新东方唐静老师考研翻译真题全文译文【新修正版，持续更

陈章鱼

2007年英译汉全文

仍在修改中，有错请指出，谢谢。

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

几个世纪以来，欧洲许多大学一直将法学视为基础学科。然而，直到最近几年，法学才成为了加拿大大学本科的一门特色学科。传统上，这些院校一直把法律知识看作是律师专有的特权，而不是每个受教育者必需的知识储备。   可喜的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立更传统、更具欧陆特色的法律教育观，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法学学士学位。

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.

如果说法学正在开始成为通识教育的一部分，那么它的目标和方式应该会立刻吸引新闻学教育者。法学这门学科鼓励人们进行负责任的判断。一方面，它为人们分析正义、民主、自由这样的概念提供了机会。另一方面，它将这些概念与日常实际联系起来，类似于记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法。比如，证据与事实、基本权利与公共利益这样的概念，在新闻判断和新闻制作过程中发挥的作用和在法庭上差不多。通过研读和思考法律来提高判断能力，是记者应该为其职业做的知识准备。

48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

但“记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律”这种观点基于人们对新媒体的既定规范和特殊责任的理解。政治，或者广义上说的国家运作，是新闻报道的主要题材。他们对国家运作的方式了解得越多，他们的报道就会越出色。事实上，很难想象那些没有清晰领会加拿大宪法基本特点的记者如何能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。

Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects forjournalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. 50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

此外，法律体系和体系中发生的事件都是记者主要的报道对象。尽管法律报道的质量良莠不齐，但许多记者都过分依赖律师提供的解释。尽管律师的评论和反馈可能强化报道内容，但记者最好还是依赖自己对重要性的看法，并做出自己的判断。只有对法律体系有透彻的理解，才可能做到这一点。

陈章鱼

2005年考研英译汉全文

仍在修改中，有错请指出，谢谢。

It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

在欧洲史上这个极其重要的阶段，讨论大众传媒的作用并非易事。历史和新闻变得混淆起来，人们倾向于既持怀疑态度又持乐观态度。电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲最近发生的事件中，它将不同的民族和国家联系在一起，作用之大或许前所未有。如今的欧洲正是由多个民族、他们的文化和国家认同感组成的。了解了这一点，我们就可以开始分析欧洲的电视业。在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体的集团越来越成功：这些集团将相互联系的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社整合起来。例如意大利的贝鲁斯科尼集团，以及海外的马克斯韦尔集团和默多克集团。

Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

显然，在这样一个丰富多彩、竞争激烈的市场上，只有最大最灵活的电视公司才能参与竞争。仅此一点就足以表明，要在电视业中生存下来并非易事。统计数字强调了这个事实。统计数字显示，欧洲80个电视网中至少有一半在1989年出现了亏损。此外，欧洲共同体的形成将迫使电视公司在制作和发行方面更加密切合作。

49) Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

古老的欧洲大陆由不同的文化和传统维系在一起。要创造一种尊重这些文化和传统的“欧洲认同”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性抉择，即在欧洲制作面向欧洲人的节目。这就要求我们减少对北美市场的依赖，因为他们节目中涉及的经历和文化传统与我们大不相同。

In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of European Investment Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say "Unity we stand, divided we fall" -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be "Unity in our diversity." A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

为了达到这些目标，我们必须更加注重联合制作、新闻交换、文献服务和相关培训。这还包括欧洲各国就建立欧洲电视制作银行一事达成一致。这家银行将以欧洲投资银行为模板，处理电视制作所需的资金问题。在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说“合则兴，分则亡”。如果我必须选择一句口号，我会选“求同存异”——目标一致，但又尊重各国不同的特性。

陈章鱼

2004年英译汉全文

仍在修改中，有错请指出，谢谢。

The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. 61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

几个世纪以来，语言与思维的关系一直让哲学家很感兴趣。希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程之间存在某种联系，这种观点早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎下了根。

Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

直到最近，语言学家们才开始认真研究与自己母语大不相同的语言。人类学语言学家弗兰茨·博厄斯和爱德华·萨皮尔是两位先驱，他们在20世纪上半叶描述了南美和北美的多种土著语言。我们得感激他们，因为在此之后，说这些语言的民族已经灭亡或者被同化进而失去其母语,一些土著语言也就随之消失了。然而，本世纪初的另一些语言学家对上述两位语言学家就没那么感激了，因为他们对“异族”语言的古怪资料不感兴趣。那些新近得到描述的语言和过去得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚语言往往差异显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔杜撰资料。美洲土著语言之间确实大不相同，以至于美军在二战期间将纳瓦霍语用作发送秘密情报的电码。

Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65)Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

萨皮尔的学生本杰明·李·沃尔夫继续研究美洲印第安语。沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐得出了这样一种观点：语言结构决定了一个社会中惯性思维的结构。他的推论是，使用一种特定的语言更容易形成某些观念，而非其它观念，因此说这种语言的人会沿着某种轨迹思考问题，而非沿着另一种轨迹。沃尔夫进而相信了某种语言决定论。这种理论的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思维，一种语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远影响。后来，这个观点成为了著名的萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说，但这个说法不是很恰当。尽管萨皮尔和沃尔夫都强调语言的多样性，但萨皮尔本人从未明确支持语言决定论的观点。

陈章鱼

2003年英译汉全文

仍在修改中，有错请指出，谢谢。

Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

在任何时期，在任何地方，人类都在思考自己所处的世界，想知道自己在其中的位置。人类善于思考，富有创造力，拥有永不满足的好奇心。而且，人类有能力改变自己生活的环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命都服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。因此，以一种冷静而系统的方式研究人类的丰富性和多样性非常重要，人们期望，从这样的研究中获得的知识能使人类彼此和谐相处，还能使人类与地球上的其它生命形态和谐相处。

"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

“人类学”一词源于希腊语anthropos（即“人类”）和logos（即“研究”）。就名称而言，人类学包含了对全人类的研究。

Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

人类学是一门社会科学。社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性、有序、系统、冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

社会科学的学科包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学。这些社会科学的每一门学科都有一个分支或专业与人类学密切相关。

All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

所有社会科学都专注于研究人类。人类学是一门重视实地考察的学科，广泛使用比较分析法。强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化时采用的跨文化视角，使这一研究成为了一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。

Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as "… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.

人类学分析主要取决于文化的概念。爱德华·泰勒爵士对文化概念的阐述是19世纪科学的伟大知识成就之一。泰勒将文化定义为“……一个复合体，它包括人作为社会成员获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”他对文化的这种洞见简洁而深刻，为观察和理解人类生活开辟了一条全新的道路。泰勒的定义中隐含着一个概念，即文化是通过学习获得的、人类共有的、模式化的行为。

65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中的“集合”概念一样，是一个抽象的概念，它使得大量具体（对人类的）研究和认识成为可能。

晨越

好啊，不错，支持！！！

篮孩子

2002和01有吗

一婷一世界

博主可以发一份给我吗   万分感谢！

宁敬志远

{:soso_e142:} 太棒了！！！！