英语中的语态

张纠风

（一）各种时态中的语态的基本形式。
态
时        一般        进行        完成        完成进行
现在        am/is/are +done        am/is/are  being +done        has/have been +done         has/have been being +done
过去        was/were +done        was/were  being +done         had been +done        had been being +done
将来        shall/will be +done         shall/will be being +done         shall/will have been +done        shall/will have been being +done
过去将来        should/would be  +done        would/should be being+ done        should/would  have been + done        would/should have been being +done
注：不定式的被动语态为“to be +done”。

（二）被动语态在考研中的应用
1、翻译中常见被动语态的翻译方法：不出现“被”为原则，详见翻译课程。
2、阅读中常见的短语积累规纳。
It has been decided that……. 已经决定
It is supposed that……. 人们认为
It is suggested that……. 有人建议
It must be remembered that……. 务必记住
It is taken for granted that……. 被视为当然
It is said that……. 据说
It is reported that……. 据报道
It is hoped that……. 希望
It is believed that……. 人们相信
It is announced that……. 据宣布
it is (well) known that……. 众所周知

（三） 关于被动语态的几点说明
1、有些动词形式上是主动，意义上是被动。例如:
School begins in September.学校九月份开学。
The library doesn’t open on Sunday.图书馆星期天不开放。
The machine runs well.这台机器容易操作。
My pen writes well.我的钢笔好使。
The cloth washes well.这料子耐洗。
The dictionary sells well.这词典销路很好。
The book hardly sells.这书买不出去。
The door will not shut/lock.门关/锁不上。
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2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带 to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号 to必须补上。例如：
They made him go.他们让他去。
He was made to go.他被要求去了。
I heard him say good-bye to his friends.我听见他向他的朋友说再见。
He was heard to say good-bye to his friends.有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。
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3、除助动词 be外，动词 get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用 by短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market.在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。
You might get killed/hurt.你会送命/受伤的。
In the end this story got translated into English.这故事最后被译成了英文。
His car got damaged in a road accident. 他的车在交通事故中被毁了。

4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如：
I’ll have the bike repaired in no time.我一会就把自行车修好。
I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping.上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。
He got his leg broken when playing football. 踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。
I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved.我打折买了这些书，省了两百美元。

5、在 need, want, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思：
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned)我的表需要清洗。
Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered)你的花园需要浇水。
Does your suit require pressing, sir?先生，您的衣服要烫吗?