题跟科学有关所以假如你是理科的或者有看过国外文献，这题应该难不倒你。主要的是adult，成年人。a）collect，收集。小时候有同学收集银币，邮票，漫画，画册等等，那叫coin collection，stamp collection，comic collection, drawing collection… 长大了有人收集‘人’？！吓死人～ 这种‘沉默羔羊’文章是不会在考研中出现的。再来guide（c）和affect（d）分别为诱导（c）和影响（d），如果一个实验观察者需要引诱被观察者做非自愿的选择，这会是一个假实验，假成果；这是损毁诚信的。注意，affect是去施加影响（大部分以动词形式出现），而effect是被影响或效应（常为名词出现），不要搞错。刚刚说到实验，是需要被实验者的吧，不管是小白鼠，猪，黑猩猩，或人都可以是实验对象；b）involve是包含，在内的。…involving over 500 或 involving more than 500都是一个意思，实验对象超过500个。 6. (a)of        (b)in                (c)at                (d)on 这句是个长句子，先化繁为简：找出主谓宾。主语是researcher； search是寻找，re-search是反复寻找也是钻研，需要反复证实或需要反复寻找答案的是实验，re-search-er是实验人员，-er是人员的意思。谓（动词）是examined是仔细查验；考试，exam，就是从这个字的缩写（examination)。宾是the effect，上题说到为影响力或效应。现在麻烦找出连在effect后面的介词吧。出现在effect后面的介词很少，只有in（to）和on。先看in（b）：in后面连‘团体’；举例：…effect in minority，在少数人中有影响力。再看on（d）：on后面加某‘层次’上的东西；举例：…effect on patient’s symptoms,对病人症状的影响。patient’s symptoms和 participants' susceptibility刚好不谋而合。所以选on（d）。电影,Butterfly Effect,蝴蝶效应，不会被写成Effect of Butterfly。许多人误解of翻译成‘的’，其实不然。就像你可以骂人‘Son of a bitch’，但不可能骂别人是‘Bitch’s son’。Okay？ 7. (a)devoted        (b)exposed                (c)lost        (d)attracted 单纯考各位的单词量。…after后面可以连不完整句子；谓语可以省略掉。being（音：冰）和been（音：奔），being动名词的用法是在…状况下；virus是病毒。Computer virus，电脑病毒，是不是很棘手？那时你需要好的anti-virus，杀毒软件（anti-是反抗），来杀毒。Devote（a）是全心全意投入，常常与to连用；例句：devote oneself to family，把所有心思都放在家人身上。Expose（b）是曝晒，揭露，常常于to连用；例句：expose skin to UV light，紫外线下露者皮肤，才会有小麦色的皮肤是吧。Lost（c）偏向迷失的意思，同名美剧‘Lost’播了六年。Attract（d）吸引，有魅力的；例句：honey attracts bees，花蜜吸引蜜蜂。说某人很性感使用它形容词，attract-ive,适用与男性或女性。是全心全意在病毒（a），曝露在病毒的环境（b），迷失在病毒中（c）还是吸引病毒的情况下呢？ 8. (a)across        (b)along                (c)down                (d)out 英文单字get， go， come等等接着介词的动词短语很多，不好记忆，只能多做，多看。我们来看看come的动词短语：1）come out,出现；例句：The moon came out last night,昨晚能看到月亮。2)come around,回心转意；例句：he will come around if he thinks about it,他如果多想想会改变主意的。3)come down (with),病倒；I hope I don’t come down with a flu,希望不要被流感传染。4）come along,同行（音：形）；例句：why don’t you come along? 你也一起来好不好？5）come aross,遇到，寻觅出；例句：I’d came across this problem I can’t solve，我遇见了一个解决不了的难题。6）come up,意料之外的出现；例句：he can’t go because something has came up,出了点意外导致他不能去了。还有许多就不一一表述。 9. (a)calculated        (b)denied        (c)doubted                (d)imagined 表语从句。重要的字：主语，researchers，主要谓语是我们要找出来的，和about 32 percent（％）。拼拼凑凑的我们得到“实验者怎么（动词）大约32％”。Calculated（a），算出，是可以的吧；denied（b），强烈否定，也是可以的；doubted（c），是怀疑，但在文献中是强烈质疑到可以否定的地步，也是可行的；imagined（d）是空想出，不适用在文献上，可以删掉。4删1，还有3个选项，但deny（b）和doubt（c）都是负面意义的，基本上可以确定a）是唯一选项了，但我们可以大胆假设，要小心求证；假如要deny或doubt的话，后面会说明理由，毕竟是文献嘛，我们看看后面那句：…one…had less severe…,他／她的…比较缓和，不具有负面意义，放个＋在上面。看不出有deny或doubt的理由，所以选calculated，试验员统计出约32％…。 10.(a)served        (b)required        (c)restored        (d)explained 表语从句，有主语hugging，谓语是我们要找出来的。‘…hugging (答案) about 32% of that benefit effect’，对比下常拥抱的人群多出约32％不会生病，（答案）拥抱对人有益。适用的答案也只有explained（d）。 11. (a)Even        (b)Still        (c)Rather        (d)Thus 前面在比较不容易生病的统计数据，这边在说‘who got a cold’生病的人群，所以是一个转折或同义的升级。直接去掉Still（b），延续，和Thus（d），导致。太好了！直接提高到就算猜也有50％，但假如你是倒霉到95％也能猜错的我，你是不会猜的。Rather(c)开始一个句子的话Instead的意思，所以后面必须加一个‘逗号’，而且跟前面的句子完全相反的意义；例句：Our workers are fine.  Rather, the problem is poor management,我们员工层绝对没问提，问题是处在上层的差劲管理。所以Even（a）,甚至或更过，是对的选择。跟在even后面要完整的句子。例句：The test is easy.  Even a monkey can pass it. 考试很简单呐，只要准备充当，连只猴子都能过。 12. (a)defeats        (b)symptoms        (c)tests        (d)errors 名词从句。能不能找到其它代替the ones？用 the sicks如何，我们毕竟在说生病的人群中拥抱的影响（effect，非affect），是吧。‘the sicks had less severe （答案）’，生病的人有比较缓和的（答案）。这题是考单词量，但不知道也没关系，我们看比较简单的能不能是答案。test（c），考试，有听过小考但从没听过比较缓和的考试，再说，病人的缓和考试，什么东东？errors（d），错误，病人缓和的错误是什么，没事逛医院吗？也是莫名其妙；defeats（a），失败或打击，生病是人生的小挫折没错，但好像怪怪的，中文还可以勉强解释，但英文不通。剩symptoms（b），病情症状，病人能缓和症状，能通。Symptoms这字不好记，我能联想到的是美国动画‘the Simpsons’，辛普森一家，每个人都皮肤焦黄，得重肝病似的，就能把symptoms和sick联想在一起了。  希望对考研的你有帮助。

GeneTell

"Hugging protects people who are under stress from the __13__ risk for colds that's usually __14__ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15__ the feeling that others are there to help __16__ difficulty."
Some experts __17__ the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" __18__ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it __19__ in the brain, where it __20__ mood, behavior and physiology.
13. (a)minimized        (b)highlighted        (c)controlled        (d)increased
两个宾语从句夹在其中，把长句简化得技巧是跳过宾语从句：Huggings protect people from __13__ risk.  不熟悉得单词可能是risk，危机。A保护B，这句字看懂了后，我们把from这个介词加进去；from不表示‘在…之中’，而是‘与…分离／远离’的意思。所以A protects B from…是A让B不受到…的威胁。From后面连接的是糟糕透顶的事，所以答案我们来选一个最坏的。a）minimized是最少的，最小化； 反义词是maximized，最大化。b）highlighted是被标记的，让它突出的，high-light具体为强烈的灯光打在黑暗的舞台上，让主角突出的意思；你手上用做标记重要句子的荧光笔，不管是黄的绿的粉的还是橘的，英文它叫high-light-er。c)controlled,控制之下，能操作的；d）increased，增加的；反之为de-creased,不要跟de-ceased,去世,和dis-eased,生病的搞混。Risk本来就负面词，放个-,哪个是‘最不好’的选项呢？a）最少的危机，b）被标志出的危机，既然都被放上‘注意！’，就有应对方式，c）已在控制之下的危机，还是d）逐步增加的危机。
14. (a)equipped        (b)associated        (c)presented        (d)compared
靠单词量突破。cold是主角，那…with stress是修饰主角的。考研的你随着日子的流逝一定觉得很焦虑，焦虑就是stress；不管你是男是女，出门要穿哪一套衣服，dress，还是女朋友试穿哪一套洋装，dress，出来后要说什么呢,也是很st-ress-ful。长期焦虑导致抵抗力下降，抵抗力下降被病毒细菌乘虚而入又导致生病；就是这句的意思。‘跟焦虑有关的疾病’，有关就是b）associated，相关性。
15. (a)assess        (b)moderate        (c)generate        (d)record
简单化这句子：hugging…helps __15__ feelings。还记得小时候和同学吵架打架后不管还有没有怨气，老师或是小班长都会叫两人如何和好吗？握握手是吧。长大后，好久不见的老朋友还是不熟的两人一见面的一个拥抱，从前的大小往事都涌上来。这种feeling是被generate，产生或激发，出来的。所以c）generate。也许你觉得b）moderate也是选项，moderate是在原本就有的情况下再加修饰的；我们进一步把这句看完：the feeling that others are there to help。本来都绝望了，没想到有人突然站出来帮忙了，这种感觉是从无到有的c）generate还是能被修饰的b）moderate呢？是c），generate，雪中送炭，不是锦上添花的b）moderate。
16. (a)in the face of        (b)in the form of        (c)in the way of        (d)in the name of
考惯用短句。来看face，和谁或什么面对面，face to face；例句：I laugh in the face of danger,危险？！我喷它一脸盐汽水。Form，形式；例句：the test is in the form of truth and false,考试的方式是以是非题的形式进行的。Way，方法或途径，或那一方面；例句：He doesn’t have much in the way of education,他没受过多少教育，或，他没读过多少书 （千万不要翻成‘他没有什么教育的方式’，就从半文盲变成老师啦）。…in the name of 后面接专有名词或著名人物，代表‘以…的名义’；例句：stop! In the name of God. 看在老天的份上，住手！。这题答案是a)in the face of difficulty, 面对困难时挺身而出的朋友的支持感，跟真心拥抱给予支持的感觉是一样的。
17. (a)transfer        (b)commit        (c)attribute        (d)return
一样简化它：experts（主语）__17__ hugs’ benefits(宾语) to oxytocin，至于oxytocin是什么，只要知道它是hormone，荷尔蒙或激素。“之前说了这么多hugs’好处，专家__17__于激素”，不是文科班出身的我只能想得到‘归功’；a）transfer是调度或转换，同时它也是换乘；transfer funds，转账；transfer to subway／metro，换乘地铁。b）commit，下定决心。d）return，归还。答案是c）attribute，归功于或属于某人／物。
18. (a)because        (b)unless        (c)though        (d)until
考连接词。a）because，因为；b）unless，除非…（条件）；c）though，尽管…(反面的事件或事实)；d）until，直到…(事件发生)。连接的上句是：‘专家把拥抱的好处归功于oxytocin’，下句是：‘oxytocin促进人际关系上的贴近。’下句是一个事实，所以用现在一般式：promotes；这就除去b）unless，c）though，和d）until。只剩下a）because。
19. (a)emerges        (b)vanishes        (c)remains        (d)decreases
因为用反义连接词But开头，保险起见还是看它的上一句，并简化它：oxytocin is made in brain, and some is released into blood，部分在脑部制造的oxytocin随血液分布到全身。这句But some is __19__ in brain。另一部分呢？a）emerge,出现；不合理吧？工厂制造了冰箱，一部分被运走了，剩下的‘又出现’在工厂里？！b）vanish,消失；也不合理：已有一部分运走了，另一部分却莫名其妙消失了，后面必须有解释，但没有；而且两者都是从脑部运出，应该是用同义连接词，and／also，而非but。d）decrease，减少；这是因果，前后：一部分被运走了当然产地量就变少，应该用and，hence…等。回头看看c）remain，待在；翻译成：另一部分还留在脑部。这里But是因为解释oxytocin在脑部有作用，出乎专家意料外，或永远都会剩余一些。
20. (a)experiences        (b)combines        (c)justifies        (d)influences
继续上一题，脑中的激素__20__ 心情，mood, 行为，behavior, 和生理，and physiology；明显的主谓宾，而我们要找出合适的动词。主语很明显，所以我们从宾语下手：mood和behavior和physiology是什么：本来闷闷不乐的看了20分钟的喜剧就开心了，本来很亢奋的看了10分钟英文阅读就烦躁，以上就是mood；以前看流浪狗会同情他们，给他们东西吃，但自从被某只流浪狗反咬了一口后看到它们只想踢它们一脚，这就是行为；水喝的少就不会常上厕所，但喝多了就会跑勤快点，这就是生理。从文章上我们得知它们和激素有关，所以选项也只有d）influenes，影响。脑中的激素左右人类的情感，行为和生理变化。c)justifies有矫正，纠正，证明或合理化的意思；在这里不适用。例句：he tried to justify himself by…，他试着..把他的不正当行为合理化。

只是在US News 2016,Feb,3th, Stacey Colino执笔的文章，有兴趣可以阅读原文。“The Health Benefits of Hugging”
希望对你有帮助。

GeneTell

Text 1

First two hours, now three hours-this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.
Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.
Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real-past airport security nearly every time they tried.  Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago's O'Hare International.  It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become-but the lines are obvious.
Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.
There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.
It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.
The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.

阅读如果在左手边做一个行数的话会很方便读者，但打出来可能会因为文字处理的数量不同而变得乱七八糟，只好用‘小段’‘句’来处理，如果真的看不懂可以问问题，我会很乐意回答。
举例：这篇文章共7小段。第1小段第1句是“First two…”;第7小段第1句是“The TSA cannot…”。
其实我很喜欢阅读题，比较好分析，分数又高，错过了可惜。文章不用全部读完，单字也不用全部知道，能感受到作者的走向就可以得高分，又有点像侦探破谜题。
我们开始吧。

21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to
  [A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.
  [B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.
  [C] explain Americans' tolerance of current security checks.
  [D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection.
这种题目是大海捞针形，只要找到Egypt Air Flight804，然后看它前后句就能知道答案。对应到第2小段第2句。那么，804班机provides another reason of why。 another是另一个的意思，表示这是第二个理由了，那我们到前一句去找：美国人愿意乖乖等机场安检因为能保障他们飞行安全。in return for／of是交换，不管有形无形；time in return for flight safety：时间和安全都是无形的。 为了安全只好忍了，要不然Flight804被劫机然后空难的下场在他们乘坐的班机重现就惨了。忍：tolerate（动词）；忍耐力，tolerance（名词），所以c）是正确答案。a）stress可以是压力的意思，可是这里是强调的意思。
22. Which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?
  [A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.
  [B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.
  [C] An increase in the number of travelers.
  [D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.
也是大海捞针题，但我们虽然没有头绪也不要无头无脑，既然问题都在问long waits，花长时间等待，这种解释的段落不可能在第1小段：opening paragraph；然后第2小段上一题基本看完了，是在说忍受安检的理由，自然不在这里。我们从第3小段开始找，最后一句“-but the lines are obvious.”。long waits就是在排队等待，排‘队’美式英文是line，英式英文是queue；‘排队’或‘排好队’是get in line／queue；‘插队’是cut the line／queue。第3小段最后一句说“不过，后果就是大牌长龙。”，我们知道下一段，第4小段，就是这题的答案所在。第1句…steep increase in airline travel；steep是很陡，坡度增加很快，steep increase是暴增。什么暴增了，不是旅行的travelers就是货物。选项中只有c）符合。至于a）carry-on bags的确在第4小段中有提到：“Another factor…overpack carry-on bags…”,carry-on是随身小包／背包，但并没有对它设定restrictions，而是travelers怕托运行李过重被罚钱而把里面的东西塞到，over-pack，随身小包里；所以a）是错的。
23.The word "expedited" (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to
  [A] faster.
  [B] quieter.
  [C] wider.
  [D] cheaper.
找同义词。第5小段：‘There is one step the TSA…’第2句有个关键词：win-win；win说了两遍所以是双赢。旅客不用排队，机场不用担心有人炸飞机；双赢！结果就是一个有条件的‘expedited’ screening lanes，身份背景符合的旅客能排这个队；这样非isis怀疑对象的旅客能由这条队伍快速通过安检，而isis怀疑对象能排人数相对减少的原来安检队伍通关。每个人都同等安全的情况下比较快能进候机区，faster！答案只有a）。
24. One problem with the PreCheck program is
  [A] A dramatic reduction of its scale.
  [B] Its wrongly-directed implementation.
  [C] The government's reluctance to back it.
  [D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.
呈上一题第5小段介绍了PreCheck program是什么，也说明了好处，聪明的你猜第6小段要说什么？不是继续说它的好处就是说它的坏处,it’s problem。第5小段第1句结尾，sticker shock，如果知道是什么就可以直接选出答案，不知道的话我们找下一个提示，第3句‘…this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw.’,fatal是致命的，flaw是瑕疵，fatal flaw是要命的弱点；是一个problem吧？而跟主词price tag相关的就是d）unreasonable price，天价。Sticker shock是当你在某名牌实体店看到喜欢物件，摆弄的爱不释手的时候，突然手贱拿起它的price tag，标价牌，然后抽了一口凉气的恐慌状态，shock。
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
  [A] Less Screening for More Safety
  [B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution
  [C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines
  [D] Underused PreCheck Lanes
Best title就是要帮作者些个标题你会怎么写。能自问作者为什么要写这一小段，这样自然能找出作者的意图。第1小段：美国大机场的常见现象，第2小段：为什么会发生-旅客角度，第3小段：为什么会发生-机场安检角度，第4段：作者分析原因，第5小段：作者的解决方案-PreCheck program，第6小段：作者解决方案的问题，第7小段：作者的呼吁。a）作者在第2小段反驳掉了：美国人愿意用时间换取安全，b）在第7小段可见作者要机场安检重视precheck program，c）假如没有第5，6，7小段，这的确是答案，d）在第7小段确实出现过，但如果作者用这为标题，必须列举更多precheck program不好的理由和例子。所以，答案是b），be-late是迟到，缓缓而来；想成 Don’t BE LATE for your test,考试日不要睡过头哦！


Text 2
"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897.  Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.  Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.
At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.
Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.  Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.  Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.

26. Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates
   [A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.
   [B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.
   [C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.
   [D] her appreciation of star watchers' feats in her time.
Remark,作家的观点／评论，第1小段是作家想要让读者了解他的观感。第3句有个转折字，Sadly，可惜；所以头2句说夏威夷以前是如何看重天文学者，可惜！现在…今非昔比。作者表明：以前=重要；现在=差。Okay，看选项。a）conservative,陈旧做法；陈旧做法只会让科学／技术变差，但以前很厉害，所以不对。b）importance，重要，in ancient society，以前的世代。符合！c）decline，是变差或下降，的确变差了，但时间弄错：是现在差劲，不是以前，ancient。d）appreciation，正面词义，放个＋，是感谢；如果时间是过去的话那就是对的，不过时间是in her time，在作者的时代中，也是现在。
27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to
   [A] its geographical features
   [B] its protective surroundings.
   [C] its religious implications.
   [D] its existing infrastructure.
问题中的site，让我们知道Mauna Kea是地点，不是人名。这题是大海捞针题型，我们在第2小段中找到这个名词；这片海并不是这么大。Ideal site是最合适的地点，第2小段中的关键字是peak，山顶；另一个关键字是unsurpassed clarity，无与伦比的清晰度。又是山顶又是高清，这根a）geography有关，对吧。Geo-是地质的意思，-graphy是映像；有名的美国杂志，National Geographic，收集全球的地质风景人情出名。b）surrounding，附近环境；protective surroudning是有天险保护的意思；举例：重庆山城。但山顶不是天险，爬山登顶可以从大老远看见，哪来的protective。c）religious，的确有提到宗教地点，但不是重点。d）infra-structure，infra-是之下或下属，-structure是建筑，和起来是地基或基础建筑物；古人要在山顶建个地基，有点难度，再说也没提到。答案是a）。
28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because
   [A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.
   [B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.
   [C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.
   [D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.
Is oppose by locals，被动语气，被当地人反对。为什么呢？第3小段的起始句，Opposition，是oppose的名词，我们就从这段下手。关键词是最后一句的disrespect和sovereign。第一个反对的原因是对圣地（sacred land）的不尊敬（disrespect），第二个原因是以前是（once）某国的从属国（sovereign）的黑暗历史。选型中只b）符合，因为不是自主国家是很humiliating，让祖宗丢脸，的事。强调，台湾不是中国的从属国，Taiwan, was never, is never, and will never be, a sovereign nation of China.
29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy
   [A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.
   [B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.
   [C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.
   [D] will eventually soften Hawaiians' hostility.
progress是进展；例句：Did you make any progress on your study lately?最近准备考试有进展吗？希望你的答案是正面肯定句。 直接到第5小段找，“Yet science has a cultural…”，回答这种题目可以有两种做法，1）先去读懂第5小段，2）先知道选项再对号入座。我建议先做字少的2）。a）圆梦，夏威夷原住民的梦；b）然它的风俗远传世界；c）找出它的风俗源头；d）最终会化解敌意。回到第5小段找，提示偏地都是：root，early，seek, ancestral…分别是根源，过去的，找寻，祖先的。是origin，起始或源头的同义词。答案是c）。
30.        The author's attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of
   [A] severe criticism.
   [B] passive acceptance.
   [C] slight hesitancy.
   [D] full approval.
这种作者的态度题，直接看总结的最后一句就可以了，因为这是英文文章的固定形式：老师教的，老师的老师教他的，莎士比亚教出来的…。整篇文章的最后一句，“There is no reason… cannot be welcomed…”，没有任何拒绝的理由。直接选吧，答案是d），full approval,完全支持。这种双重否定句可能你会很讨厌，也是全美最难英文考试，GRE，最容易搅晕考生的题型。举例：“Nothing is impossible”，只要让它负负得正就好；把显而易见的no去掉，并找第二个词的反义词就好 --得到：It’s possible.你试试：
1)not to deny, He cannot deny he’d cheated.
2)not unimportant, Help is not unimportant.
3)no… without, No entry without ticket.  
参考答案
1）He cannot deny admits he’d cheated.
2) Help is not unimportant important.
3) No entry without ticket. or Enter with ticket.

希望对准备考试的你有帮助。

GeneTell

Text 3
1        Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
2        The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country's economic prospects?
3        A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question.  Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens.  Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
4        While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline.  Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment.
5        This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different.
6        So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough.  It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.
7        The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.  But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.

31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he
   [A]praised the UK for its GDP.
   [B]identified GDP with happiness.
   [C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.
   [D]had a low opinion of GDP.
解读句子题型。第1小段开头就是题目要找的Robert F Kennedy，cited是作者借用他人说过的话，所以我们要解读Kennedy说了什么名言。“GDP measures everything except that which makes life worthwhile.”我们知道中国最近一直在拼GDP，低于7％以后就从此不再摇旗打鼓；假如光看‘GDP measures everything’，GDP代表国家繁荣，人民快乐，那的确没翻错，但是句子还没完。后面的except把意思反转了，不要被that which搞混，直接看后面是正面还是负面词义：make life worthwhile,让人生有价值的事物，是正面词，在下面画条线上面放给＋，回到那句名言：GDP是除了＋（好事）之外的所有东西；虽然有点蹩脚，但听的出来Kennedy不觉得GDP有多重要。看选项：a）praise，赞美，＋，不符合Kennedy的观点。b）with happiness，开心的，＋，不对。c）misinterpreted，错误理解，－，这可以是作家对Kennedy的意见，但不是Kennedy的本意，所以错。d）low opinion，不看好，－，也符合翻译。比较好的翻译：‘GDP是除了能带来生命价值之外的其它琐碎事情的冰冷数字’。

32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that
   [A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.
   [B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.
   [C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.
   [D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.
找出段落主题题型。第2小段里跟UK有关是从第2句“Across the 163 countries…”,envy是关键词，羡慕嫉妒恨的意思；envy是动词，env-ious和jealous是形容词。为什么被羡慕嫉妒呢？UK的high growth，高成长率，low unemployment，低失业率，让其它163个国家眼红。就好像你妈跟你说邻居小孩被保研了的事实但听起来很刺耳一样。保研＝成功，UK的GDP＝成功；成功＝success。选项之中只有b），measure of success,符合。a）不想（reluctant）重整（remold）它的经济模式，c）对世界经济的贡献（contribut-ion）不高，d）政府高层再也不重视（pay no attention to)GDP,三者都没在第2小段中提到。

33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?
   [A]It is sponsored by 163 countries.
   [B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.
   [C]Its criteria are questionable.
   [D]Its results are enlightening.
找出对／错题型。这种题型容易出错，如果你足够了解跟文章相关背景会有优势；无论如何，一个一个看选项。recent annual study是第3小段的开头，所以我们只要看第3小段就可以。a）马上在第2句找到163个国家，但没有提到它们赞助，sponsored，GDP；时事：GDP是经济指标，每个非战争国家都做，不需要赞助商资助。b）并没有说要替换成其它指标；时事：大多数国家每年提供GDP，并没有摒弃它。c）第1句，GDP不代表人民幸福指，well-being，而是一个国家有没有能力把GDP和well-being呈正比，需要GDP指标，只是要更全面的权衡。a），b）和c）都不对；剩下d）。d）enlightening是让人领悟的，看这小段的最后一句中提到其它GDP之外的指标提供更全面的，rounded，评估；这也是作者要写这篇文章的启发。

34.In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that
   [A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .
   [B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .
   [C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .
   [D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .
找出段落主题题型。第6小段，‘It(GDP) is no longer enough.’光看GDP不够了；第7小段，在最后1句的improving well-being下面画线上面写个A，worrying about GDP figures下面画线上面写个B，‘A rather than B… see(make) progress’，A比B更有进步的可能性。翻译更好点是：光提高GDP是不够的，不如提升人民幸福度更有发展性。来看看选项：a）economic boom，经济高成长，并没有被提到；b）跟中国用高GDP之后的2016年外资撤离相似，没有被提到；d）更小心的直视经济问题，在文章中的第3小段确实有提到，担不是第6，7小段的重点。所以只剩下c）GDP之外的其它数据，factors，要考虑到。c）是正确答案。

35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
   [A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson
   [B]GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health
   [C]Rebort F.Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP
   [D]Brexit, the UK's Gateway to Well-being
了解作者写作的流程并选一个最适合的标题之前，我们还是先看一下个段落的摘要。第1小段：GDP不是一切；第2小段：GDP不是一切的支持点（一）；第3小段：GDP不是一切的支持点（二）；第4小段：GDP不是一切的支持点（三）；第5小段：作者重述第1小段观点／意见；第6小段：总结（一）；第7小段：总结（二）。现在看选项：从头到尾反复强调不能只看GDP，是不是很符合a）？b）用这为标题的话回用完全不一样的方法写这篇文章，要鼓吹GDP有多么重要，要牺牲一切换取GDP，要举中国为例子…等等，所以不是正确答案；c）并没有，terminate，终结掉GDP；GDP还是观测经济成长的指标，作者并没有要求废除；d）Brexit这人名仅仅在第2小段最后提到，而且没有写到他在经济上面的做法，完全不对。正确答案是a）。


这篇文章有点难度，单词要求高而且有太多特殊名词能让人慌了手脚。像Rolex，某名牌手表，Ferrari，某名牌跑车，跟大学生的生活有点距离所以不知道是正常。没关系，现在你知道他们是什么了，稳扎稳打，就是得高分的最快法则。看文章：
Text 4
1        In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.
2        The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties.
3        Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.
4        The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".
5        The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.  "The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court," assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."
6        But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.
7        Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society-that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.
8        The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

36. The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court
   [A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell's duties.
   [B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.
   [C] was contemptuous of McDonnell's conduct.
   [D] refused to comment on McDonnell's ethics.
Para是paragraph的缩写，所以不要慌，不要找太远，问题问court，法院，做了什么。第1小段中有两个关键词句：unanimous和holding one’s nose；unanimous是全票通过，全数同意的意思；必须死记硬背(uni-是单一，-animus-是感觉)，没旁门左道；holding one’s nose是形象词，你在什么情况下会捏着鼻子呢，走进百花盛开的花园还是中国十一知名景区的厕所的时候呢？嗯，似乎听到答案了，只有在不好的环境下会holding one’s nose。拼拼凑凑的我们得知第1小段：美国最高法院非常鄙视州长McDonnell收取贿赂一事（conduct），不过全数通过反转（overturn）他的受贿有罪判定。选项中c）是最接近的，contemptuous是鄙视的意思；全员鄙视McDonnell的作为，不过没有判定他有罪。至于为什么，听作者慢慢道来。

37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves
   [A] leaking secrets intentionally.
   [B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.
   [C] concrete returns for gift-givers.
   [D] breaking contracts officially.
针对某段落题型，所以可以直接看第4小段，“The court did suggest…”。先别急，读完问题再回答；official act＝corruptive only if…，公认（official）的违法（corruptive）行为（act）只限于（only if）…的情况下。现在我们懂问题要的是什么了，去第4小段。在最后一句找到official act，我们从后面往前看，meeting，phone call，event都不算违法行为，只有concrete benefit的情况下才算。Concrete，是水泥，水泥干了就不能改变了，也有板上钉钉的意思；可能要有银行账户、受贿现场被拍录等确切证据下才能当呈堂证据。看选项，泄密的a）和毁约的d）是100％错误的。b）sizable，数量可观的，是一个很主观的词：假如是在生日当天给的gift呢？假如真的是很要好的好友呢？假如给一个邮票爱好者的好友一枚极罕见能在拍卖场拍到上亿英镑的邮票呢？b）太主观，所以不选。c）concrete，能被抓包的，又出现了，没有任何悬念选c），不会错的。

38. The court's ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are
   [A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.
   [B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.
   [C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.
   [D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.
大海捞针题形。这片海说大不大，但court’s ruling基本从第1小段一直贯通的最后。重复一次，这文章有难度，所以问题更要慢慢读：最高法院的逆转判决基于对公仆的什么假设下？跟着问题的进度在第5小段，“The court’s ruling is legally sound…”,最高法院的逆转判决有理，因为…，是作者对最高法院的支持点，里面找到答案的几率很高。 而里面有借用了他人说过的名言，里面一定有答案。各位，这就是英文中的咬文嚼字，但也不要慌；主谓宾划好也就清楚了：公仆为人民做事的责任更重要，不要让公仆害怕人民为了感谢给的好处反而不为他们做事。换句话说，合理化，justify，正好是答案a），能解决选民需求而正当化，的关键词。其它选项：b）被认为能单独解决官僚事件的资格，c）能过重视支持者的问题，d）有偏心导致被判刑的豁免权。c）有点接近，但毕竟重视，没有解决；支持者是选民中的一大部分，不是全部；不够准确所以是错误答案。

39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to
   [A] awaken the conscience of officials.
   [B] guarantee fair play in official access.
   [C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.
   [D] inspire hopes in average people.
大海捞针题型。Well-enforeced laws在第6小段第3句中被找到了；这不是大海，只是个小池溏。但第3句给出具体transparency，透明化，的细项，没有提供原因；我们再往上找。第2句“Officials must not be…”有关键词:not allowed to play favoritism，是不该偏心。关键词下面都要画线，才不会浪费时间重复找。看选项，不偏心就是公平公正，be fair，正是选项b）的fair play，公平竞争。其它a）唤醒公仆良知，c）让部分公关游说合法化，d）让百姓幸福感沸腾，这些选项都是不对的。只有b）是对的。Play fair；no cheating。公平竞争，禁止作弊。

40. The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is
   [A] sarcastic.
   [B] tolerant.
   [C] skeptical.
   [D] supportive
作者心态题型。这种题型比找标题题型更容易，只要看最后一段落就好，而找标题题型需要总结全部段落。运气绝佳，最后段落只有一句。关键词是a step forward,前进的一步。不要忘了在关键词下画线。前进的一步是a）讽刺，b）忍耐，c）怀疑，还是d）支持的呢？对中国人来说，许多人不理解外国人的讽刺，这也就是许多人看美喜剧不懂许多笑话点的原因；就跟美国人不懂中国从日本进口的冷笑话一样。文化不同，幽默点不同，这是没办法的事。答案是d），作者并没有反驳最高法院颠覆有罪审判的支持点。

希望对你有帮助。

GeneTell

Section II
Part B

[A]  The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.
[B]  The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.
[C]  Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.
[D]  Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.
[E]  Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
[F]  Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
[G]   After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.

D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.

小时候有玩过练练看吗？就是把点1画条线连到点2，点2再画条直线到点3，连到最后图案也就出来了。这也是画点成图，每一段落都有两点，开头的起点和结尾的终点，而你要做的就是把一个段落的终点连到另一个段落的起点。还有要注意特殊名词，重点下面要划线。练习几次后应该就可以熟能生巧。
举例我们看看段落[A]刚好有两句，头一句代表开头的起点，后一句为结尾。开头，被动语气，第一个被刊登出来的画（published sketch）深深的感动(bring tears to one’s eyes)了Dickens。结尾，关键词，from then on, pen name Boz, modest reputation分别为从那时起、笔名Boz、和好名气；我们得知，从此，改了笔名的Dicken的作画越来越有名。
再做一个，选长一点的[C]:起点刚好有Boz，说不定刚好是[A]终点接下来的，运气不错，关键词：monthly installment, backdrop, Seymour,分别为分期付款、背景、人名；okay，这句比较复杂，因为有两个表语，不要气馁，人名圈起来：Dickens和Seymour，Dickens和backdrop相关，Seymour和originate相关，分别为Dickens为副手，Seymour为主。其它是杂讯，我们得到：出名不久，一出版公司聘请Dickens做Seymour的副手，每月刊登一Seymour原创的连载。因为它开头说道出名不久后，所以能确定是接着［A］。中间许多细节，大概是：Dickens在出版商的支持下要求Seymour做修改，Seymour被迫修改后出于不满在自家后院自杀了；中间这是杂讯，可看可不看。[C]的终点不长，那作品的名称占了句子的一半，Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club，底下画条线。翻译：那作品连载了1年，并在1837年出书。好了，接下来，它会继续连到哪里呢？假如你说注意书名， Pickwick Club，或者年份，1837，聪明的你就在高分的轨道上了。保险起见，这段中间虽然说是杂讯，但内容是正面还是负面还是最好确定一下：关键词是committing suicide,自杀成功，也就是没救活。然后跟人对上号，Seymour自杀，但跟这篇出现了两段的主角，Dickens，有关，而且是负面形象，放个－标记一下。
都做到这里了就坚持下去，只要找出段落的起始句跟Pickwick Club或1837年有关的就好了。在［B］和［G］两段落中出现Pickwick。我们先看看［B］，起点：作品‘Pickwick Club’出名了，也让Dickens变成了名人。结尾：作品中的主角甚至变成家喻户晓的角色。再看［G］，起点：作品‘Pickwick Club’后，Dickens笔锋一变，从喜剧变成灰暗；关键字：plunge和bleak都是负面词，放个-。先别看［G］的结尾，我们先推测一下，［B］在说1837年的作品，［G］说作品后的事情了，那［B］与［G］谁前谁后？我也同意是［B］。然后这篇文章的［D］和［B］的顺序是前提给我们的，而且［B］后面就只有一个段落，然后我们还知道了是哪个段落了，是［G］，那我们还用得着看［G］的结尾吗，没有必要吧。文章完了。现在我们知道顺序是的 D->［?］->［?］->A->C->B->G。
接下来我们按文章顺序看［D］，是前提给的起始段落，所以看它的终点，也就是那段落的最后一句就好：Dickens对英文文学有很大的影响力。Craft动词是创造出，名词是工艺品。一个句子中主词和主要动词一定要清楚。［D］的终点会连去哪儿呢？是［E］还是［F］，按照顺序先看［E］。［E］的起始是：在Dickens父亲服刑期满后不久找到了一个兼职工作。试问，这会不会太跳跃了，一下就跳到没有来历的父亲身上，我还么做好见家长的准备呢…。如果你时间较紧张，可以直接选［F］做为［D］后面的段落为答案。不想拿这两分赌上考研梦的，来看看［F］的起点：Dickens出生了。［E］和［F］的前后马上就清楚了。花了10秒钟的时间确保了2题。
然后［F］后面长篇都是得分外的杂讯，基本是说Dickens悲惨的童年记忆：被同龄孩儿取笑，父亲锒铛入狱，刚好接［E］的人生扭转点，于常常画画投稿结束；刚好接［A］的起点：有幸被某杂志刊登作品后用笔名Boz继续投稿。
恭喜你，把一篇文章给串起来了，图案也出来了: Dickens的传文。从Dickens童年到刊登作品到成名作品；段落顺序为：
D -> [F] -> [E] -> [A] -> [C] -> B -> [G]。



Part C

   The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.
   (46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.
   Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol
   (47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
   David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, (48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.
   If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.
   (49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.
   The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.

(46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.
永远把主谓宾先找出来：…there are signs…就是这一句的主谓宾，‘有（什么样的）迹象’其它都是修饰用的时间、形容、解释的装饰品。先看even as，是解释两个事件是同步进行中的。例句：Even as you are sleeping, people are studying for Grad Test.  事件1：你在梦周公；事件2：某些人还在为考研做准备。Even as翻译成“即使”或“…的时候，”还不错；即使事件A，事件B。这里事件A的名词是‘number of English speakers’，能说英文的人数,动词是‘expands’，增加或扩散。事件A就差修饰动词的助动词：further，更远一点或更进一步。事件B就是‘there are signs’,有什么的迹象，说的不清不楚的是因为后面有从句修饰。既然是从句就有从句主语和从句谓语，才能组成‘句’。从句主词是‘global predominance of the language’,语言在世界上的领导力，从句谓语是‘fade’，减退或变弱；may是修饰fade，还有从句时间，‘within the foreseeable future’，在预料之中的未来。Foreseeable可能是个生字，我来当一回算命先生来解字：fore-＝之前，就像be-fore;see＝看见；-able=能或能力范围内。拼在一起就是能在发生之前看见，换句话说，预见或者天眼通。Okay，放在一起这句我会翻译成：但在能使用英文人数越来越多的同时，有着英语在可预见的不久未来会渐渐失去世界第一语言的地位的迹象。记住：speaker的确翻译成说话者，但English speaker不是仅仅能有从one数到ten的speak能力，而是能自由运用English这语言能力的人。

(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
看了这句有没有觉得：这家伙真能写，他一句抵我三句长。没错，这里的确有三个句子：一主句，两从句。也没什么，各自找好位置答案也就出来了。主句有主谓宾；主语是‘his analysis’，他的报告分析，谓语是‘end’，终结、结束或（生命）的断送，宾语是‘those （people）’，那些人。Therefore是顺理成章，content是形容词满足的意思，例句：he’s content with his life,他对他现在的生活感到满足。Self-contented-ness是名词，自满。刚刚说了those是宾语，他们。到底是他们哪种人呢？后面的从句就是修饰those用的。一样是从句的主谓宾。主词‘who’也是修饰those，他们；谓语‘believe’，相信；相信本从句的宾语，也是一个概念：‘the global position of English is so stable’,稳定到没人能够动摇英语在世界上的地位。喘口气，还没完呢。后面that继续修饰stable，稳定。一样主谓宾：主语‘young generation of UK’,英国的年轻世代；谓语‘need’的否定词，不需要；宾语‘capability’，能力；什么能力呢 － language，语言能力。Additional是额外，也是extra的意思；所以合起来就是‘另一门语言的必要’。Okay,三句都知道了，就看你有没有能力凑一起用中文让别人明白你懂了这句的意思。我试试：他的分析成果应该能理所当然的粉碎那些英国年轻一辈的认为他们母语：英文不可能被动摇它国际上的重要性而自满地认为没有必要去学习英语之外的语言的想法。

(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.
Curriculum是必修课。这字后面你可以放个逗号，分段一下，比较好读。分成两段后，but做为连接词是不是好多了呢？先看前段主谓宾：主词‘countries’；谓语‘introduce’；宾语‘English’，没什么难度。Introduce一定是把谁或什么介绍给谁或什么，换句话说，介绍A给B的英文格式一定是introduce A to B。这里introduce English into curriculum明显不是‘必修课程，这是英文。英文，这是我的好友，必修课程。’，而是把英文课纳入必修课程内。Introduce有纳入、采纳的意思。Many和primary-school(小学)是修饰名词的形容词。后端主谓，没宾语，找来：主词‘school-children and students’；谓语‘appear to be’，看起来像什么似的或有…趋向。后缀的表语是修饰趋向的；先看‘gain greater encouragement to achieve’,得到更多的鼓励,encouragement,去达成，achieve；后面的就简单了，fluency in language,语言的流利度。密码破解完了，整理一下写出来：许多国家从小学就必修英文课程，但是英国小学生到高校生似乎没有被鼓励去流利得使用非英文的外语。

(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.
这段没难度，我先把修饰词拿出来：identified by David Graddol, 和clear and major。Identified by David Graddol,是被David Graddol指认出来的；clear and major,明显又巨大的，让我想起一个俚词：Elephant in the room,房间里有只大象，是指有个显而易见但没人敢说破的事实；例如：实质是资本主义的中国最大党是反对资本主义的共产党。拉回来，主谓宾：主词‘changes’；谓语‘present’，带来；宾语‘challenges’，挑战。例句： it’s a challenge to me可以被翻成‘对我而言是有难度的’。那句子中，对谁而言是有难度的呢？答案是UK’s providers of English language，英国的英语教育提供者。又要问既然他们是提供者，商品是英文，那，要提供给谁呢？有两个：1、people of other countries,外国人，2、broader education business sectors,更广泛的教育事业部门；补习班就是其中之一。好的，没难度吧。这句是：被David Graddo指出的变化会对教外国人英语和广泛教育行业的英国本土的英文教育者而言是个明显又巨大的挑战。

50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment.
It开头的句子很讨厌，因为it这个代名词太广泛，必须到前面看清楚它代替的字词句才能翻译的到位。它指的是David Graddol文章中提到的变化。Okay。主词找到了，接下来找谓语，give，提供或给予，宾语‘a basis’,一个基准。Basis跟basic联想，都是基础的意思；basis＝名词，basic＝形容词。谓语give和之前的introduce一样，都要有个to，给予的目标对象；这里对象是organization，团体、机构、党派或组织。然后又是个从句，主词‘which’指的是之前的organization；谓语‘seek’，寻觅或寻求；但还没完，seek to promote不如一起说了，是寻求促进的意思；宾语有两个：‘learning’和‘environment’。不要动词后面加个-ing就忘了它是动名词。Okay。不算太难，这句翻译：之前文章提到的情势变化为所有寻求学习和不同运营环境的机构提供了一个基准。

翻译到一段落。希望这2017年英文（一）讲解对你有帮助，下面Section III的写作不支持。如果想要在写作上下功夫，建议自己练习；像写日记、电影观后感想、城市景点、新闻等等进行练习。加油。

GeneTell

Section I
出处：Walter Frick, Companies in Happy Cities Invest More for the Long Term, 2015,June 09, 刊登在Harvard Business Review.
考试做了部分修改；不与原文完全相同。

   Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firms work, too.
   Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. __2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.
   The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.

1. [A] why         [B] where        [C] how         [D] when
考词性。关键字：influence和work，这两个字都有它的名词和动词形式，所以要看清楚。…might用来修饰influence，所以是动词，影响；后面firms（公司） work，work是动词，工作或作业。这里自问，某物影响公司营业（什么），a）是理由，b）是地点，c）是方式，d）时间，哪个比较合适？当然，现在时间够，我可以想想各自的理由，像：政府法令可以影响公司作业的理由；毕业后吃政府、养老金18岁开始给，那我吃撑了去公司上班吗？大塞车可以影响公司营业的地点和时间：公司搬到郊区去或上班从朝九晚五调到朝六晚二来避开塞车巅峰；影响工作进度的方式的理由就多的去了：货币汇率、人事成本、产品需求、高层变动等等。心情呢？文章问happiness能影响营业的理由、地点、运营方式、还是时间呢？答案是［C］how。另一个理由是之前段落表明开心的人工作的态度和方式不同于常人，这也是how，如何在工作上反应出不同，的支持点。

2. [A] In return         [B] In particular         [C] In contrast         [D] In conclusion
考句首词，也是考连接词。a）in return,是有因果关系、交换条件。例句：I took a test for him; in return, he gave me money.我帮他代考，代价是他支付我钱。b）in particular是especially的同义词，特别的意思。例句：I like studying. In particular Math and English.我喜欢读书，特别是数学和英文。c）in contrast是相反、举反例。另一个同义词是On the contrary，不要搞混。He is foolish. In contrast, his son is smart.父亲愚昧，但儿子聪明，劣竹出好笋的意思。接下来d）in conclusion,是做总结。明显才第2句就忙着做总结的d）是错的，不要浪费时间在它身上。在做出选择abc的情况必须读它的上下文；上下文都是place，地方，但关键词是上文的invest和下文的R&D,研究开发部门的研究，research，和开发，develop。公司的投资是大项，R&D相较下是细项。所以b）in particular是正解。

3. [A] sufficient         [B] famous         [C] perfect         [D] necessary
考词汇：形容词。会觉得这句不好读吗？如果把杂讯遮住会不会好一点：把linked to a kind of longer-term thinking和future investments先放在脑后，再重看句子。Happiness is a）sufficient，足够了，b）famous，很有名，c）完美，还是d）重要的。在回答前先把刚刚放在脑后的放回来；快乐感对能过下对未来投资决定的长期思考方式很（答案），哪个选项比较适合呢？只有d）necessary能让句子通顺。有些同学可能质疑a），足够，也可以，但放在作者的角度，他必须在例举happiness之外的理由才能让它成立。但作者在这句就划下句点，所以不要选a），sufficient。

4. [A] individualism         [B] modernism         [C] optimism                 [D] realism
考同义词。这种if的假设句还是一个完整的句子；要主语和谓语。刚好主语是4的答案，而谓语是5的答案，两个是大有关联的。我们先看主语：主语被连接词and连贯，至少知道and前后是有关联的。Inclination是嗜好、爱好、倾向的意思；in-是往那边，-clin-是倾斜，-tion名词。研究考试编考员真是体贴，原文本来用的是proclivity,负面名词，癖好，改成了inclination，正面名词，爱好。那是在说什么样的嗜好、趋势呢？就是后面的‘开心的人敢于冒高凤险投资’的趋势，这也难怪原文用负面的proclivity，外国人就是爱冒险，不像老子（李耳，道德经）的不入险地。这题的问题来了：为什么开心的人敢冒这险呢？是a）个人主义作祟，b）现代主义，c）乐观，还是d）现实主义；明显的是c）乐观，所以敢投资。a）个人主义是八杆子都打不到关系，所以不要选；b）老实说，我不知道什么是modernism,我是知道想要变得更像现代人，但谁能告诉我现代人如何作为呢？小清新吗？白骨精吗？过劳死吗？穿着西装领带去Starbucks喝咖啡吗？我不纠结了，反正不要选怪怪的选项。d）现实主义的人是只做有把握的事，务实的人，而这种人是不会放胆投资的。所以只有c)optimism是答案。

5. [A] echo         [B] miss         [C] spoil         [D] change
续上题，动词什么的the way companies invested,以前公司的投资方式，也就是realism，保守派，的投资方式。a）echo是回声，也是响应的意思；b）miss，怀念；c）spoil是糟蹋；d）change，改变。续上题，乐观的人是不会a）响应或b）怀念以前陈旧作风。c）浪费也说不过去；最有可能的是d）改变以前的做法。

6. [A] imagined         [B] measured         [C] invented         [D] assumed
考单词量。…compare…happiness。要如何比较开心指标呢？必须要随机访问、记录、统计、总结等步骤。我们来看看选项中哪个符合：a）想像出来的，b）测量或记录的，c）投资的，d）假设的。a）和d）最好做实验可以随空想像、瞎掰出来，还可以申请研究费，写假报告，最后还出版成为假文献。等着坐牢吧！c）的投资也说不通，要不哪个人给我说说投资开心的利息怎么算。没什么悬念，b）量化的测量记录的结果。

希望有帮助。

GeneTell

   __7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.  But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D?  To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.



7. [A] Sure         [B] Odd         [C] Unfortunate         [D] Often
考起始句题型。是副词片语，当副词（助动词）看待，也会给例子。这种题型从它的前后句是同义还是反义会比较好下手。上句说的是正面乐观的人约敢于投资，下句表明投资和快乐指数是呈正比（correlate)；下句是上句的支持点。看选项：a）Sure enough,是certainly,undoubtedly,unquestionably的同义词，没有疑问、肯定的意思；例句：You are a catch.  Sure enough you will find someone.你条件很好，一定会找到对象的。b）Odd enough，的确美剧里有人这样说，但正确地是Oddly enough,是strangely,actually,funnily enough的同义词，就是实际上、奇怪的是；例句：I saw John.  Oddly enough, I was thinking I’ve not seen him for a long time.我刚刚看到John了，巧的是我正纳闷好久没见到他了。c)和d）enough没有强烈修饰前缀的作用，所以c）Unfortunate enough,是更不幸的是；例句：he was unfortunate enough to be caught.太惨了，他做坏事被抓了。d）often enough，往往；例句：A lie told often enough becomes truth.说的谎言往往会成真。跟上下句一起看，选项a）sure enough是最符合的。b）的用法需要上下句不同、反义，所以不对。c）没什么不幸的，毕竟下句是支持上句；也不对。使用d）often的情况下会在firms前加some，部分的，或most，大部分的；毕竟不是100％发生，只是偶尔、常常。

8. [A] advertised         [B] divided         [C] overtaxed         [D] headquartered
考单词量。之前先弄懂they这个代名词是替代哪个名词，是替代firms，公司、组织；再想想firms会把R&D和大投资放在坐稳的大城市还是刚刚要大战略的新地盘呢？毛泽东国共战争输了逃到，抱歉，长征到陕西，为什么？因为地盘清楚人头熟。看选项：a）advertise是推销、广告，b）divide是分家、划分；可以跟David联想，因为David喜欢闹分家。c）overtax是多付税；d）headquarter是做为基地、扎根的意思。里面只有d）headquartered是对的。不是c）的理由是因为R&D很花钱，如果在一个赋税高的城市往往要增加开销，不是公司高层会下的决定，股东会的大股东也不会让这种事发生；损己利人不是无祖国的商人会做的事。

9. [A] explain         [B] overstate                 [C] summarize         [D] emphasize
考单词量。不要被长句子吓到，能分就分，能简化就简化。Or这个连接词前面是作者问读者‘投资真的是和happiness完全相关的吗’，后面的句子能如何简化呢？‘Can others explain why?有其他解释这现象的理由吗？’选项中刚好有a）explain。所以a）是对的。b）overstate猜猜什么意思；over-是超过，state是证明，over-state是过度强调、或者夸大。c）summarize是总结的意思；它的名词是summary，摘要、大意。d）emphasize是强调，也就是要重复说三次、荧光笔划到干、铅笔圈到穿的意思。

10.[A] stages         [B] factors         [C] levels         [D] methods
考单词量。这篇目前好多考单词的题目，单词量有点紧张的同学最好在字首、字尾这块下手。一样简化这句字：(In order) to find out, researchers controlled (答案)；re-是重复，search是找寻，－er是人员；re-search-er，需要日复一日重复同样找寻答案的人就是研究员；你们也日复一日寻找对的考题选项答案也是为了某日进研究院成为他们的一员而做准备。研究员在实验能control，控制，的什么呢？作者在句子的后端举例：size，industry，sales；分别为公司大小、公司类型和销售情况。这些是b）factors，因素。Fact是事实，-or跟-er是同样意思：人员。Fact-or是操纵事实的人员或影响事实的东西，也是因素。a）stage是步骤或阶段；c）level，程度；d）methods，手段或方法。作者举例的三个是不同的东西，更a、b、c难以牵上关系；跟影响实验的可控因素符合，所以b）factors是对的。

11.[A] desirable         [B] sociable         [C] reputable         [D] reliable
考单词量。后面字尾全是-able，跟-ble,-ible相同，有能力的，形容词。a）desir-able,desire是吸引的意思，desirable是有没有吸引能力、够不够吸引；social是人与人的关系、社交的意思，所以b）soci-able是够不够友善；reputed是名声好的，c）reput-able是够不够有名；rely是依赖，d）reli-able是能不能依靠。选项看完了，老方法，简化句子，发现不能再简化了，句子已经够短，这是好事。句子后面的例子：wage，薪水，和population，人口，是影响一个地点‘够不够吸引’人来居住的因素，所以答案是a）desirable。这样好了，如果还不懂我们可以来举例子看合不合理；新西兰是全球最友善的国家，偏地牧场，最近的邻居家需要开半个小时的车。开心吗？万里长城，中国因为它在全世界出名，有人会因为仰慕万里长城而到中国开心的居住吗？长城上吹风、溜滑梯吗？我只知道一个人可不可信需要那些条件，一个地方赢得人的信任条件我还真不知道，反正被查水表不是其中之一。最后，能不能吸引人的主要条件就是薪水和工作条件，而工作机会和人口数量呈正比。说的通，所以a）desirable是答案。

12.[A] resumed         [B] held         [C]emerged         [D] broke
关键字是link，连接。当我看到link我会联想到曹操被烧掉胡子的赤壁之战，连环船是被铁链连接起来的，ships were linked together.而连接点不是b）held，坚持住，就是d）broke，断裂。看关键字：even after accounting those things，在丢了这么多东西后，锁链依旧b）没断，还是d）断了合理？b）held是正确答案；加了这么多额外的东西，做了多余的考量后它俩的关系还是这么铁。

GeneTell

   The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.  Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.
   __17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.


13.[A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare
考单词量。which这个代名词是替代这段落开始句，所以先看看一下它说了什么，主谓宾：主词‘The correlation’两者的关系；谓语是be动词，is；没有宾语，但表语的strong in younger generation,年轻一辈尤其明显。Strong是多义词，不要只认为它只有强壮的意思。例句：Body odor(体味) is strong,这里strong是浓臭的意思。再看后面有框起来的话，“”，里面看不懂没关系，但作者是把前后绑在一起的。既然是绑再一起就不可能是c）transfer，转变为、运输到，也不是d）compare，比较，再看b）assign是把责任给、分派给；文法上可以，但逻辑不通。句子前段是作者整篇重点；试问谁能把整家公司给外派出去？当然只能外派部分而且是小部分部门，核心部门是不可能让出的。剩下选型a）attribute，归功于、属于谁；现在看不管“”里面是正面还是负面意义；正面意义的话，公司这样都要‘归功’于它；负面意义的话，公司会这样都要‘怪’它。所以答案是a）attribute。看一下“”里面的词：关键词是codified。字有个cod-,像不像code，密码、编码、乱码。Code是名词，cod-ify是编码的动作。less codified也不知道是好是坏；说好，它容易被破解；说坏，别的工程师看不懂。我会翻译：不会犹豫不决的下决定。

14.[A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced
考同义词。记得江泽民97年对香港记者说了什么，‘Too young, too naïve.’，太年轻，太天真。先看选项：a）serious，正经，b）civilized，文明，c）ambitious，野心，d）experienced，但前面有个less，缺乏、较少；较少以上什么跟young相关，是年轻不正经、年轻不文明、年轻没野心还是年轻没经验？谁说年轻就是疯疯癫癫，年轻老成的大有人在；年轻就不文明吗？难道老了就不会随地丢垃圾，不会开车乱按喇叭？野心比较难说，但跟下棋一样：少年不出名难成国手，许多知名CEO都是年少有成。答案是d）experienced；经验是需要慢慢累计。

15.[A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never
考连接词。这段落前面用了strong，这句又用一次strong；答案够明显了吧，用同义连接词：and, also, thus, hence, next, likewise, indeed, besides, anyway, then, therefore…。答案不是a）thus，就是c）also。但是thus、hence、therefore、nonetheless这类同义连接词不能放在句子的中间。所以答案是c），also。

16.[A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally
这个…考逻辑？关键词是spread，散布、散发。看到这个字我会联想在烤热的土司上抹上果酱或黄油，spread butter（黄油）evenly on toasts。Evenly，均匀的，跟d）equally，同等厚度的，是同义词，所以我会看也不看就选d）作为答案。选项b）regularly和c）directly是很少跟spread应用在一起的。Spread regularly是要常常抹、经常要散布的；spread directly是直接抹在。不用的原因是没有东西是要经年累月定时抹上、散布的，也几乎没有spread indirectly，间接传播、抹上的东西。a）rapidly当然是可以用的，但不是选项，因为happiness不是短时间能够传遍一个地区的。不过disease，疾病，flu，流感，gas，毒气，和rumor，八卦绯闻，是可以spread rapidly。

17.[A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since
考状语句首。这类的状语从句包括：before, after, until, since, while, 和when。没把握的人可以好好复习。a）after是事件A后，事件B发生了；而事件A和B只有时间上的关联；例句：After I eat, I’ll study.我吃了饭后，就要去读书。b）until是直到事件A发生，事件B成立或发生；事件A和B有相关性；举例：Until I met her, I was nothing.我以前一直觉得自己像行尸走肉似的，直到我认识了她。c）while是事件A发生的同时，事件B发生；事件A和B只有时间上的关联：同时；例句：While I sleep, you study.我睡觉的时候，你依旧读书。d）since是事件A发生导致事件B发生或成立；事件A和B是因果关系；举例：Since you work so hard, let me help.看在你努力的份上，我来帮个忙吧。看句子，事件A是上述观点无法证明快乐跟高投资有关，事件B是作者相信这个可能性。选项一个个看过，发现只有c）while能用，所以c）是正确答案。

18.[A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes
考单词量。续上题，把主语author，作者，和宾语possibility，可能性,我在上题解释用了作者‘相信’这个可能性，但选项没有相信，believes，这个选项，再说，谁说我一定是对的？看看选项中有哪些能用：a）达到，b）不假思考的选择，c）提示，和d）灵机一动。先说a）arrive不会跟possibility连起来用；能跟conclusion，结论，并用。例句：I’ve arrived to this conclusion,苦思冥想后我得到这个结论。b）jump，和arrive一样，跟conclusion一起用。例句：he jumped to this conclusion,他靠直觉决定了。d）strike这个字，可能出题者没有其它字可用了，无法跟possibility和conclusion一起用，甚至我联想不到有什么能跟strike用的名词。答案是c）hints，目前没有证据能证明但作者还是提示有这个可能性。

19.[A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share
考单词量。关键词划好就没难度，关键词：culture and sentiment选一个来用就好，和think，我的简化句是culture （答案） future thinking／idea。选项a）shape是巩固、塑造，b）re-dis-cover是重新发现、再次挖掘，c）simpl-ify是简单化、单纯化，d）share是分享、共用，不是太难，答案是a）shape。每个国家的想法不同可能跟他们的传统文化有关：经历过大饥荒的国家就为了进食、生存，筛除了弱者基因变得激进、野蛮、强硬。达尔文的适者生存法则。

20.[A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out
考常见短句，所谓的俚语。最后一句话是总结作者的观点。从头到尾作者觉得乐天派用于投资，尤其是大公司会在R&D,research and development,上砸大钱，这个‘趋势’或‘倾向’的单词在第4题有用过：inclination，in-是往那边，-clin-是倾斜的意思；选项中也有个单字是‘倾靠’的英文：lean。b）lean toward是倾向于…那方。例句：Tom is leaning toward her.Tom可以是1、生理的：往她身上靠，2、心理的：更同意她的选择或决定，或3、爱情的：两个女人中选择她做为伴侣。a)pray for是祈求、祝愿或祷告。例句：He prays for grad-school entry.他祈祷能进硕士班。c）give away是大放送、免费给或泄底的意思。例句：he is giving away books.他在免费发赠书；you gave away my location,你把我所在地告诉他人了。d）send out是派遣、发送出；例句：it was sent out a week ago.一周前（某人）就（把它）送出去了。时间不够的同学只能自求多福，不要出太多的俚语，因为俚语变数太大：可以很简单也可以很难。Pray for less idioms in the test.希望不要有太多的俚语考题。

Section II
Part A
Text1
1   It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.  Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.
2   However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial.  When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses.  It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal.  Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.
3   Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.
4   The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change.  The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor.  For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.
5   The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.  Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.  But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.
6   Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.  But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.  These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives.  The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.

21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.
   A. complete future job training
   B. remodel the way of thinking
   C. formulate logical hypotheses
   D. perfect artwork production
Hold不只是握住、坚持住，在这问题里它是维持后面从句说明的想法，而这个想法是Early exposure，越早接触，到电脑科学的人越如何。到第2段落第1句，‘…early exposure is beneficial.’，我们在这一段下手；关键在第3句，“…transform their thought process…”，作者基本上是说越早学越容易，而thought process是处理思想、记忆的，与thinking大有关系。Transform这个动词如果能记住电影变形金刚，transformer，每次它们变形时喊的‘Transform’就是变形的意思， 变成不一样的形态，也是remodel，重新整理。答案是B。
22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.
   A. experience
   B. academic backgrounds
   C. career prospects
   D. interest
跟着Flatiron找到第4段落的Flatiron school，所以我们在这一段下手，而这一段作者借用了Friedman说的一词‘we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,’我们试着从学生喜爱的兴趣上下手让他们觉得课程有趣。答案也出来了，Flatiron会从D）interest下功夫。
23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.
   A. help students learn other computer languages
   B. have to be upgraded when new technologies come
   C. need improving when students look for jobs
   D. enable students to make big quick money
问题文Seehorn这人决的在Flatiron school学到的技能,learned skills如何，我们先看选项好了，a）帮助学生学习其它computer languages，电脑语言；b）当接触到新科技是必须更上一层楼，upgrade；c）当学生找工作时必须更精进，improving；d）让学生赚大钱，make big money。我们在第5段落找到Seehorn的名字；第3句“But the skill they learn…apply to any coding language…”,coding的原型是code，密码、程序。A是理所当然的答案。没有提到new technologies,新技术，或money或jobs。作者在第5段落说的是电脑语言淘汰率很高；他们在学校学得语言可能在他们毕业时就马上变得旧世代的电脑语言，但Seehorn认为学校不只是教电脑知识，还教逻辑－思考－处理的不过时的技术。
24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.
   A. compete with a future army of programmers
   B. stay longer in the information technology industry
   C. become better prepared for the digitalized world
   D. bring forth innovative computer technologies
马上看最后一段落，last paragraph。前两句就好，作者不认为所有学生都会走上IT产业，Flatiron也不是在训练一批电脑程序员。这基本上就否定了选项a）训练未来程序员，b）IT产业中生存下去，和d）发展未来电脑科技。答案只剩下C，让他们（学生）适应体重计跟冰箱、冰箱跟空调对话的数码生活。
25. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.
   A. challenge
   B. persuade
   C. frighten
   D. misguide
这种同义词的考题首先找到这句，“…how to coax the machine into producing what they want…”,coax不懂什么意思没关系，选项要知道。A）challenge，挑战，B）per-suade，说服，c）fright-en,吓、恐吓，D）mis-guide；mis-是反的、错误的，guide是领导、指挥；错误的指挥是误导,misguide，的意思。个别替换coax看看哪个对就好了：‘如何（答案）机器做它们想要的事’。答案事B，persuade，说服。


Text2
1   Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.  But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.
2   The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service （USFWS）decided to formally list the bird as threatened.  “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.  Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed.  They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.  But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches.  In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.
3   Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.  Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat.  The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat.  USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress.  Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，” Ashe said.
4   Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric.  Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court.  Not surprisingly, doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____
   [A]its drastically decreased population
   [B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage
   [C]a desperate appeal from some biologists
   [D]the insistence of private landowners
推理题。lesser prairie 是指lesser prairie chickens，田野鸡；as threatened是被威胁的意思。问题问把田野鸡纳入濒危动物（未到濒临绝种动物）行列的重要原因是？第1段落就有答案：原本2millions，现在22，000。数量的剧烈减少；答案是A），drastically，剧烈的，decreased population，数量的减少。但这题不用看文章就可以找出答案，世界上是如何归纳濒临绝种动物的，例如熊猫？就是凭数量。
27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____
   [A]was a give-in to governmental pressure
   [B]would involve fewer agencies in action
   [C]granted less federal regulatory power
   [D]went against conservation policies
大海捞针题型。做题之前先继续前题的话题，濒临绝种动物＝endangered，濒危动物＝threatened。Okay，问题问把田野鸡绑上‘threatened’tag，濒危的标签，后让许多environmentalists，环境保护团体的人，disappointed，失望的原因。我们按照问题进度看到第2段落第3句‘Some environmentalist…were disappointed.’,而后面两句就是解释为什么失望的理由：主要跟federal，联邦，action\regulation\official的权利。联邦在濒临绝种动物上有更多的权利，而濒危动物上是有flexibility，弹性的。所以C，濒危动物收到联邦政府较小的保护，是答案。Grant是上位对下位的给予，赏赐；例句：I grant you 3 wishes. 我可以实现你3个愿望。
28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____
   [A]agree to pay a sum for compensation
   [B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat
   [C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job
   [D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations
同义词题型。这篇文章较多单词，单词量少的同学可能会比较吃亏。一样，拆字是王道：unintentional拆开是un-intent-ion-al。un-这个字首和dis-,non-一样，都是反的、不是；intent是动词，故意的；-tion-是名词的结尾，而-al是形容词的结尾。所以，unintentional是不是故意的，无意的意思。Harm是伤害，doer是do-=做，-er＝人员；harm-doer是实施伤害的人。Prosecute是被法律处理，走法律程序管道。Unintentional harm doer是无意的人，被害者是可怜的濒危田园鸡；问题问：人在杀害田园鸡唯一不被法律制裁的条件是？我们到第3段落找；第1句后半段‘…unintentional killing, harm, and distub…’,关键词“as long as”,只要，跟问题中的‘if’是同义词。而as long as后面是signed a range-wide management plan，一个签定田野鸡农场管理计划，这句话里没有我们要找的答案；只知道这个计划，而它的细节在下一句。关键词是fund，基金。换句话说，只要付钱就不会收到法律的处罚。看选项：A）pay a sum，付一笔金额，for compensation，是处罚、慰问；B）voluteer，做义工，to set up a habitat,居住环境；C）offer，提供，to support a monitoring，监督，job；D）raise funds，收集捐募款，for operations。为什么不是D呢？因为raise funds是参加捐募款的活动或运动，但不代表一定是自己有捐款；可能只是提供劳力，volunteer，或提供地方而已。而段落中要求参加计划是要具体付钱，所以A是答案。
29.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in______
   [A]the federal government
   [B]the wildlife agencies
   [C]the landowners
   [D]the states
大海捞针题型。leading role是男一号或女一号的意思。问题问：谁负责管理濒危的田野鸡？不要被这汪洋吞没，顺着题目的顺序来到第三段落最后一句，刚好有我们在找的‘managing the species’和‘Ashe’，只是leading role改成了driver seat。这是比喻词：在舞台、电视剧中，leading roles是它的灵魂；开车子时，谁坐在driver seat上决定车的去向。所以他们是同义词。然后，答案就是作者在这一段框起来的词， “States”，政府。针找到了，是D。顺便一提，states指的是地方政府，federal是联邦政府。FBI的F就federal。
30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______
   [A]industry groups
   [B]the win-win rhetoric
   [C]environmental groups
   [D]the plan under challenge
比起大海捞针题型更像逻辑题。Support是支持的意思。我们在第4段落最后一句找到Jay Lininger的名字，和他说的一句话，自然答案就在里面。他话中充满了对联邦政府的不满，‘联邦政府要这些靠猎杀田园鸡的企业当球员兼裁判。’；明显是不support联邦政府的B）win-win rhetoric和A）industry groups，也不像支持D）the plan，就是付钱就可以无意杀害田野鸡的基金计划，只剩下C这个选项。

GeneTell

Text 3
1   That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché.  But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read.
2   What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient.  The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times”.  But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work.  Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.  The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”.  Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time, which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
3   In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem.  Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.  Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting.  Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.  “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes）as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”.  No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
4   So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading.  You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”.  You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers.  “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too - providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.  On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because…
   [A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind
   [B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
   [C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them
   [D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed
大海捞针题型。Time-management是时间管理，就是做出每日挤出的时间的计划。作者主要讨论能不能把时间节省出来做为每日看书、充实自己。Time-management在第2段落第1句看到，‘doesn’t work’，没用，和‘not sufficient’，不够，是同义词，所以答案在这句的后面；关键词是‘flywheel of work-related thoughts spinning’,‘so exhausted’分别为都是工作相关的事直在脑海中转，过度疲惫。并没有说到A）ease modern mind，缓解现代人的思绪；B）challenging books，有深度的书。第2段落的确有提到想省出一点每天读书的方法事随身拿本书，但人们还是无法做到每天看书不是因为C）forget carrying a book，忘了随身带书。答案是D）deep reading，做看书时能做深度的理解。
32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to…
   [A] update their to-do lists
   [B] make passing time fulfilling
   [C] carry their plans through
   [D] pursue carefree reading
大海捞针题型。Empty bottles我们在第3段落中第5句“The future comes at us…”，metaphor是比喻的意思；我们只要读懂他说的比喻就可以得出答案。Conveyor belt是工厂中的传输带，比喻未来跟永无止境的运输带上的空瓶子，必须要装满饮料，要不然就浪费了。这比喻跟选项中的哪个比较合适呢？a）更新‘待办事项’清单，b）不要浪费时间，c）完成计划，d）悠闲的看书。其中fulfilling和 not wasted在时间上是同义词，所以B）是正确选项。
33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps…
   [A] encourage the efficiency mind-set
   [B] develop online reading habits
   [C] promote ritualistic reading
   [D] achieve immersive reading
逻辑题型。顺着问题找到‘schedule regular times for reading’是在第4段落的第2句。注意，第4段落中的ritualistic behaviour指的是Eberle的每天安排规定时间看书规律到每天要上香、祈求佛祖让考研顺利似的，而选项C中的ritualistic reading是字面上的读金刚经、圣经；C是错误选项，不要被骗了。关键字是Eberle说的‘Soul Time’，这比喻者之前说的deep reading，也是D）immersive reading的意思；deep是有深度的，immersive是把自己投入书中，自己变成主角。其它选项虽然有提到，但都是不着重点的擦边球。答案是D。
34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if…
   [A] reading becomes your primary business of the day
   [B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with
   [C] you are able to drop back to business after reading
   [D] time can be evenly split for reading and business
大海捞针题型。一样在第4段落找。第5句“Carrying a book with you…”。这里就是我跟网上答案不一样的地方：第5句也是比喻，就好像读书是在潜水，而日常工作是浮出水面吸口气，尽快回到水中去的准备。网上答案选择A），读书是日常的主要工作，可是这也可以是在做图书馆员、主编、翻译、审稿者的工作，但我觉得B才是正确答案；promptly是迅速的，日常工作能迅速有有理的处理完，这样才能回去做deep reading：浮出水面，确定吸足一口气，迅速的回到水面下；temporarily很符合promptly。Drop back是快速的回去，比go back更有时间短促的作用。所以C）是从看书中能快速的回到工作状态，不是作者的概念。D）读书、工作各一半，作者也没提到这一点。
35. The best title for this text could be…
   [A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading
   [B] How to Find Time to Read
   [C] How to Set Reading Goals
   [D] How to Read Extensively
出现考题的大魔王了，找文章标题题型。这种题还是要分析每个段落的大意。第1段落：作者认为现代人没时间看书；第2段落：作者认为光挤出时间看书不够；第3段落：给出挤出时间不够的理由；第4段落：作者给出方法。首先，先做删去法，A）easy reading，兴趣阅读，和C）reading goals，阅读目标，这两个选项是不注重的，而B）find time to read在第2段落被否定了：找出时间不是难事，但无法做出深度的阅读。所以，答案，用删去法我们得到，D是正确的。证据是关键词‘fulfilling’‘deep’‘immersive’等