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在谈到关系代词which和that的区别的时候,在朗文当代高级辞典有一个解释:That can only be used as a relative pronounto specify a person or thing ,not to add extra information.When adding extrainformation,use who or which.这个解释的值得思考。照字面意思理解,关系代词who or which用来补充,添加信息的。仔细想,关系代词who or which的先行词,必须是客观存在的,不是虚无的,否者不存在的事物或人,是不能补充内容的。 例如: At that time he had two helpers. In a fewyears the small workshop had become a large factory which employed sevenhundred and twenty-eight people. 新概念英语Lesson 31 由he small workshop发展到a large factory,再用关系代词which补充了 extra information,在这儿关系代词which的先行词factory是客观存在的。 Pumas arelarge, cat-like animals which are found in America。新概念英语第3册第一课,在这儿关系代词which的先行词是large, cat-like animals,存在于美洲,用关系代词which暗示着这种动物生活在美洲。又如何跑到英国伦敦去了? When you visit London, one of the first thingsyou will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can beheard all over the world on the B.B.C. 新概念英语Lesson 71 同样这儿的关系代词which的先行词Big Ben是客观存在的,同时全世界都出名也是客观存在的。 The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place ofworship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times.新概念英语第三册 lesson 3读者不难可以欣赏到这儿的关系代词which的用法。 那么关系代词that的先行词是不是客观存在的或者是不存在的,看两个例子: The Wayle is a small river thatcuts across the park near my home.新概念英语第二册lesson 30 此处关系代词that的先行词river是客观存在的,这一点和关系代词which一样的,能不能换成which呢?不能,从叙述的角度来看,主句的叙述角度和从句叙述的角度一样,没有补充新的信息。但是,当先行词是客观情况下不存在的情况下,一般只用关系代词that。例如: It's working all right, but I'mafraid that at one o'clock it will strike thirteen times and there's nothing Ican do about it."新概念英语第三册lesson 2这是课文中那位Bill把教堂里那个坏了多年的钟修好了,可是在一点钟的时候,那个钟要报时13下,于是,Bill讲到,对此我无能为力了。此处省掉了关系代词that,它的先行词nothing,客观不存在,也就是讲在Bill看来,要想在一点钟报时一下的办法在客观中不存在。由此可见,关系代词which所指的多是客观存在的。而关系代词that既可以指客观存在,也可以指不存在的。
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