英文阅读讲解

GeneTell

Text 3

1   The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
2   “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
3   Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
4   Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
5   John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
6   Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.

31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that
   [A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.
   [B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
   [C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
   [D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
  理解题型。随着问题看第1段落，才两句。关键词：‘extra round of statistical check to peer-review’；extra是多余、另加，statistic是统计学、数据分析的，check是检验，peer review是同辈之间的满意度调查。杂志是Science journal，调查对象是Science journal的文章，调查的理由在第1段落第2句，‘concern basic mistakes in data analysis’，其它类似杂志出现内容数据，data analysis，不准确的现况；为了维持高水准的杂志，Science决定严格把关，所以对文章做出定期，甚至每一期，的数据准确度分析。看选项：A）是简化调查步骤；这时错误的。B）strengthen，强化，statistical checks，确认数据准确；这是Science作满意度调查的目的，所以这选项是对的。C）blamed是被指责；没有直接或间接在第1段落中出现或提到过，所以错误。D）lack是缺乏；缺乏数据是不能发表文章，所以有人凭空捏造数据发表假论文也不能让数据空着。D也是错的。只有B是正确选项。
32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to
   [A] found.
   [B] marked.
   [C] revised.
   [D] stored.
  找近似词。用替代法就可以攻破。先找到这句是在第2段落的第3句：‘Manuscript will be flagged…’，但有几个单词不会怎么办。首先，先别慌；抑制自己猜题的冲动；想破解方法。先问同学你看到不会的中文单词怎么对付？应该是拆字或猜部首、字形。英文也不例外；看manuscript，man-是男人或人类相关的，毕竟古社会都是以男性为尊；-script是文字、书写，例如de-scribe是用文字形容、表达。Manuscript是人写出来的某物；其实也没差多少，是‘手稿’的意思。再来，scrutiny可能没办法攻破，所以用前文来猜，additional是再一次的，后文是杂志，journal，的编辑，editors。前一题说要加强数据的审核，所以可以猜想scrutiny是审阅的卡口。由此得到‘（答案的）未发表的手稿要被编辑再细审核一次’。选项A是找到，B是标记，C是重写，D是在库的。是B）marked最合适。其实flagged是flag，旗子，的动词化，也是插旗子。电影，在某处插上旗子，友军就知道要去那边汇合。让目标明显化的意思。
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
   [A] pose a threat to all its peers.
   [B] meet with strong opposition.
   [C] increase Science’s circulation.
   [D]set an example for other journals.
  大海捞针题型。缩写不是重点，但要知道是什么意思。在第2段落知道SBoRE是Statistics board of reviewing editors；board是协会，大概能翻译成‘杂志数据分析工会’。现在要找主角，Giovanni Parmigiani；在第4段落第1句，但第4段都是他的信念，也是答案所在。关键词是第3句的‘…novel,unique and…lasting impact.’；希望你们英文四六级没白背；novel＝高尚理念，unique＝特别，lasting impact＝具有持续影响力。下一句也是这段落的最后一句就是说明这个什么样的‘影响力’：‘… a larger group…may want to model…after Science.’,更多杂志能跟随Science的作法。选项A）pose a threat是具有威胁，这是错误选项；B）strong opposition是强烈反对意见，也是错误的；C）increase circulation是增加销量，又是错误的。D）set example是设先例或当先锋者。选项D是对的。
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
   [A] adds to researchers’ workload.
   [B] diminishes the role of reviewers.
   [C] has room for further improvement.
   [D] is to fail in the foreseeable future
  大海捞针题型。在第6段落找到这位David Vaux，第1句‘…according to David…’，后面他继续写到‘Researcher should improve… but journals should also take a tougher line.’是要求投稿和审稿的人两方共同精进，因为‘…statistical errors are…common…’，很容易犯数据统计学上的错误。看选项：A）add to…workload是增加某方的工作量；这不是David的观点。B）diminish是消灭；去除审稿编辑的工作也不是David的想法。C）room for improvement是有进步的空间；这是David的信念。基本可以确定选项C是答案。看D）is to fail，注定失败；真悲观。明显是错误答案。
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
   [A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.
   [B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
   [C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
   [D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
  下标题题型。很难，要好好找出每一段落的大意才能攻破。第1段：Science加强peer review的目的；第2段：加强peer review的原因；第3段：加强peer review的第二原因；第4段：Giovanni同意加强peer review的理由；第5段：John同意加强peer review的理由；第6段：David同意加强peer review的理由。有没有像人民大会全体起立鼓掌全票通过？真河蟹。不是选项B），尊重数据分析专家；不是C），数据分析变成杂志编辑的工作；也不是D）数据分析重回Science杂志。答案是A）各专家同意严格审核科学文稿的数据真实性。

Text 4
这篇相对简单，但网络版上有许多错字，可能是扫描器无法识别出的错，甚至连38题题干都有错字。下面文章已更正：
Will Hutton,‘As the hacking trail proves, we lack moral purpose in public life’.于 2014，June 29 刊登在 UK News。

1   Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market.  But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit ”.
2   Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”  This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
3   As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge – the wider issue of dearth of integrity still standstill. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.  This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
4   In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
5   In today’s world, title has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run.  Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words relegated to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
6   The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions - nor received traceable, recorded answers.

36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
   [A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
   [B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.
   [C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
   [D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
  大海捞针题型。海洋已经限制住了，在前两段之中，找一找让Elisabeth不开心的地方。第1段落第2句，‘Integrity had collapsed…’，中的‘she argued’表现出她不开心的辩论，所以这里如果你没留意到这线索可能就麻烦了。看看她撇着嘴为什么不开心：‘integrity had collapsed’,没有诚信可言、满街的潜规则。‘…because of a collective acceptance,大众认知，the only sorting mechanism in society,社会上的唯一‘分类机制’， should be profit and the market，是利润和市场占有率。白话文：她对现代社会的向钱看非常有意见。第2段的其它证据：关键词‘absence of purpose…become…dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.’，缺乏目标的一昧求利是资本主义和自由主义的威胁。选项A），consequences是后果；目前sorting mechanism会带来的后果，也就是对自由和资本主义的威胁。所以A是对的。看看其它选项：B）financial loss是赔钱，并没有在这两段提到，所以是错的；C）政府在道德上的管束；要知道国外不像中国标语贴满街，因为它们知道这不是政府能或需要强势规定的。国外重视身教，不是言教。D）wide misuse广泛的错误应用；部分是没错，但跟选项A比起来差的多。比起选部分没错的选项不如选对的选项安心。答案是A。
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
   [A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
   [B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
   [C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
   [D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
  理解题。因为‘infer’的关系，好好的把规定的第3段落看看。Ex-是‘前’的意思，例如ex-boyfriend是前男友，ex-wife是前妻，ex-editor是已退休的编辑。Hack是数据入侵；hack phone是电话的非法窃听。Okay，第3段是一个ex-editor因为hacking phone被判刑，但另一个无罪。怎么蒋杀人有罪，毛杀人无罪呢？这不是重点；重点是更多的案件，5千5百类似案件待审 － 更多缺乏诚信的类似事件仍然standstill，停滞不前。跟单一事件无关，所以选项A和C被删除掉。选项D的will be accepted，被认同，不是事实也没有这个趋势；也是错的。看看选项B，5千5百新闻人也做着同样窃听他人电话的事还待审，所以的确有更多的人，不会是所有的5千多人，会步入Andy Coulson的后尘：定谳有罪。
38. The author believes the Rebekah Brooks’s defence
   [A] revealed a cunning personality
   [B] centered on trivial issues
   [C] was hardly convincing
   [D] was part of a conspiracy
  大海捞针题型。注意，题干问的是Brook’s defence，不是Book’s deference。海有点大，跟着人名找到第4段，关键词是‘astonishing’，让人难以置信的。至于难以相信的事是Rebekah，一名News of the World报社的主编，会什么都不知道（最后一句的‘she knew nothing’）、不确认消息来源（第3句的‘thought to ask but never inquire’）。这是临时工，不是主编吧…。‘难以相信’是选项C的同义词，hard to convince，没有说服力；不过陪审团信了，所以是个successful defence：她被判无罪。选项A是露出母狐狸尾巴，但没有证据，故不选。B是百年大案；也不是事实，可能许多同学连她是谁都不晓得。Conspiracy是阴谋论；D是某阴谋论的一角也是缺乏事实证据的。确认C是答案。
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
   [A] generally distorted values
   [B] unfair wealth distribution
   [C] a marginalized lifestyle
   [D] a rigid moral code
  大海捞针题型。找找题干中的collective doctrine，在第5段落第3句‘ For a generation…’，collective doctrine指的是这一世代的确是以‘利润’为前提。再看看后面一句，‘words that mattered’,重要的东西都是跟利益有关的，其它‘正义’、‘公平’都是可被忽视的。这样，选项B）不公平的财产分配，D）不被妥兮的道德 ，都不是这世代的人相信的，所以两个都是错误选项。C是边缘化的生活方式；不要问我是什么东西，没有在文中提到；猜想是不是住在树上、桥下、自给自足、找个山寨夫人这种非非非主流生活方式…。答案是A，作者虽然不想苟同，却为现代主流、多数人的信念。
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
   [A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.
   [B] Common humanity is central news reporting.
   [C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.
   [D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
  姑且算作者态度题型。这种suggest的题型不是看那段第一句就是最后一句，要称它为‘大海’也太勉强了；不过是一杯水吧。第1句可能有点难理解，估计许多讲课老师都会解释错。这一句是作者对Rebekah Brook执笔的News of the World报社不满：“正常的报社、杂志社是公正中立、不背弃人性理念的，是为了让读者了解时事而存在；但News of the World在做者背道而驰的鸟事。”。看选项：选项A是能把死的写成活的文笔是primary importance，最重要的；当然不符合。选项C是写雷锋那种打鸡血让人high的文章；也不符合。D要求更严格的职业法规；这也不是作者要求。作者要的很简单：报导时不要抹灭人性，common humanity，就好了。答案是B。

Part B
   How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) ______. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
   The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues. (42) _______.
   Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______.
   Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _______.
   This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
   How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______. Such dimensions of read suggest - as others introduced later in the book will also do - that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

[F] In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.

[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
  这部分好像每一年都有不一样的方式，发现考官真厉害，发明各式各样的酷刑来整考生。“天降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨。”令我好奇不知道今年的形式会是如何。但这一篇是找出合适的句子，A～G放入适合的空格，41～45中。A到G有7个，但41到45共5题；表示有2个选项是干扰。找出关键词非常重要，这样才能在有限时间内马上找到对的句子。在关键词下画线或标帜，如果方向错误也要马上放弃之前标记然后重新标记。
  看41题。第一段开头句问人是如何处理看书时资讯在大脑里处理的方式。41的上句的关键词是comprehend，identify…relationship, grammar,分别是认知，与熟悉知识找到关联，文法处理。41的下句的关键词是infer和make decisions，分别是推断，定论。这时你得到的资料是：认知->处理资料->(41)->推断->定论。快速的看选项的关键词，如果熟悉的情况下最好是总结出各选项的大意：A中有studying text，fulfill requirement of course， reading for pleasure等关键词，分别为仔细理解文章，为了考试而读，和悠闲的读书。从中知道A是不同的读书方式。B的关键词是place，period，gender，age，class，分别为地方，时间，性别，年龄，阶级背景。B是细读后做深度的理解。C的关键词是unfamiliar，guess，mental note，possible link，分别为不熟悉，猜测，提醒自己留意，可能的关联。C一看就有点像我们之前的处理看书时资料处理步骤的一环。先做个mental note。看D，关键词reconstruct，image，author intended，分别时重新整理，想像图，作者的打算。也有点像上面的步骤，但是在下断定之后，错误了再回头重审的步骤，所以不可能是41的答案。E的关键词是further inference，test…significant，personal response，分别是更进一步的推论，关键的实验，个人反应。E有点广泛，但知道是对作者的深度理解。F关键词是，比较长，character speak as construct created， not mouthpieces for author’s thoughts。F比较深奥，角色的话是作者基于世代背景下创造出来的结构，不是作者的喉舌。最后G,关键词是rather，interaction between textual and contextual，background，social knowledge，belief and attitude，分别是，与其（开头的连接词一定是关键），字面和上下文的关系，背景，社会了解，信念和感受。G说的很细节，看起来就是作者解释文的中段。
  有点长但A～G的关键词和大意都出来了。41题是［C］比较明确，因为是适合的步骤：从看进去字，理解那是字，文字处理，不懂字的意思是要假设，与类似但认识的字做链接、比较，下结论字与句子的意思。
  42上文的关键词是infer information，writer presents specific evidence and clues，分别是推论，作者给予的提示或证据。这上文跟［E］，evidence和clues的理解后再做further inference比较合适，然后做出读者跟author的共鸣或抵抗。为什么不用选项［B］的原因是开头句不合适：evidence跟factors。当你用factors的时候一定是说明一个能被左右的事物；而不是铁证的evidence跟clue。
  43的上文虽然是用what开头但不是问句；what是代名词。关键词是not…absolute, not…fixed, not…clocked for accuracy, not…timeless relation。简单地说，一种米养百种人，一本书各自理解；没有绝对，也没有单一意思。这种not的句子后面常用反义连接词，这样能想到哪一句合适？没错，是［G］：每个人年龄、经历、信念和感受不同，接触到某物的结论也不同，所以适合是的选项。
  再看44上句的关键词是background material，造成个人差异的生活背景的东西。不懂，没关系，因为是作者要解释给读者了解的44题的答案：同学与最亲的人（举男女朋友为例，2D或3D的都好）不同的地方，不就是出身地、生日、性别、宗教等等，不就是选项［B］吗？
  最后看45。卡在中间的句子；depends，particular interest，跟下句的agenda，分别为取决于，特定的理由／嗜好，隐藏目的。‘特殊的目的’不就是［A］吗：为了考试而读、为了兴趣而读、为了理解而读。简简单单就攻略了这章节。
  死记硬背不如找对方法。每个人都有相应的方法，所以如果上述方法不适合你，可以让我知道或慢慢找出适合自己的方式。

Section III
Directions:
   Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

   Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
   47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.
   48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
   49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
   “To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.

46.  This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
  又是翻译的时候。一样，只要找到句中的主谓宾就可以迎刃而解。但这句有两个逗号后面没有连接词的句子，这是修饰词；修饰词顾名思义，修饰它之前的名词或动词。先看看主谓宾；主语：movement，注意一下，movement可以是类似民主运动、政府修法、人口移动、物品运输…等等，所以要看上一句找出这是什么movement；从上找到是from Europe to America的人口移动，称美洲移民；谓语因为有连接词的关系有两个：一个是built，建筑、建设等；另一个是shaped，塑造、成型等。宾语则有三个：一个是相应第一个谓语的 nation，国家，第二个是character，人格、个性、性格，第三个是destiny ，命运。其它单词也写出来：driven by＝被什么驱使之下，wilderness＝野外、大自然。好了，应该写的出来吧。许多强力和多元的理由驱使之下，众人横渡大西洋在荒野之中建起了一个属于他们的国家，这种气势成就了未知大陆的命运和这国家的性格。By nature可以翻译成就本质而言，也可以是自然而然；它也不是修饰连接词的，它修饰了整个前半句。
47.The United States is the product of two principal forces – the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics, and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.
主谓宾很简单，在‘－’之后的说明也不会太复杂；总而言之，还是比较直接的句子。主语：United States，美利坚共和国；谓语：is；宾语：product，成果、成品。Two forces，两股力量；第一股是immigration peoples，你没看错，peoples，复数，指的是‘众多民族’；不要翻译称‘人们’。第二股力量是新国家的成立。翻译吧：两个不同的力量造就了美利坚共和国：第一股是众多欧洲民族的移民有各自不同的想法、习俗和民族个性；第二股是来到这新国家更强化了各民族的特征。
48.But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
有点像46句的开头，用连接词开头，后面马上来一个修饰词，所以我们先看看修饰词；因为它没有谓语，所以不是一个完整的句子，而被称为词，可以把它理解为解释的背景说明。Geographic是地理的意思，peculiar是奇特的。；修饰词是‘美国特有的地理环境作用下，’。好了，还是要看主句的主谓宾：主语被连接词连起来了，有两个：interplay和difficulty，分别为相互作用和困难；谓语是caused，造成；宾语是changes。主语对各位同学应该是比较困难的，知道‘of’是形象的归属词，不要硬翻成‘的’，‘varied national groups upon one another’是各民族团体之间…,‘maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent’是在危险、未知的新大陆上维持旧世界法则…。Raw是生猛、狂野、危机四伏，不只是看电影时‘生肉’的单一意思。看看翻译：不过，由于美国特有的地理环境的作用下，各个民族之间的相互作用产生巨大的变化，在一个未知的危险新大陆上维持旧世界关系的顽固想法也随之改变。
49. The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th and 16thcentury explorations of North America.
要反应到这是比较词：more than…，还有 …which is now the US…是修饰前面的‘territory’，领土。如果你发现这两点这句也不难了。More than比较的是时间，也就是first shiploads of immigrants，一满船的移民，抵达的时间和explorations of North America，发现并探险北美，最初的时间。第一梢船满载着横渡大西洋的移民前往现在称为美利坚共和国的土地是在十五、十六世界的北美洲开荒百年之后的事情。
50.The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure–house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.
有一个好字，‘veritable’，好好记着能在写作时使用，是‘名副其实’的意思。另一个字，‘virgin’，看到不要太兴奋，virgin forest确实可以翻译成‘为开发的处女地’，但‘原始森林’是不是更好呢？老样子，还是找出主谓宾：主语是forest；谓语是was；宾语是treasure－house，大宝库。修饰主词的字较多，还有which之后的都是修饰treasure－house的。翻译：这一片原始森林确实是一个大宝库，拥有着丰富而且种类繁多的树木，一直从现在的Maine州延绵到Georgia州。 真的好大一片森林，从美国东北一直到东南，涵盖了除了Florida州的整个东岸。不要浪费翻译特有人名、地名，照样写就好了；不扣分的。

Section IV
Part A 和 Part B还是不写例子，让各位同学自由发挥。要不然大家写的都差不多看起来也没有多大意思。不要想太多，按照自己思路写出自己所见的东西就好了；不要过分依赖模板，要不然以后当上研究生以后过分依赖模板就有可能去抄袭别人文章去了。这时最要不得的。
当然也有练习的方法： 像写日记、日志、电影观后感想、城市景点、新闻等等进行练习。目标是暑假每天一篇，九月到十月一周一篇，十月后两周一篇坚持到考试。加油。

以上就是2015年英文（一）。

GeneTell

2019年考研又要开始了。
最近只要入手2018年的试卷会马上分析，解题。
希望对各位会有帮助，也谢谢各位支持和指教。