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东北师范大学学科英语2015年真题Linguistics
Ⅰ. Define the following terms. (20 points)
1.Ethnography of communication: it is put forwards by Hymes which takes into account the various factors that are involved in communication. For convenience, he uses the acronym SPEAKING to represent all the relevant factors. The S stands for the setting and scene of speech event. the P represents participants, namely addresser-addressee, speaker-hearer. The E stands for the ends of speech events that the participants seek to achieve. the A refers to act sequence, i.e. the actual form and content of what is said. The K means keys, namely the tone, intonation, or manner with which a message is conveyed by the speaker: serious, precise, light-hearted, mocking, sarcastic, etc. The I stands for instrumentalities, that is the choice of channel of communication, e.g. oral or written, or both, and /or other nonverbal means of communication. The N represents norms of interaction and interpretation. The last initial G stands for genre, types of discourse.
2. Communicative competence: Hymes and others propose communicative competence as the most general term to account for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. According to Hymes (1972),there are four parameters that underline a speaker’s communicative competence, namely the ability to judge:1.Whether( and to what degree)something is formally possible; 2. Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible;3. Whether (and to what degree)something is appropriate;4.Whether (and to what degree)something is in fact done.
3. Syllabus: A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning. It is designed with reference to:1)the social aim for teaching the language;2)information about the group of learners (their purpose, age, etc.);3)the amount of time allocated in the curriculum;4)theories of language and language acquisition. There are many types pf syllabus, such as structural syllabus and communicative syllabus.
4. Meaning:In linguistics, what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world. Word meanings can be put into two broad categories, referential meaning and associative meaning. Associative meaning can be further classified into connotative, social, affective, reflected and collocative meanings according to Leech (1981).
5. Syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation : Syntagmatic sense relations hold between items in the same grammatical structure. Paradigmatic relation holds between items which can occupy the same position in grammatical structure. Words that stand in paradigmatic relations should be of the same grammatical category, but sometimes they are not. Syntagmatic sense relations, are an expression of coherence constrains. Paradigmatic sense relations, on the other, operate within the sets of choices.   

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