2015mti真题

Catherine菜菜 · 发表于 2015-4-13 18:20

2015年上外真题回忆
2015真题回忆
一边回忆一边吐血,99%原题，不要问我为什么记得住，就是任性！大家都可以做一下，其实会做就是不好拿分。再加上题型变换，说好的翻译突然变成了描述和总结，大家都不敢下笔了。真的不用翻译？？？？？这种心情，你懂得！必竟那么多分摆在那儿，要是只写三四句感觉好奇怪。嗯，上外就是这么任性，和我一样。
仅供想考上外的同志们参考
               ------------------2015年12月29日  cy
翻硕基础

完型30

The American dreamis leaving America

The best escalator to opportunity in the US iseducation. But a new study underscores that the escalator is broken. We expecteach generation to do better,    （1）  , currently, more young American men haveless education (29%) than their parents    （2） havemore education (20%). Among young Americans whose parents didn’t graduate fromhigh school, only 5% make it          （3）collegethemselves. In other rich countries, the figure is 23%. The US is devotingbillions of dollars to compete with Russia militarily, but（4） weshould try to compete educationally. Russia now has the largest percentage ofadults with a university education of any industrialized          （5）—a positiononce held by the US, although we’re plunging in that roster. These       （6）come fromthe annual survey of education from the Organization for Economic Cooperationand Development, or OECD, and it should be a shock to Americans. A basic elementof the American dream is （7）       access to education as the lubricant of socialand economic mobility. But the American dream seems to have       （8）  because many countries do better than the USin educational mobility, according to the OECD study. As （9） as 2000,the US still ranked second in the share of the population with a collegedegree. Now we have dropped to fifth. Among 25-to-34-year-olds—a    （10）  of how we will rank in the future—we rank12th, while once-impoverished South Korea tops the list. A new Pew survey findsthat Americans consider the （11） threat toour country to be the growing gap between the rich and poor. Yet we haveconstructed an education system,  （12）    onlocal property taxes, that provides great schools for the rich kids in thesuburbs who need the least help, and broken, dangerous schools for inner-citychildren who desperately need a helping（13）       . Too often, the US’s educationsystem amplifies not opportunity but inequality. My dad was a World War IIrefugee who fled Ukraine and Romania and eventually （14） his way toFrance. He spoke perfect French, and Pariswould have been a natural place to settle. But he felt that France was stratified and would offer littleopportunity to a………..(15) Eastern European refugee, or even to his children ageneration later, so he set out for the US. He didn’t speak English, but,on arrival in 1951, he bought a copy of the Sunday edition of The New YorkTimes and began to teach himself—and then he worked his way through Reed Collegeand the University of Chicago, earning a PhDand becoming a university professor. He rode the American dream to success; sodid his only child. But while he was right in 1951 to bet on opportunity in theUS rather than Europe, these days he would perhaps be wrong. Researchersfind economic and educational mobility are now greater in Europe than in the US. That’sparticularly sad because, as my Times colleague Eduardo Porter noted lastmonth, egalitarian education used to be the US’s strong suit. Europeancountries excelled at first-rate education for the elites, but the US led the wayin mass education.By the mid-1800s, most American states provided a freeelementary education to the great majority of white children. In contrast, aslate as 1870, only 2% of British 14-year-olds were in school. Then the US was thefirst major country, in the 1930s, in which a majority of children attendedhigh school. By contrast, as late as 1957, only 9% of 17-year-olds in Britain were inschool. Until the 1970s, we were pre-eminent in mass education, and ClaudiaGoldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University argue powerfully that this wasthe secret to the US’seconomic rise. Then we blew it, and the latest OECD report underscores how therest of the world is eclipsing us. In effect, the UShas become 19th-century Britain:We provide superb education for elites, but we falter at mass education. Inparticular, we fail at early education. Across the OECD, an average of 70% of3-year-olds are enrolled in education programmes. In the US, it’s 38%. Insome quarters, there’s a perception that American teachers are lazy. But theOECD report indicates that American teachers work far longer hours than theircounterparts abroad. Yet American teachers earn 68% as much as the averageAmerican college-educated worker, while the OECD average is 88%. Fixing theeducation system is the civil rights challenge of our era. A starting point isto embrace an ethos that was born in the US but is now an expatriate: thatwe owe all children a fair start in life in the form of access to an educationescalator. Let’s fix the escalator.

阅读30

1.    Why the author’s father leavehis home town for America?

2.    What’s the educationalmobility in Americabefore 1930s?

3.    Accordingto Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University ,What was the secretto the US’seconomic rise?

4.    What’s the 19th Britainlike?

5.    What should be done to fixthe education system?

作文：40

Would we be betteroff without religion?

回答这个问题写文章WHY/WHY NOT

翻译

今年题型完全变了

1.Write adescription of the future of cities based on the following essay80

文章：

The internet of everythingwill change how we live and work

As much asthe Internet has already changed the world, it is the Web’s next phase thatwill bring the biggest opportunities, revolutionizing the way we live, work,play, and learn.

That next phase, which some call the Internet of Things andwhich we call the Internet of Everything, is the intelligent connection ofpeople, processes, data, and things. Although it once seemed like a far-offidea, it is becoming a reality for businesses, governments, and academicinstitutions worldwide. Today, half the world’s population has access to theInternet; by 2020, two-thirds will be connected. Likewise, some 13.5 billiondevices are connected to the Internet today; by 2020, we expect that number toclimb to 50 billion. The things that are—and will be—connected aren’t justtraditional devices, such as computers, tablets, and phones, but also parkingspaces and alarm clocks, railroad tracks, street lights, garbage cans, andcomponents of jet engines.

All of these connections are already generating massive amountsof digital data—and it doubles every two years. New tools will collect andshare that data (some 15,000 applications are developed each week!) and, withanalytics, that can be turned into information, intelligence, and even wisdom, enablingeveryone to make better decisions, be more productive, and have more enrichingexperiences.

And the value that it will bring will be epic. In fact, theInternet of Everything has the potential to create $19 trillion in value over the next decade. For theglobal private sector, this equates to a 21 percent potential aggregateincrease in corporate profits—or $14.4 trillion. The global public sector willbenefit as well, using the Internet of Everything as a vehicle for thedigitization of cities and countries. This will improve efficiency and cutcosts, resulting in as much as $4.6 trillion of total value. Beyond that,it will help (and already is helping) address some of the world’s most vexingchallenges: aging and growing populations rapidly moving to urban centers;growing demand for increasingly limited natural resources; and massiverebalancing in economic growth between briskly growing emerging market countriesand slowing developed countries.

PHYSICAL LIMITS

More than half of the world’s population now lives in or near amajor urban area, and the move toward ever-greater urbanization shows no signsof slowing. According to the United Nations, the global population is expectedto grow from seven billion today to 9.3 billion by 2050, and the world’s citieswill have to accommodate about 70 percent more residents.

The traditional ways of dealing with the influx—simply addingmore physical infrastructure—won’t work, given limited resources and space. Newways of incorporating technology will be required to provide urban services,whether it’s roads, water, electricity, gas, work spaces, schools, orhealthcare. In the future, there will be less emphasis on physical connectionsand more on access to virtual connections.

Cities also face budgetary challenges, battling rising costs andshrinking resources. The world’s cities account for 70 percent ofgreenhouse-gas emissions, and according to UN-HABITAT, energy-related costs areone of the biggest municipal budget items. Technology could provide a simplefix just by updating aging street lighting systems. That would also improvecitizen safety and create a more favorable environment for businessinvestments.

There are similar issues in many of the world’s water systems,with aging pipes in desperate need of replacing. For instance, the United States’water infrastructure is near the end of its lifecycle with approximately 240,000 water main breaks each year.The cost of fixing this crumbling infrastructure could exceed $1 trillion overthe next 25 years, assuming that all pipes are replaced. By placing networkedsensors in water mains and underground pipe systems as they are repaired andreplaced, cities could more effectively monitor and better anticipate futureleaks and other potential problems as the infrastructure is upgraded.

More people also means more waste. The amount of municipal solidwaste generated around the world is expected to reach 2.2 billion tons by2025—up from 1.3 billion in 2012. Globally, solid waste management costs willrise to about$375.5 billionby 2025, according to predictions by the World Bank. Once again, theInternet of Everything offers ways to better manage and reduce these costs. Forexample, sensors in residential and commercial garbage containers could alert acity waste management system when they are full. Each morning, the driverswould receive their optimized route to empty the full containers. Compared totoday’s fixed-route system, the new system could save millions of dollars byincreasing efficiencies and worker productivity.

The intelligent and efficient stewardship of growing cities musttake top priority. And there, we are convinced that the Internet of Everythingwill bring one of the most significant technology transitions since the birthof the Internet. Connections between things and people, supported by networkedprocesses, will enable everyone to turn data into actionable information thatcan be used to do things that weren’t possible before, or to do them better. Wecan more quickly discover patterns and trends; we can predict and prepare foranything from bus or assembly line breakdowns to natural disasters and quicksurges in product demand.

PUBLIC GOOD

Perhaps surprisingly, the public sector has been the most effectiveand innovative early adopter when it comes to making use of the Internet ofEverything, especially in major metropolitan areas. New and innovativesolutions are already transforming green fields and rundown urban centers intowhat we call Smart + Connected Communities, or Smart Cities.According to IHS Technology, the total number of Smart Cities will quadruple from21 to 88 between 2013and 2025. At Cisco, we are engaged with more than 100 cities in differentstages of Smart City development.

By definition, Smart Cities are those that integrate informationcommunications technology across three or more functional areas. More simplyput, a Smart City is one that combines traditionalinfrastructure (roads, buildings, and so on) with technology to enrich thelives of its citizens. Creative platforms and killer apps have helped reducetraffic, parking congestion, pollution, energy consumption, and crime. Theyhave also generated revenue and reduced costs for city residents and visitors.

For instance, one-third of the world’s streetlights usetechnology from the 1960s. Cities that update aging systems with networkedmotion-detection lights save administrative and management time as well aselectricity and costs—as much as 70–80 percent,according to an independent, global trial of LED technology. By using suchenergy-saving technologies, cities can drastically lower their municipalexpenditures on electricity. Cisco estimates that smart street lightinginitiatives can also reduce area crime byseven percentbecause of better visibility and more contentcitizenry. Further, connected light poles can serve as wireless networkingaccess points, enabling citizens and city managers to take advantage ofpervasive connectivity. And networked sensors incorporated into utility linescould help reduce costs for both consumers and providers, with meters being“read” remotely, and much more accurately. Cities such as Nice, Franceare already implementing smart lighting, which monitors lamp intensity andtraffic sensors to reduce car theft, assaults, and even home burglary. Theselighting initiatives are also expected to reduce the city’s energy bill by more than $8million.

Smart Cities are also saving energy indoors. Buildings outfittedwith intelligent sensors and networked management systems can collect andanalyze energy-use data. Such technologies have the potential to reduce energyconsumption and cut costs by $100 billionglobally over the nextdecade.

Thanks to higher traffic, cities generate more than 67 percentof greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere. Experts predict that thisfigure will rise to 74 percent by 2030. In the United States alone, trafficcongestion costs $121 billion a year in wasted time and fuel. Incredibly,drivers looking for a parking space cause 30 percent of urban congestion, notto mention pollution. To overcome this problem, the city of San Carlos, Californiahas embedded networked sensors into parking spaces that relay to driversreal-time information about—and directions to—available spots. This program hashelped reduce congestion, pollution, and fuel consumption. Moreover, parkingfees can be dynamically adjusted for peak times, which generates more revenuefor cities.

Cities can also integrate sensors that collect and sharereal-time data about public transportation systems to improve traffic flow andbetter monitor the use of buses and trains, giving them the ability to adjustroute times and frequency of stops based on changing needs. This alone will cutcosts and bring new efficiencies. Mobile apps that aggregate the information,meanwhile, can help citizens track delays or check pick-up times for a moreseamless commute. Barcelona, Spain hasalready changed the typical experience of waiting for a bus by deploying smartbus stops, where citizens can use touchscreen monitors to view up-to-date busschedules, maps, locations for borrowing city-owned bikes, and local businessesand entertainment.

Innovative municipal leaders understand the Internet ofEverything’s incredible promise. In fact, these days, the most innovativecities have their own chief information officers or even chief digitalofficers.

2.Write a summaryof the following essay in English70

文章：树立高度文化自信，讲好中国故事

博大精深的传统文化、丰富多彩的民族文化、独具特色的红色文化、充满生机的当代文化——中华民族创造的文化,是我们引以为豪的软实力,也是我们文化自信的底气所在。要讲好中国故事、弘扬中国精神,最好的手段就是文化的手段,最有力的媒介就就是文化的媒介
文化交流是沟通心灵的桥梁,在国际交往中具有不可替代的重要作用。要认真学习贯彻习近平总书记重要讲话精神,进一步增强文化自觉、文化自信,积极主动做好对外文化交流工作,让世界各国人民更好地感知中国、了解中国。云山同志强调,要充分发挥我们的文化优势,讲好中国故事、弘扬中国精神,把一个文明进步、开放包容、繁荣发展的中国展现在世界人民面前。
树立高度的文化自信,是增强文化自觉的前提。只有自信才会自觉,只有自信才能自强。“对绵延5000多年的中华文明,我们应该多一份尊重,多一份思考。”中华文化是世界文化大花园中的瑰宝,历经岁月洗礼而深厚凝重。博大精深的传统文化、丰富多彩的民族文化、独具特色的红色文化、充满生机的当代文化——我们这个民族创造的文化如此灿烂辉煌,这是我们引以为豪的软实力,也是我们文化自信的底气所在。
“为什么我的眼中饱含泪水,因为我对这片土地爱得深沉。”辽阔壮丽的祖国河山,是我们祖先埋骨之地,璀璨夺目的中华文化,是滋养中华儿女的精神家园,我们有责任倍加珍惜,传承弘扬和光大。
丘吉尔有句名言:我宁可失去一个印度,也不愿失去一位莎士比亚。丘吉尔并非真的愿意放弃英国当年的殖民地印度,而是借莎翁强调对英国文化的珍惜。如果说,丘吉尔作为殖民者带有偏见与傲慢,中华民族可贵的品格,是在平等对待世界各民族文化的前提下,珍爱自己民族创造的伟大文化。对自己的文化,我们没有必要自傲、自得、自满,但有理由自觉、自信、自强。
文化唯有流动才能彰显活力。“不忘本来、吸收外来、面向未来”,这是我们在促进文化发展和繁荣中必须秉持的准则。中华文化一个重要的特点是包容开放,要大胆吸收,让文化成为沟通的桥梁,才能不断生生不息、不断生机勃勃、不断增强自信的底气。在中国历史上,文化鼎盛的朝代也是文化交流交融最频繁的时期。盛唐时五方杂处、万国来仪,就是文化昌盛的时期。诚如孔子所说:“故远人不服,则修文德以来之。”正因为中华文化的强大包容性,数千年来在漫长的交流交融中生生不息,更丰富、更繁荣。
“倘若你有一个苹果,我也有一个苹果,彼此交换后还是各有一个苹果；但是你有一种思想,我有一种思想,而彼此交流这些思想,那么我们就各有两种思想。”这是现代管理学中的一个经典。文化交流互鉴更是如此。要讲好中国故事、弘扬中国精神,最好的手段就是文化的手段,最有力的媒介就就是文化的媒介。我们要发挥好中华文化的独特优势,把能够运用的手段充分调动起来,以最形象生动的传播,向世界呈现悠久灿烂的中华文化、说明我们的文明进步和平发展,诠释中国梦的丰富内涵。
我们有能力创造中国故事,也一定有能力讲好中国故事。

百科知识：

一.30

1.元朝的铁木真，人们尊称他为       。

2.“石”也是计量单位。一石等于    升，用作计量单位时读音       。

3.公元420-589是南北朝，南朝分为四朝分别是，，    ，。

4.“药石”是药物的统称，石是       ，用于治病中的石针和石片。

5.菡萏和芙蕖都是指。

6.南宋是理学集大成者。

7.    ，    ，，    ，是戏曲的四个基本功。

8.令媛和令爱都是敬称，称    。

成语40

词义，典故出处，造句

破釜沉舟

负荆请罪

韦编三绝

想当然

围魏救赵

作文：读完下面材料写出你的感受

关于依法治国的一篇文章（就是政治上的材料）