2015 英文（一）讲解 入门和提分

GeneTell

2015 English (1)
Section I
原文出处：Jayalakshmi K,“DNA of Friendship: Study Finds We are Genetically Linked to Our Friends”, 于2014, July 15 刊登在 International Business Times。

   Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes.  That is __(1)__ a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has __(2)__.
   The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted __(3)__ 1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.  The same people were used in both __(5)__.
   While 1% may seem __(6)__, it is not so to a geneticist.  As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even __(7)__ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who __(8)__ our kin.”

1. [a]when         [b]why         [c] how         [d] what
第1题和第2题一起看比较容易，而且能够简化，把逗号后的忽略掉就好。简化句：That is （1） a study （2）。That这个代名词是重点，它代替的事开头第1句：一个study,实验,的发现。一个实验的发现不是时间，选项a）when排除掉；不是原因，c）排除掉；也不是方法，c）排除掉。而是结论是什么东西，What is it？what is this study about?选项d）what是正选。

2. [a]defended        [b]concluded        [c]withdrawn        [d]advised
简化句是‘That is what a study （2）.’，刚刚也说到结论，conclude，正好是选项b，放进简化句中看看顺溜不，…what a study has concluded.是可以的。答案是b）。选项a）defend是防御或帮忙辩护，c）withdraw是撤退、撤回前言，d）advise是建议。如果是一个医师的建议，而不是实验结论到1％如此细节，是可以用advise。顺便一提，这边用现在完成式是因为这个结论仍有影响；换句话说，还有戏。而不是过去一般式；斩钉截铁的做过了、结束了。

3. [a]for        [b]with        [c]on             [d]by
惯用句，跟study，experiment，test中用在subjects，受体或被实验者的介词一律选ON，跟researcher有关的介词一律用BY，做实验的原因一律用FOR。On是作用在…上，by是作俑者或实施者，for是为了…而做。介词有时间的话可以多做、多看，因为介词有许多例外；上面虽然说‘一律’，但都是为了应付考试的高几率选项。

4. [a]compared        [b]sought        [c]separated        [d]connected
找从句谓语，关键词是从句宾语‘friends and strangers’，一个是朋友一个是陌生人；两个是有对立关系的。当有个连接词和两个对立关系的宾语，选compare，比较，选项a。b）seek的过去式，细细找寻。c）separate，分离。d）connect，连结。如果没有前文的情况下，这4种选项都能与friends and strangers，但前文是实验要求近2000实验者比较各自的朋友和陌生人的基因，所以分组的前提下，比较，compare，两组的基因找到之中有1％的差距。

5. [a]tests        [b]objects        [c]samples        [d]examples
考单词量。都是跟实验有关，对文科的同学可能比较棘手。看过美国大片“钢铁侠”吗？我用那个当［d］example，例子或举例：experiment，实验，是做出完美外骨骼装甲为目标的长期试验。［a］test是特定，有短程目标的局部测试；举例：Test A：手部推进器；Test B：脚部推进器；Test C：室内飞行；Test D：户外飞行。Subject是被试验者，［b］object是被实验者之间的不同实验差异。举例：钢铁侠1，外骨骼装甲安装了圆形的电池；外骨骼装甲是subject，object是圆电池；在钢铁侠2，外骨骼装甲新安装了三角形电池，subject一样，但object是三角电池。钢铁侠3，一整群的不同的外骨骼装甲前来支援主角；对主角而言，每一个不同性能的外骨骼装甲都是为了作出最终完美外骨骼装甲的［c］sample，实验样本。回到问题，被实验者的朋友和陌生人是这句的主词，they，代替的主角，他们也是要被比较gene，基因，的不同；他们是实验样本，sample，选项C。

6. [a]insignificant        [b]unexpected        [c]unbelievable        [d]incredible
考单词量。文中作者问1％的差距看起来如何，这是在向正常、大部分人群提问。如果去问考生，60分跟61分就是补考、一个暑假的差距；问我，咸酥鸡11元，炒饭12元，是小吃和主食之间的差距。对句子后半段的主角：geneticists,基因工程人员，基因的1％差距是黑猩猩和人类的区别。注意，作者是在向非特定人群提问，1％应该是微不足道的差距。选项a）in-significant,不足重视，b)un-expect-ed,预料之外，c)un-believ-able,无法相信，d)in-credible，神奇。10万个农民工对北京城的总人口来说是微不足道的，不足重视的，所以政府在2017年大冬天的把无产阶级的他们驱逐出北京城，也不怕他们作乱。答案是A。

7. [a]visit        [b]miss        [c]seek        [d]know
考单词量。考的还不是选项的单词量，而是fourth cousin这单词。Cousin的确是表兄弟姐妹或堂兄弟姐妹，但fourth cousin不是第四个表、堂兄弟姐妹。简单地说：数字越小，血缘越近。难的来说：1st cousin是父母辈兄弟姐妹的儿女，2ndcousin是祖父母辈兄弟姐妹的孙儿女，3rd是曾祖父母辈的兄弟姐妹的曾孙儿女…。对你而言，1stcousin可能还住同一城市，2ndcousin可能划到台港澳，4thcousin可能划到东南亚去了，能熟悉、会认识吗？这已经不是能a）visit，拜访，b）miss，思念，的程度了。c）seek，寻根，是可能选项，但寻根不是文中most people会做的是。Most people是不会认识，d）know，自己的4thcousins。除非你们家族是古墓派，长年不出外界的。

8. [a]resemble        [b]influence        [c]favor        [d]surpass
考单词量。关键词是kin，血亲。基因研究者觉得这个现象很奇妙，incredible（见题6）：难道我们一直选择有血缘关系的人当朋友吗？不认识的情况下如何区分的呢？选项A）resemble有相似的，尤其是说人的时候是有外表类似。例如：whom do you resemble in your family?你在家里跟谁容貌最像？我们认人都是靠外表，故选项a是答案。b）influence是潜移默化的影响，不是affect，影响；c）favor是偏好；d）surpass是超越某人，都不适用。

GeneTell

   The study __(9)__ found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.  Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.  __(10)__, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more __(11)__ it.  There could be many mechanisms working together that __(12)__ us in choosing genetically similar friends __(13)__ ”functional Kinship” of being friends with __(14)__!
   One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolving __(15)__ than other genes.  Studying this could help __(16)__ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major __(17)__ factor.
   ‘The findings do not simply explain people’s __(18)__ to befriend those of similar __(19)__ backgrounds’, say the researchers.  Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to __(20)__ that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.


9. [a]again        [b]also         [c]instead        [d]thus
考连接词。此句后面关键词是gene of smell，嗅觉的基因，也是跟朋友也是相似的。既然是同义，就可以排除选项c）instead和d）thus；转折同义词。也不是重复强调相同的东西，素以不用选项a）again。理所当然用同义连接词，a）also。
10. [a]Meanwhile        [b]Furthermore        [c]Likewise        [d]Perhaps
考句首。前一句适用问句结束，是作者自问difficult to explain的负责嗅觉的基因。然后用了suggest，建议，而不是conclude，有证据、数据证明，所以是一个不确定原因的问题，不用选项a）meanwhile，同时间，b）furthermore，再者，c）likewise，也是如此。而用不确定的d）perhaps，可能、也许。Perhaps，I should go back to work.(自言自语)也许…我该回去工作了。
11. [a]about        [b]to        [c]from        [d]like
考固定用语／短句。There is more to it than that.还有更多我没告诉你的东西。选项b）to是答案。当然其它选项和more一起用都是可以的。learn more a)about it,学更多跟它相关的知识；take more c)from it,从中拿更多一点；be more d）like it，更像它一点。再次强调，介词很难，甚至国家不同用的也不同，只能多做多看多听。
12. [a]drive        [b]observe        [c]confuse        [d]limit
考单词量。因为that的关系，知道答案是从句谓语，us是从句宾语，而这个从句是在修饰主句宾语‘many mechanisms’，许多细节、机关。这个时候用公式：只看主句宾语＋从句动词／谓语＋从句宾语＝简短句。选项a）drive是开车、驾驶，如果你这样想就丢分了；drive还有驱使的意思。例句：you drive me crazy！你把我搞疯了。而这句‘many mechanisms drive us’后面的in是什么样的反应。所以翻成“许多不同的原因导致我们选择基因与自己类似的人当朋友”，选项a）drive是答案。选项b）observe是观察；observ-er是实验的观察者，也是记录员；c）confuse是难懂、不理解；记忆法：Confu-ci-us是至圣先师－孔子－的英文，Confucius’ sayings confused us.子曰的论语真让人难懂（花了2000年还没理解出什么）；d）limit是限制。Speed limit是开车室的限速。
13. [a]according        [b]rather than        [c]regardless        [d]along with
考连接词。第一：according在没有to的情况在考研中还真没出现过，因为用法完全不同：according to是依据（消息来源），accord是同意。所以，这种情况下直接把选项a给删除掉。第二：functional kinship是关键词；任何正常工作情况下的东西都是functional，而kin-ship就跟friend-ship类似，之前说过kin是血缘，kinship就是血缘关系的人。引号中的functional kinship起始就是之前（题7）说的4th cousin那些熟识的血缘亲戚。Okay，选项三选一，这句说我们的朋友其实都是有kingship（毕竟基因有1％的类似度）但不是我们故意选functional kinship，知情情况选的远亲，这样一来，唯一的比较连接词，b）rather than，是答案。选项b）regardless是无论如何，后面不管如何影响都不会造成不同；c）along with是同义连接词，伴随的意思。选项a、c与d不是正确答案。
14. [a]chances        [b]responses        [c]missions        [d]benefits
考常用句。知道英语“炮友”怎么说吗？friend（s） with benefits＝能彼此满足但没有感情上的牵挂。比起来中文解释过为单一，英文中不止是解决肉欲的彼此，更是生意、聊天、玩耍等的点头之交。d）Benefit是好处的意思。其它选项a）chances是机会，b）responses是反应；没有这两种说法。c）missions跟friends with是可以一起用，能懂，但没人会这样说。直接用comrade，同志。
15. [a]later        [b]slower        [c]faster        [d]earlier
考逻辑题型。意思是没看完下面一句无法回答。先知道evolve是进化的动词，evolu-tion是进化的名词。Okay，下一句找到关键词：picked pace是俚语pick up the pace的变形，脚步加快的意思。也是催促别人‘快一点’。这样符合选项c）faster。
16. [a]forecast        [b]remember        [c]understand        [d]express
考惯用语。光看…help （答案） why…就够了，就能把选项a）forecast，天气预报，和d）express，表达，删除掉，因为没有人会这样搭配。能用在why之前的动词很少，能想到只有know，understand，ponder，wonder，remember，get，一一说明。Know why=知道原因；understand why＝了解原因（比起know why更有细节上的要求）；wonder why＝想知道答案；ponder why＝苦思原因；remember why＝还记得原因。句中科学家想要得到未知的答案，故不用b）remember，而用c）understand。…help remember why…有回忆起原因的意思。
17. [a]unpredictable        [b]contributory        [c]controllable        [d]disruptive
考单词量。Major是重要、主要的，factor是原因、因素。 选项a）un-pre-dict-able是无法预测；un-＝不能、非，pre-＝之前，dict-＝字、书写、话，-able＝能力；合起来就是‘无法在发生前知道的能力’。b）con-tribu-tory是促使；con-是同方向，tribu-是提供，-tory是形容词的尾缀；后面推手的意思。c）control(l)-able是不可控制。d）dis-rupt-ive是干扰、破坏；dis-＝是反方向、不是，rupt-＝快速的破坏、爆发，-ive＝形容词尾缀。句中的social environment是关键词，社交环境，在这篇研究朋友的文章是同一方向的大环境，所以选项b）contributory是答案。
18. [a]endeavor        [b]decision        [c]arrangement        [d]tendency
考单词量。关键词是befriend，be friend也是一样，变成朋友。前面一直在说朋友与陌生人有1％基因的差距，因为人有未知的方式选择当朋友的方式，或习惯。看看选项a）endeavor，努力；b）decision，决定；c）arrangement，安排；d）tendency，偏好。之中哪个比较想方式或习惯？如果问为什么不用b）decision的原因，那是因为大家都用几率，而不是偏好去择友，基因不会有朋友与陌生人的差距。c）arrangement当然可以，但你的朋友与否是别人给你安排的吗？当然不是，所以不对。‘指腹为婚’和‘童养媳’的英文是arranged marriage，别人安排下的婚姻。现代社会的确要花功夫维持朋友圈，但以前似乎不需要那么多的endeavor；选项a）也是错误答案。d）tendency是答案。
19. [a]political        [b]religious        [c]ethnic        [d]economic
考单词量。句中的‘…similar （genetic）background’，类似基因背景，是说1％的基因相似度；如此，只要找出跟‘genetic’类似的单词就好。选项a）political，是考研也要考的政治；b）religious是宗教；c）ethnic种族；d）economic是经济。答案是c），ethnic。
20. [a]see        [b]show        [c]prove        [d]tell
考惯用词。Though是反义连接词，因为人口迁移和澳洲本身就是种族大熔炉的关系，实验者非常小心地选择被实验者。之前说过，实验者，researcher，在实验中是观察者，observer，观察中得到规律，在规律中的可变因素为数据来证明。Care was taken跟take care是一个意思，只是前者是被动语气，句子后面是被实验者的朋友和陌生人是来自种族是一致的。选项a）see这个多义词不仅是‘观看’，而是‘证实、确认’；有点‘make sure’。选项b）show的话，那给我们看看证据啊，c）prove，证明，成立的话，前面不能用care was taken to，而要用明确的证据。选项d）tell这个多义词跟see比起来是小巫见大巫，反正横竖都不通。答案是广泛多义词，a）see。

希望对你有帮助。

GeneTell

Section II
Part A
Text 1
1   King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”  But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?
2   The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.
3   It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
4   Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
5   The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
6   While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
7   It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.

21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain
   [A] used turn enjoy high public support
   [B] was unpopular among European royals
   [C] cased his relationship with his rivals
   [D] ended his reign in embarrassment
大海捞针题型。这文章单词量要求还满高的，如果一开始难度就这么高我会建议先跳到下一篇或简单一点的文章，热完身再回到这一篇。先找到King Juan Carlos of Spain，在开篇头一句就是这位西班牙国王。几个关键词：scandals，绯闻；eat his words，收回前言、食言；stand down，退位；monarchy，君主制度。看一下选项，A）如果enjoy high public support，百姓爱戴，成立，国王就不会stand down，也不会eat his words；所以A不对。B）虽然在第1段落最后一句有提到，但是不相干；文中没有提到国王在皇室里不受欢迎。C）读不通，不知道什么是‘case relationship’，没这个搭配，反正没有没有提到rivals，竞争对手。看选项D），end one’s reign，结束他／她的统治，和stand down同义，embarrassment跟embarrassing scandals和eat one’s words有关。都是在第1段落中提到。所以D是对的。
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
   [A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
   [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
   [C] to give voter more public figures to look up to
   [D]due to their everlasting political embodiment
  大海捞针题型。State可大可小；有时代表地方政府，有时代表国家，nation。Head of state也是领袖的意思；可以是President，总统，可以是King，国王，也可以是Prime Minister,总理。Monarchs,君主，在第2段落最后一句找到，‘他们是不，mere，仅仅是政治领袖，更是，embody，代表国家的灵魂人物。’基本可以选A），undoubted，理所当然，and respectable status，今人尊敬的地位，与灵魂人物同义。要更相近的同义词，在第3段落最后一句‘respected public figure’。让我想到日本天皇，只是血统、名称支持民众，无实质权力。
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
   [A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth
   [B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies
   [C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families
   [D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges
  又是大海捞针题型。但我们已经知道要在第4段落找odd，奇怪、稀奇古怪的，地方。同时odd也是奇数：1、3、5、7…可能以前手指是个奇数很奇怪吧。目前都是在找关键字的同义词，这题也不例外。关键字是bizarre，怪诞的；跟odd同义。看看bizarre的事是：‘… wealthy aristocratic,有钱的贵族，… still…heart of modern democratic，现代民主为主…’。看看选项A，excessive reliance，偏重依赖，inherit wealth，继承财产；文中有提到这时事实，不奇怪。C）文中第4段落第2句中的behave today后面就是贵族的生活，并不simple。D）同样在第2句中说到privileges，优先权、特权，也是贵族不同于百姓，是不奇怪的事实。所以，选项B）role of nobility，贵族的地位，跟wealthy aristocratic family同义，odd跟bizarre同义，两者都有modern democratic；B是正确答案。
24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles
   [A] takes a rough line on political issues
   [B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised
   [C] takes republicans as his potential allies
   [D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
　　【答案】[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
  比起大海捞针题型更像逻辑题型。British royals fear在第6段落最后一句找到，但重点是Charles是在第7段落找到；我们先看看Charles是做了什么可怕的事：第7段落第2句‘The danger will come…’,看到Charles是个expensive taste of lifestyle，懂得享受生活，和hierarchical view，把人阶级化。跟北京在干的是一样，把‘低端人口’看如草莽，说拆就拆，说赶就赶。但没有看到Charles具体是如何把人分阶级，只知道Charles跟现在的Queen的深得民心不同，所以很危险。选项A，taken a rough line，走铁腕路线，并没有在文中提到；B）fails to change his lifestyle，没有改变生活方式，也是没有在第7段落中提到；更没有taken allies，找政治同盟。以上选项A、B、C都是虚假的。只有D），没有认知自己未来当国王的角色，是对的。
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
   [A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
   [B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
   [C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
   [D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
  找标题题型。最难的题型，因为要知道作者的角度和文章走向。先看看每一个段落大意：第1段落，作者举出失败的君主制度例子；第2段落，作者对君主制度的体会；第3段落，目前欧洲君主制度国家现况；第4段落，继续欧洲君主制度的不合理点；第5段落，继续君主制度的现况；第6段落，作者提醒英国要注意的点；第7段落，作者给出注意事项细节。好了，看选项。A的点只有在第1段落提到，没有贯通整篇文章，所以不合适。B跟A相似，只在最后一段落提到Charles；如果成立，写法会完全不同；会说到为什么Charles会想要赶快继承王位、目前成就、将来规划等等…所以B也是不对的。D跟B同理，只在最后一段落提到Charles的缺点，没有提到如何改变，react。所以只有C是对的：用Carlos的失败带入，细说欧洲君主制度的普及、如何成功、失败中学习，最后提醒可能又要失败的人。很符合C这主题。

加油加油

GeneTell

Text 3

1   The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
2   “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
3   Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
4   Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
5   John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
6   Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.

31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that
   [A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.
   [B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
   [C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
   [D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
  理解题型。随着问题看第1段落，才两句。关键词：‘extra round of statistical check to peer-review’；extra是多余、另加，statistic是统计学、数据分析的，check是检验，peer review是同辈之间的满意度调查。杂志是Science journal，调查对象是Science journal的文章，调查的理由在第1段落第2句，‘concern basic mistakes in data analysis’，其它类似杂志出现内容数据，data analysis，不准确的现况；为了维持高水准的杂志，Science决定严格把关，所以对文章做出定期，甚至每一期，的数据准确度调查。看选项：A）是简化调查步骤；这时错误的。B）strengthen，强化，statistical checks，确认数据准确；这是Science作满意度调查的目的，所以这选项是对的。C）blamed是被指责；没有直接或间接在第1段落中出现或提到过，所以错误。D）lack是缺乏；缺乏数据是不能发表文章，所以有人凭空捏造数据发表假论文也不能让数据空着。D也是错的。只有B是正确选项。
32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to
   [A] found.
   [B] marked.
   [C] revised.
   [D] stored.
  找近似词。用替代法就可以攻破。先找到这句是在第2段落的第3句：‘Manuscript will be flagged…’，但有几个单词不会怎么办。首先，先别慌；抑制自己猜题；想破解方法。先问同学你看到不会的中文单词怎么对付？应该是拆字或猜部首、字形。英文也不例外；看manuscript，man-是男人或于人相关的，毕竟古社会都是以男性为尊；-script是文字、书写，例如de-scribe是用文字形容、表达。Manuscript是人写出来的某物；其实也没差多少，是‘手稿’的意思。再来，scrutiny可能没办法攻破，所以用前文来猜，additional是再一次的，后文是杂志，journal，的编辑，editors。前一题说要加强数据的审核，所以可以猜想scrutiny是审阅的卡口。由此得到‘（答案的）未发表的手稿要被编辑再细审核一次’。选项A是找到，B是标记，C是重写，D是在库的。是B）marked最合适。其实flagged是flag，旗子，的动词化，也是插旗子。电影，在某处插上旗子，友军就知道要去那边汇合。让目标明显化的意思。
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
   [A] pose a threat to all its peers.
   [B] meet with strong opposition.
   [C] increase Science’s circulation.
   [D]set an example for other journals.
  大海捞针题型。缩写不是重点，但要知道是什么意思。在第2段落知道SBoRE是Statistics board of reviewing editors；board是协会，大概能翻译成‘杂志数据分析工会’。现在要找主角，Giovanni Parmigiani；在第4段落第1句，但第4段都是他的信念，也是答案所在。关键词是第3句的‘…novel,unique and…lasting impact.’；希望你们四六级没白背；novel＝高尚理念，unique＝特别，lasting impact＝具有持续影响力。下一句也是这段落的最后一句就是说明这个什么样的‘影响力’：‘… a larger group…may want to model…after Science.’,更多杂志能跟随Science的作法。选项A）pose a threat是具有威胁，这是错误选项；B）strong opposition是强烈反对意见，也是错误的；C）increase circulation是增加销量，又是错误的。D）set example是设先例，当先锋者。选项D是对的。
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
   [A] adds to researchers’ workload.
   [B] diminishes the role of reviewers.
   [C] has room for further improvement.
   [D] is to fail in the foreseeable future
  大海捞针题型。在第6段落找到这位David Vaux，第1句‘…according to David…’，后面他继续写到‘Researcher should improve… but journals should also take a tougher line.’是要求投稿和审稿的人两方共同精进，因为‘…statistical errors are…common…’，很容易犯数据统计学上的错误。看选项：A）add to…workload是增加某方的工作量；这不是David的观点。B）diminish是消灭；去除审稿编辑的工作也不是David的想法。C）room for improvement是有进步的空间；这是David的信念。基本可以确定选项C是答案。看D）is to fail，注定失败；真悲观。明显是错误答案。
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
   [A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.
   [B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
   [C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
   [D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
  下标题题型。很难，要好好找出每一段落的大意才能攻破。第1段：Science加强peer review的目的；第2段：加强peer review的原因；第3段：加强peer review的第二原因；第4段：Giovanni同意加强peer review的理由；第5段：John同意加强peer review的理由；第6段：David同意加强peer review的理由。有没有像人民大会全体起立鼓掌全票通过？不是选项B），尊重数据分析专家；不是C），数据分析变成杂志编辑的工作；也不是D）数据分析重回Science杂志。答案是A）各专家同意严格审核科学文稿的数据真实性。

GeneTell

Text 4
这篇相对简单，但网络版上有许多错字，可能是扫描器无法识别出的错，甚至连38题题干都有错字。下面文章已更正：
Will Hutton,‘As the hacking trail proves, we lack moral purpose in public life’.于 2014，June 29 刊登在 UK News。

1   Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market.  But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit ”.
2   Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”  This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
3   As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge – the wider issue of dearth of integrity still standstill. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.  This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
4   In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
5   In today’s world, title has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run.  Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words relegated to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
6   The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions - nor received traceable, recorded answers.

36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
   [A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
   [B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.
   [C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
   [D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
  大海捞针题型。海洋已经限制住了，在前两段之中，找一找让Elisabeth不开心的地方。第1段落第2句，‘Integrity had collapsed…’，中的‘she argued’表现出她不开心的辩论，所以这里如果你没留意到这线索可能就麻烦了。看看她撇着嘴为什么不开心：‘integrity had collapsed’,没有诚信可言、满街的潜规则。‘…because of a collective acceptance,大众认知，the only sorting mechanism in society,社会上的唯一‘分类机制’， should be profit and the market，是利润和市场占有率。白话文：她对现代社会的向钱看非常有意见。第2段的其它证据：关键词‘absence of purpose…become…dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.’，缺乏目标的一昧求利是资本主义和自由主义的威胁。选项A），consequences是后果；目前sorting mechanism会带来的后果，也就是对自由和资本主义的威胁。所以A是对的。看看其它选项：B）financial loss是赔钱，并没有在这两段提到，所以是错的；C）政府在道德上的管束；要知道国外不像中国标语贴满街，因为它们知道这不是政府能或需要强势规定的。国外重视身教，不是言教。D）wide misuse广泛的错误应用；部分是没错，但跟选项A比起来差的多。比起选部分没错的选项不如选对的选项安心。答案是A。
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
   [A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
   [B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
   [C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
   [D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
  理解题。因为‘infer’的关系，好好的把规定的第3段落看看。Ex-是‘前’的意思，例如ex-boyfriend是前男友，ex-wife是前妻，ex-editor是已退休的编辑。Hack是数据入侵；hack phone是电话的非法窃听。Okay，第3段是一个ex-editor因为hacking phone被判刑，但另一个无罪。怎么蒋杀人有罪，毛杀人无罪呢？这不是重点；重点是更多的案件，5千5百类似案件待审 － 更多缺乏诚信的类似事件仍然standstill，停滞不前。跟单一事件无关，所以选项A和C被删除掉。选项D的will be accepted，被认同，不是事实也没有这个趋势；也是错的。看看选项B，5千5百新闻人也做着同样窃听他人电话的事还待审，所以的确有更多的人，不会是所有的5千多人，会步入Andy Coulson的后尘：定谳有罪。
38. The author believes the Rebekah Brooks’s defence
   [A] revealed a cunning personality
   [B] centered on trivial issues
   [C] was hardly convincing
   [D] was part of a conspiracy
  大海捞针题型。注意，题干问的是Brook’s defence，不是Book’s deference。海有点大，跟着人名找到第4段，关键词是‘astonishing’，让人难以置信的。至于难以相信的事是Rebekah，一名News of the World报社的主编，会什么都不知道（最后一句的‘she knew nothing’）、不确认消息来源（第3句的‘thought to ask but never inquire’）。这是临时工，不是主编吧…。‘难以相信’是选项C的同义词，hard to convince，没有说服力；不过陪审团信了，所以是个successful defence：她被判无罪。选项A是露出母狐狸尾巴，但没有证据，故不选。B是百年大案；也不是事实，可能许多同学连她是谁都不晓得。Conspiracy是阴谋论；D是某阴谋论的一角也是缺乏事实证据的。确认C是答案。
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
   [A] generally distorted values
   [B] unfair wealth distribution
   [C] a marginalized lifestyle
   [D] a rigid moral code
  大海捞针题型。找找题干中的collective doctrine，在第5段落第3句‘ For a generation…’，collective doctrine指的是这一世代的确是以‘利润’为前提。再看看后面一句，‘words that mattered’,重要的东西都是跟利益有关的，其它‘正义’、‘公平’都是可被忽视的。这样，选项B）不公平的财产分配，D）不被妥兮的道德 ，都不是这世代的人相信的，所以两个都是错误选项。C是边缘化的生活方式；不要问我是什么东西，没有在文中提到；猜想是不是住在树上、桥下、自给自足、找个山寨夫人这种非非非主流生活方式…。答案是A，作者虽然不想苟同，却为现代主流、多数人的信念。
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
   [A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.
   [B] Common humanity is central news reporting.
   [C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.
   [D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
  姑且算作者态度题型。这种suggest的题型不是看那段第一句就是最后一句，要称它为‘大海’也太勉强了；不过是一杯水吧。第1句可能有点难理解，估计许多讲课老师都会解释错。这一句是作者对Rebekah Brook执笔的News of the World报社不满：“正常的报社、杂志社是公正中立、不背弃人性理念的，是为了让读者了解时事而存在；但News of the World在做者背道而驰的鸟事。”。看选项：选项A是能把死的写成活的文笔是primary importance，最重要的；当然不符合。选项C是写雷锋那种打鸡血让人high的文章；也不符合。D要求更严格的职业法规；这也不是作者要求。作者要的很简单：报导时不要抹灭人性，common humanity，就好了。答案是B。

Part B
   How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) ______. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
   The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues. (42) _______.
   Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______.
   Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _______.
   This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
   How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______. Such dimensions of read suggest - as others introduced later in the book will also do - that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

[F] In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.

[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
  这部分好像每一年都有不一样的方式，发现考官真厉害，发明各式各样的酷刑来整考生。“天降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨。”令我好奇不知道今年的形式会是如何。但这一篇是找出合适的句子，A～G放入适合的空格，41～45中。A到G有7个，但41到45共5题；表示有2个选项是干扰。找出关键词非常重要，这样才能在有限时间内马上找到对的句子。在关键词下画线或标帜，如果方向错误也要马上放弃之前标记然后重新标记。
  看41题。第一段开头句问人是如何处理看书时资讯在大脑里处理的方式。41的上句的关键词是comprehend，identify…relationship, grammar,分别是认知，与熟悉知识找到关联，文法处理。41的下句的关键词是infer和make decisions，分别是推断，定论。这时你得到的资料是：认知->处理资料->(41)->推断->定论。快速的看选项的关键词，如果熟悉的情况下最好是总结出各选项的大意：A中有studying text，fulfill requirement of course， reading for pleasure等关键词，分别为仔细理解文章，为了考试而读，和悠闲的读书。从中知道A是不同的读书方式。B的关键词是place，period，gender，age，class，分别为地方，时间，性别，年龄，阶级背景。B是细读后做深度的理解。C的关键词是unfamiliar，guess，mental note，possible link，分别为不熟悉，猜测，提醒自己留意，可能的关联。C一看就有点像我们之前的处理看书时资料处理步骤的一环。先做个mental note。看D，关键词reconstruct，image，author intended，分别时重新整理，想像图，作者的打算。也有点像上面的步骤，但是在下断定之后，错误了再回头重审的步骤，所以不可能是41的答案。E的关键词是further inference，test…significant，personal response，分别是更进一步的推论，关键的实验，个人反应。E有点广泛，但知道是对作者的深度理解。F关键词是，比较长，character speak as construct created， not mouthpieces for author’s thoughts。F比较深奥，角色的话是作者基于世代背景下创造出来的结构，不是作者的喉舌。最后G,关键词是rather，interaction between textual and contextual，background，social knowledge，belief and attitude，分别是，与其（开头的连接词一定是关键），字面和上下文的关系，背景，社会了解，信念和感受。G说的很细节，看起来就是作者解释文的中段。
  有点长但A～G的关键词和大意都出来了。41题是［C］比较明确，因为是适合的步骤：从看进去字，理解那是字，文字处理，不懂字的意思是要假设，与类似但认识的字做链接、比较，下结论字与句子的意思。
  42上文的关键词是infer information，writer presents specific evidence and clues，分别是推论，作者给予的提示或证据。这上文跟［E］，evidence和clues的理解后再做further inference比较合适，然后做出读者跟author的共鸣或抵抗。为什么不用选项［B］的原因是开头句不合适：evidence跟factors。当你用factors的时候一定是说明一个能被左右的事物；而不是铁证的evidence跟clue。
  43的上文虽然是用what开头但不是问句；what是代名词。关键词是not…absolute, not…fixed, not…clocked for accuracy, not…timeless relation。简单地说，一种米养百种人，一本书各自理解；没有绝对，也没有单一意思。这种not的句子后面常用反义连接词，这样能想到哪一句合适？没错，是［G］：每个人年龄、经历、信念和感受不同，接触到某物的结论也不同，所以适合是的选项。
  再看44上句的关键词是background material，造成个人差异的生活背景的东西。不懂，没关系，因为是作者要解释给读者了解的44题的答案：同学与最亲的人（举男女朋友为例，2D或3D的都好）不同的地方，不就是出身地、生日、性别、宗教等等，不就是选项［B］吗？
  最后看45。卡在中间的句子；depends，particular interest，跟下句的agenda，分别为取决于，特定的理由／嗜好，隐藏目的。‘特殊的目的’不就是［A］吗：为了考试而读、为了兴趣而读、为了理解而读。简简单单就攻略了这章节。
  死记硬背不如找对方法。每个人都有相应的方法，所以如果上述方法不适合你，可以让我知道或慢慢找出适合自己的方式。

GeneTell

Section III
Directions:
   Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

   Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
   47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.
   48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
   49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
   “To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.

46.  This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
  又是翻译的时候。一样，只要找到句中的主谓宾就可以迎刃而解。但这句有两个逗号后面没有连接词的句子，这是修饰词；修饰词顾名思义，修饰它之前的名词或动词。先看看主谓宾；主语：movement，注意一下，movement可以是类似民主运动、政府修法、人口移动、物品运输…等等，所以要看上一句找出这是什么movement；从上找到是from Europe to America的人口移动，称美洲移民；谓语因为有连接词的关系有两个：一个是built，建筑、建设等；另一个是shaped，塑造、成型等。宾语则有三个：一个是相应第一个谓语的 nation，国家，第二个是character，人格、个性、性格，第三个是destiny ，命运。其它单词也写出来：driven by＝被什么驱使之下，wilderness＝野外、大自然。好了，应该写的出来吧。许多强力和多元的理由驱使之下，众人横渡大西洋在荒野之中建起了一个属于他们的国家，这种气势成就了未知大陆的命运和这国家的性格。By nature可以翻译成就本质而言，也可以是自然而然；它也不是修饰连接词的，它修饰了整个前半句。

47.The United States is the product of two principal forces – the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics, and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.
  主谓宾很简单，在‘－’之后的说明也不会太复杂；总而言之，还是比较直接的句子。主语：United States，美利坚共和国；谓语：is；宾语：product，成果、成品。Two forces，两股力量；第一股是immigration peoples，你没看错，peoples，复数，指的是‘众多民族’；不要翻译称‘人们’。第二股力量是新国家的成立。翻译吧：两个不同的力量造就了美利坚共和国：第一股是众多欧洲民族的移民有各自不同的想法、习俗和民族个性；第二股是来到这新国家更强化了各民族的特征。

48.But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
  有点像46句的开头，用连接词开头，后面马上来一个修饰词，所以我们先看看修饰词；因为它没有谓语，所以不是一个完整的句子，而被称为词，可以把它理解为解释的背景说明。Geographic是地理的意思，peculiar是奇特的。；修饰词是‘美国特有的地理环境作用下，’。好了，还是要看主句的主谓宾：主语被连接词连起来了，有两个：interplay和difficulty，分别为相互作用和困难；谓语是caused，造成；宾语是changes。主语对各位同学应该是比较困难的，知道‘of’是形象的归属词，不要硬翻成‘的’，‘varied national groups upon one another’是各民族团体之间…,‘maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent’是在危险、未知的新大陆上维持旧世界法则…。Raw是生猛、狂野、危机四伏，不只是看电影时‘生肉’的单一意思。看看翻译：不过，由于美国特有的地理环境的作用下，各个民族之间的相互作用产生巨大的变化，在一个未知的危险新大陆上维持旧世界关系的顽固想法也随之改变。

49. The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th and 16thcentury explorations of North America.
  要反应到这是比较词：more than…，还有 …which is now the US…是修饰前面的‘territory’，领土。如果你发现这两点这句也不难了。More than比较的是时间，也就是first shiploads of immigrants，一满船的移民，抵达的时间和explorations of North America，发现并探险北美，最初的时间。第一梢船满载着横渡大西洋的移民前往现在称为美利坚共和国的土地是在十五、十六世界的北美洲开荒百年之后的事情。

50.The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure–house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.
  有一个好字，‘veritable’，好好记着能在写作时使用，是‘名副其实’的意思。另一个字，‘virgin’，看到不要太兴奋，virgin forest确实可以翻译成‘为开发的处女地’，但‘原始森林’是不是更好呢？老样子，还是找出主谓宾：主语是forest；谓语是was；宾语是treasure－house，大宝库。修饰主词的字较多，还有which之后的都是修饰treasure－house的。翻译：这一片原始森林确实是一个大宝库，拥有着丰富而且种类繁多的树木，一直从现在的Maine州延绵到Georgia州。 真的好大一片森林，从美国东北一直到东南，涵盖了除了Florida州的整个东岸。不要浪费翻译特有人名、地名，照样写就好了；不扣分的。

Section IV
Part A 和 Part B还是不写例子，让各位同学自由发挥。要不然大家写的都差不多看起来也没有多大意思。不要想太多，按照自己思路写出自己所见的东西就好了；不要过分依赖模板，要不然以后当上研究生以后过分依赖模板就有可能去抄袭别人文章去了。这时最要不得的。
当然也有练习的方法： 像写日记、日志、电影观后感想、城市景点、新闻等等进行练习。目标是暑假每天一篇，九月到十月一周一篇，十月后两周一篇坚持到考试。加油。

以上就是2015年英文（一）。

快乐到达

非常感谢啊！