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师大英语语言学真题 请求鉴定
2007年硕士研究生入学考试试题
科目： 基础英语
Part 1 Multiple Choice (10points)
Directions: beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the best completes the sentences. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
1.
Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially _______ containing as many different subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.
a. one
b. the one
c. that
d. such
2.
He is not such a man ________ would leave his work half done.
a. that
b. which
c. what
d. as
3.
Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures; __________ is utter poverty.
a. now that all is left
b. now all that is left
c. now all which is left
d. now all what is left
4.
__________ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.
a. So clever are the construction robots
b. So clever the construction robots are
c. Such more on efficiency
d. Such clever construction robots are
5.
Some companies have introduced flexible working hours with less emphasis on pressure ___.
a. than more on efficiency
b. and more efficiency
c. and more on efficiency
d. than efficiency
6.
Staying in a hotel costs _______ a room in a dormitory for a week.
a. twice more than to rent
b. as much twice as renting
c. twice as much as renting
d. as much as twice to rent
7.
I will overlook ________ so rude to my sister this time but don’t let it happen again.
a. you to be
b. your being
c. you to have been
d. you having been
8.
It is no use ________. She is always too strong-headed.
a. you try to persuade her
b. for your trying to persuade her
c. to try to persuade her
d. your trying to persuade her
9.
In the southwestern pat of the United States, ________ built in the last century.
a. there are many abandoned mining towns
b. where there are many abandoned mining towns
c. are many abandoned mining towns
d. many abandoned mining towns are
10.
_________ that you were out, I wouldn’t have bothered to come all this way at that time of night.
a. Should I know
b. Had I known
c. Did I know
d. Were I to know
Part II. Reading Comprehension
(60 points)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading passage 1 below.
Personal Time Management
Since the early work of Halberg, the existence of human “circadian rhythms” has been well known to biologists and psychologists. Circadian rhythms dictate that there are certain times of the day when we are at our best both physically and psychologically. At its simplest, the majority of us feel most alive and creative in the mornings, while come the evenings we are fit only for collapsing with a good book or in front of the television. Others of us note that in the morning we take a great deal of time to get going physically and mentally, but by the evening are full of energy and bright ideas, while a very few of us feel most alert and vigorous in the late afternoon.
Irrespective of our personal rhythms, most of us have a productive period between 10 a.m. and noon, when the stomach, pancreas, spleen and heart all appear to be in their most active phases. Conversely, the majority of us experience a low period in the hour or two after lunch (a time when people in some societies sensibly take a rest), as most of our energy is devoted to the process of digestion. The simple rules here are: don’t waste too much prime time having a coffee break around 11 a.m. when you should be doing some of your best work, and don’t make the after lunch period even less productive by overloading your digestion. A short coffee or tea break is, in fact, best taken on arrival at the office, when it helps us start the day in a positive mood, rather than mid-morning when it interrupts the flow of our activities. Lunch is best taken early, when we are just beginning to feel hungry, and we are likely to eat less than if we leave it until later. An early lunch also means that we can get back into our productive stride earlier in the afternoon.
Changes in one’s attitude can also enhance personal time management. For example, the notion of proaction is eminently preferable to reaction. To proact means to anticipate events and be in a position to take appropriate action as soon as the right moment arrives. To react, on the other hand, means to have little anticipation and do something only when events force you to do so. Proactors tend to be the people who are always one step ahead of other people, who always seem to be in the right place at the right time, and who are always better informed than anyone else. Many of us like an easy life, and so we tend to be reactors. This means that we aren’t alert the challenges and opportunities coming our way, with the consequence that challenges bother us or opportunities pass us by before we’re even properly aware they’re upon us. We can train ourselves in proaction by regularly taking the time to sit down and appraise the likely immediate future, just as we sit down and review the immediate past.
Psychologists recognize that we differ in the way in which ewe characteristically attribute responsibility for the various things that happen to us in life. One of the ways in which we do this is known as locus of control (Weiner, 1979), which refers to assigning responsibility. At its simplest, some individuals have a predominantly external locus of control, attributing responsibility to outside causes (for example, the faults of others or the help given by them), while with other individuals the locus of control is predominantly internal, in which responsibility is attributed to oneself (for example, one’s own abilities or lack of them, hard work, etc.)
However, the picture usually isn’t as simple as this. Many people’s locus of control is more likely to be specific to a particular situation, for example internal in certain areas, such as their social lives, and external in others, such as their working lives. Or, to take another example, they may attribute certain kinds of results to themselves, such as their successes, and certain kinds of results to other people, such as their failures. Obviously the best kind of locus of control is one that is realistic and able to attribute every effect to its appropriate cause, and this is particularly important when is comes to time management. Certainly, there are occasions when other people are more responsible for our time loss that we are, but for most of us, and for most of the time, the blame must fall fairly and squarely upon ourselves.
Question1-6
Choose ONE phrase (A-J) from the list in the box below to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters (A-J) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points make by the writer.
N.B. there are more phrases (A-J) than sentences, so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.
Time management---key points
Answer
Example
Our patterns of circadian rhythms…….
G
1.
A proactive person ……
2.
A reactive person ……
3.
Circadian rhythms ……
4.
The idea is that the best time to work ……
5.
A minority of people ……
6.
Most of us ……
List of phrases
A ……… is in the morning.
B ……… makes us feel alive and creative.
C ……… feel alert in the late afternoon.
D ……… feel most energetic in the mornings.
E ……… is always one step ahead of other people.
F ……… mean certain times of the day at best.
G ……… can affect us physically and mentally.
H ……… when several specific internal organs are active.
I ……… has little anticipation and does something only when events force him to do so.
J ……… when we eat lunch early.
Questions 7-13
Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. “Personal Time Management”. Use NO MORE THAN THEREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in box 7-13 on your answer sheet.
Answer
Example
Most people are less productive
…… after lunch
7.
Our circadian rhythms influence our ___________ performance.
8.
We are more likely to be ____________ in the afternoon if we have an early lunch.
9.
A person who reacts tends not to see __________ when they are approaching.
10.
A assessing the immediate future aids us in becoming ___________.
11.
A person with a mainly ___________ of control would likely direct blame toward himself.
12.
A person with a mainly ___________ of control would likely direct failure toward others.
13.
A person with a healthy and ____________ of control would attribute a result, whether negative or positive, to appropriate causes.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
The Future of the Grizzly Bear
A Grizzly bears (Ursus Arctos) are distributed around the Northern Hemisphere, but their major habitat is North America. There are only about 58,000 left, more than half in Alaska. There were more than twice that number living in the rest of the continent two centuries age, but by 1975 these had been reduced to fewer than 1,000, and listed as a threatened species. However, numbers in some areas appear to have stabilized and may be rebounding slightly, bringing the total to about 1,100.
B Apart from not being killed, the bears’ main requirements are lots of room and lots of food. Their diet is very varied and they devour almost any source of nutrition, as they have to live on stored-up body fat for nearly half a year while hibernating in a den. So they are not fussy eaters. Salmon, which they catch with great skill in roaring rivers, is a favorite, but grizzlies also eat elk and other deer, hornet larva, roots and bulbs, gophers, horses and horse fodder, and even clams dug up on beaches.
C over the winter, a large grizzly can lose 150 pounds, which needs to be replaced. Size and body fat affect how many cubs a female produces. For males, getting big means competing more successfully for mates. Observers have calculated that a grizzly can eat 2,500 moths an hour, and 40,000 a day. A month of such steady feasting could fulfill nearly half a bear’s energy requirements for a year.
D Although hunting decimated the grizzly population in the past, sharp curbs have been put on both commercial and sport hunting in North America’s wilderness areas. A bigger problem for the grizzlies is the restriction of their habitats by road building, both highways and logging roads in forests. A female grizzly will ram in an area 50 to 300 square miles, while a male grizzly can forage in territory of up to 1,000 square miles. The bears will seldom cross a highway, no matter how unfrequented, and so local governments have erected special “wildlife overpasses” to encourage them to continue their normal wanderings.
E Grizzlies perform a useful service for the well-being of the ecological environment, according to scientists. As they dig in the ground, their claws turn over the soil, releasing scarce nitrogen and allowing wild seeds to lodge. Vegetation such as glacier lilies grow better and produces more seeds in swaths dug by bears. The bears, too, can eat and spread seeds from as many as 70,000 berries a day. In the coastal forests of the west coasts of the U.S. and Canada, where the rivers are rich in salmon, it is grizzlies which make possible the growth of what ecologists call “salmon tree”. As the fish fight their way upstream, transporting tons of nutrients harvest from the oceans, grizzlies carry that bounty across the forest floor in the form of urine, feces and left-over fish carcasses. These nutrients, together with the nitrogen that the grizzlies scratch up from the soil, enable the “salmon trees” to grow 60 percent faster. Over the centuries, grizzlies have thus helped to produce the temperate rain forests with giant conifers, able to produce more bio-mass per acre than tropical rain forests.
F to solve the problem of shrinking grizzly populations, wildlife managers are beginning to look beyond the traditional borders of the national parks. The Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) Conservation Initiative is a joint effort by more than 200 U.S. and Canadian organizations. It aims to connect all the wild areas along the Rocky Mountains chain. Indeed, some scientists think that the long-term survival of isolated grizzly populations may well depend on the creation of such linkage zones, narrow strips of bear-friendly habitats that would restore connections between these endangered animals in North America.
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs A-F. Which paragraphs contain the following information? Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more paragraphs than summaries, so you will not include them all.
14.
U.S. and Canadian efforts may ensure the survival of the grizzlies.
15.
The present situation of the grizzly population.
16.
The grizzlies are an important component of the ecosystem.
17.
Grizzlies eat a wide range of foods.
Questions 18-22
Choose the appropriate letter A-D, and write them in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.
18.
Most grizzlies live in …
a.
The Northern Hemisphere.
b.
Ursus Arctos.
c.
Alaska.
d.
North America.
19.
To help solve the problem of encroachment on grizzlies’ habitats, …
a.
curbs have been put on hunting.
b.
“wildlife overpasses” have been erected.
c.
Roads are no longer built in forests.
d.
Highways are more frequented.
20.
Grizzlies eat whatever nutrition they can find because …
a.
they are not fussy eaters.
b.
They particularly like salmon.
c.
They only need to eat steadily for a month.
d.
They have to live on store-up body fat for nearly half a year.
21.
Grizzlies assist the growth of vegetation by …
a.
spreading seeds.
b.
Catching salmon.
c.
Eating moths.
d.
Refusing to cross highways.
22.
The function of the linkage zones is to …
a.
promote Canada-U.S. cooperation.
b.
Expand the area of Yellowstone National Park.
c.
Restore connections between grizzly habitats.
d.
Expand the horizons of wildlife managers.
Questions 23-26
Complete the following statements using words or phrases from the box below.
NB There are more words and phrases than statements, so you will not use them all.
23.
By 1975, the grizzly had become …
24.
Size and body fat can determine the number of …
25.
Trees fertilized by fish remains are called …
26.
Y2Y will follow the …
Fewer than 1,000
cubs
grizzlies
giant conifers
continent
traditional borders
A threatened species
national parks
Rocky Mountains
salmon trees
READING PASSAGE 3
When Did Man and the Apes Part Company?
A Even people who accept the fact that man is just another type of animal still believe that we are special because we are the only animal of which there is only one species; all other animals exist in several-sometimes hundreds of –species. But scientists have long known that the evolution of a successful animal species almost always involves trial and error, false starts and failed experiments. The human race is no exception. At just about any given moment in prehistory, our family tree included several species of hominids---erect, upright-walking primates. All were competitors in an evolutionary struggle from which only one would ultimately emerge. While we would find it bizarre to share the world with another human species, the fact that we have been alone since the Neanderthals vanished some 30,000 years ago is an evolutionary aberration.
B Experts have identified several key transitions in our evolutionary chronicle. The first, which took place around the time we diverged from the apes, between six million and four million years ago, was the development of bipedalism---two-legged walking rather than locomotion using the arms, legs and tail, which characterizes the monkeys. The second, which occurred perhaps 2.5 million years ago, was the invention of tool-making-the purposeful crafting of stone implements rather than just picking up handy rocks. This led to the transition to meat eating, as tools made it easier to kill and slice up game. Then, sometime between two million and one million years ago, came the dramatic growth of the brain and our ancestors’ first emergence from Africa. Finally, just a few tens of thousands of years ago, our own species learned to use that powerful organ for abstract thought, which quickly led to art, music, language and all the other skills that have enthroned humans as the unchallenged rulers of their planet.
C Scientists have calculated that the great apes and hominids branched from a common ancestor between six million and four million years ago. The technique the experts used was to measure the differences between human and chimpanzee DNA, then averaging the rate of genetic change over time and counting backwards. This, however, remained speculation until the mid-1990s, because it was only then that actual fossils of hominids dating to the period of the split were discovered, in Ethiopia and Kenya. Teams working in these countries announced that they had each found a new species of hominid, and both discoveries smashed the four-million-year barrier. All told, the scientists excavated the bones and teeth of 17 individuals. Given their age, no one was surprised that they showed a mix of chimpanzee-like and human traits. But the finds clearly show that these creatures were hominids and not apes, as they display evidence of the first two primary advances that mark the emergence of man from the animal kingdom.
D Palaeoanthropologists identify bipedalism as the first significant modification separating humans from the great apes. Our ancestors learned to walk upright long before they acquired other human traits. Bipedalism gave them enormous advantages over other species. Standing and walking upright enabled them to scan the horizon for enemies and animals to prey on. It exposed less body surface to the scorching equatorial sun--- and more to the cooling wind. In addition, it freed the hands for carrying food and tools.
E Animal bones dating from the same period show signs of giving been butchered with stone implements. Cut marks on one jawbone show that the hominids had used a sharp stone flake to remove the animal’s tongue. The leg bone of another animal is scarred by cuts, chop marks and signs of hammering, evidence that it was scraped clean of meat and bashed open to expose the nutritious marrow. This is not just tool use: it is the dawn of technology. Rather than just use sticks and stones as levers and hammers--- something done by plenty of animals, from chimps to otters to finches--- someone had deliberately selected and modified specific raw materials in a sophisticated and consistent way, and with careful intent.
F Several species of hominid have been found who seem to have been both bipedal and toolmaking. Why did they die out, instead of evolving together with our own species, homo sapiens? The answer would seem to be that homo sapiens was capable of symbolic thought. This enabled our ancestors to develop language and art. Thus they could share thoughts, feelings and ideas. This enabled them to cooperate socially more efficiently than other species, rapid innovation became a way of life.
G The domination of the world by homo sapiens has decreed that no other human species is ever likely to emerge. During prehistory, only the fittest individuals and species survived to reproduce. Now, strong and weak alike gave access to food, shelter and medicine. After millions of years, evolution by natural selection, operating blindly and randomly, has produced a creature capable of overturning evolution itself.
Questions 27-30
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G. From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-E. Write the appropriate number (i-viii) in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
List of Headings
i.
Out of Africa
ii.
DNA Testing to the Rescue
iii.
The Advantage of Bipedalism
iv.
The First Butchers
v.
Milestones in Man’s Evolution
vi.
Evidence of the First Humans
vii.
The Culture of Primitive Man
viii.
The Culture of Primitive Man
ix.
The Dawn of Technology
Example
Answer
Paragraph A
ii
27.
Paragraph B
28.
Paragraph C
29.
Paragraph D
30.
Paragraph E
Questions 31-34
In the context of the passage, for each of the following write
H
if it is only applicable to humans
A
if it is only applicable to apes
B
if it applies to both humans and apes
31. Capable of symbolic thought
32. Capable of using tools
33. Normally walks on two legs
34. Exists in only one species
Questions 35-40
Complete the following statements using words or phrases from the box below.
NB There are more words and phrases than statements, so you will not sue them all.
35. The fact that no human species other than homo sapiens has survived is an ……
36. The approximate date when apes and man diverged from a common ancestor was achieved by measuring ……
37. All species of hominids fall into the category of ……
38. One factor that enabled homo sapiens to triumph over all other hominid species was his development of ……
39. Man evolved through several stages away from the ……
evolutionary
aberration
locomotion
primates
language
animal kingdom
trial and error
false starts
DNA horizon
failed experiments
40. The evolution of a viable animal species tends to involve ……
Part III. Translation
(30 points)
Section A
(15 points)
Reading the following text carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on your answer sheet.
He was a Canadian, an attorney, he said, still practicing in Winnipeg. But he’d been spending Aprils in Gatlinburg for almost 50 years. He and his wife would come with their son and daughter and explore the mountains on horseback, getting to know every scenic vantage point of Mount Le Conte, every turn in the bumbling Little Pigeon River. After the son Rad died and after the daughter was grown. Mr.B and his wife had kept up their visits. And he still continued to make the annual trek even though his wife had died three years ago. The mountains and the valley were touchstones for him, sites of pleasant memories that were revived with each visit. “I’ve had v love of my own”, he said, his eyes misting. He asked detailed questions about our wedding and told us in detail of his own, some 60 year earlier. During brief periods when a conversational lapse threatened, he softly hummed “Hello, Young Lovers”, the song from The King and I. that night he sat alone during dinner, careful, he later told us, not to “get in love’s way”. But he glanced often in our direction, and we know he was not alone; he was deep in reverie, dining with his own true love.
Section B.
(15 points)
Read the following text carefully and then translate it into English. Write your translation on your answer sheet.
新中国宣告了中国妇女在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面均享有与男子平等的权利，她们和全体中国公民一样成为国家与社会的主人。中国的各种法律保障妇女与男子具有同等的权利和地位，具有同等人格和尊严。中国政府运用法律的、行政的和教育的手段消除对妇女的各种歧视，保护妇女的特殊权益。今天，中国妇女已享有中国社会几千年来从未达到，许多发达国家历时数百年后才得到承认的平等权利。
Part IV. Writing Tasks
Writing Task 1
(20 points)
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1950, 1970 and 1990.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
You should write at least 150 words.
Modes of transport to and from work in one European city
Writing Task 2
(30 points)
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.
What influences do computers and calculators on children? Discuss negative and positive effects.
You should write at least 250 words.
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence. |
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