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设计概论。。

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发表于 2012-11-2 11:54 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
艺术设计概论核心笔记
『专业课』《设计概论》李砚祖

1、前期工作:找到招生简章上指定版本《设计概论》李砚祖2003版本哦

2、关于本书:李砚祖这本《设计概论》是高等教育自学考试(艺术设计专业)的指定教材,内容很多,细节很多,似乎每句话都很重要,一开始看的时候不知重点确实很迷糊,觉得每个地方都可能是考点,甚是费神啊通过考上东华大学艺术设计学院的高分学子整理出来的艺术设计概论的重点 肯定能帮你一把。。。

3、对于考试:通过对东华大学今年来《设计概论》的真题分析,我们会发现其实每年的重点还是较相似的,所以大家不要担心,等我把它们总结出来你们就会很明白了!
注意注意:
    在2008的试题有一道40分的题害的大家都丢分严重,导致当时的《设计概论》分数普遍不高,这个我在下面的真题分析中会做详解:)

(二).教材分析,重点归纳,核心笔记
[注:★---必背内容  ☆---熟记的重点知识  △---知识重点]
第一章
导论
第一节 艺术设计的概念与意义
一、“设计”的概念
★  设计:1、设计是人类改变原有事物,使其变化、增益、更新、发

展的创造性活动。设计是构想和解决问题的过程,它涉及人类一切有目的的价值创造活动。     
2、设计就是做事之前的设想、运筹、计划与预算。它是人类为了实现某种目的而进行的创造性活动。它是社会行为、经济行为、审美行为的综合,它的终极目的是改善环境、工具及人自身。
设计的内涵:1、设计是人类有目的的、有遇见的行为;
2、设计是自觉的、合规律的活动,设计的发展过程是人类智力不断发展的过程;
3、设计对实践具有指向性和指导性;
4、设计就是生产力。
设计的本质:设计的本质就是解决问题。
设计的目的:改善人的环境、工具及人自身。
设计的美学特征:功能之美、材料之美、技术之美、科学之美、装饰之美
意匠:在文学艺术方面和设计同义,即意图与匠心,指创作中的构思与设想
☆工业设计:就批量生产的工业产品而言,凭借训练、经验及视觉感受而赋予材料、结构、形态、色彩、表面以及装饰以新的品质和资格
△现代设计的五基本原则 1)完整性:设计的全面完整性、系统性
2)变化原则:产品不断变化,适应人的需要,欲望的改变
3)设计的资源:应用物质资源。设计师作为资源应量力而行
4)综合原则:充分考虑市场、消费者的需求、工业技术等
5)服务原则;满足需求原则
第二节 设计的范畴
一、分类
根据不同对象可分为五大类:
1)现代建筑设计、室内与环境设计
2)产品设计
3)平面设计
4)广告设计
5)织品与服饰设计

二、环境艺术设计
新兴的设计学科,所关注的是人类生活设施空间环境的艺术设计。又称室内艺术设计。从事建筑物内部的陈设、布置和装修,塑造一个美且适宜人居住、工作你、生活的环境。
目的:为人创造的符合人体科学需要,适应人各项活动要求,舒适宜人的空间环境。
中心任务:通过环境设计,提高环境质量、创造理想的与自然共处互益的环境。

三、产品设计
即工业产品的艺术设计
“工业设计”(“Industrial Design”),它是现代工业化生产条件下,运用科学技术与艺术结合的方式进行产品设计的一种创新性方法。
目的:主要解决在一定物质技术条件下工业产品的功能与形式,结构与符号等的关系,通过产品造型设计将功能、结构、材料和生产手段、使用方式统一起来,实现具有较高质量和审美向度的合格产品
产品设计:即工业产品的艺术设计,又称“工业设计”。指在现代工业化生产条件下,运用科学技术与艺术结合的方式进行产品设计的一种创造性方法。

四、平面设计(装潢设计)
又称图形设计、印刷设计、视觉传达等。其设计的对象和范围限定在“二维”的空间纬度之中,二维的设计,主要是图形、文字等形象和信息要素的综合设计,
装潢:设计学科中的传统概念。与平面设计相同,也包含了视觉传达的内容在内,是商业形象建构的重要环节。

五、广告设计
“广告是将各种高度精练的信息,采用艺术手段,通过各种媒介传播给大众,以加强或改变人们的观点,最终引导人们的行为的活动。

六、染织与服饰设计
包括印染和织造两部分。产品为纺织品、装饰纺织品和工业用纺织品三部分。

△第三节 对中国当代艺术设计实践的简要分析
平面设计方面,是我国艺术设计中发展最快,成绩最好的一个重要领域,尤其是装潢设计或商业美术设计方面成绩最大。但仍然必须变革设计观念,更好的运用科学技术最新成果,吸收世界平面设计的新创意、新经验,并深刻理解民族传统和精神呢,是中国平面设计面临的重要任务和挑战。
产品设计、工业设计方面,在一定意义上是一个国家工业生产水平的标志,中国的工业设计还处于一个大规模改造和建设时期,大量的工业产品主要是外来式样,只要国内有市场,这种靠模仿的生产就会持续下去。但已经又很大发展,从广东沿海地区开始蔓延,并开始步入良性轨道。
环境艺术设计的特点:1、发展空间很大2、历史不长,基础不厚。还处于发展的初级阶段,优先发展环境艺术设计教育,培养更多的优秀设计人才和进一步提高已有设计人员的素质是当务之急。
染织服装设计方面,印染工业进入改组阶段,其设计也处于变革之中,染织教学从传统单一的花布设计转向装饰织物设计,采用电脑进行设计和教学。服装设计和服装工业发展迅速,但存在一些误区
。。。。。。

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 楼主| 发表于 2012-11-2 11:55 | 显示全部楼层
摘自别人的经验
希望大家看看

想考好管理学最好最有效的办法就是反复的看课本。如果你能把罗宾斯的教材看上10遍20遍,你考的肯定不会差!04年我的那个考130的朋友学的是地理信息系统,但他的专业课却考了第一名。他的方法就是反复的看书,除了教材他没有看过任何其他的参考书。此外,我请教了很多的师兄和考企业管理的朋友,他们也都强调看课本的重要。

  也许讲那么多是不是有点不必要?但在我第一年考时我真的很困惑,到底要不要反复的看课本,到底要不要花更多的时间在看课本上面?结果我没有怎么认真的看课本,所以考的也很差。今年在我总结了去年的经验教训的基础上,我义无反顾的把课本看了好多遍,从开始复习到考前最后一天,我一直没有放弃课本。事实证明:这个方法是有效的。

  有人也许会说:那么厚的一本书看完后根本没有多少的印象。这是再正常不过的现象了!如果你看完后就能留下深刻的印象并且记住那么多的知识点,你根本就是个神童,也没有必要看我写的这些
我复习管理学的方法是:
1先不管能否看懂,把这本书通读一遍,知道大概的框架;
2然后再一章一章仔细的看,此次看的时候做好笔记,笔记的内容就是书上所有的重点内容,以及每章的知识框架,看完一章后,自己写一下本章的小节。我每天晚上花两到三个小时来做这个笔记,大概持续了四十天。整整做了有130页信纸的笔记,很详细,每个知识点都疏理了一遍。
3然后我开始背这本笔记,每天安排早晨的两个小时,把这本笔记从头至尾的又背了两遍。又花了有20天的时间。我想经过这个过程,管理学的那些知识点肯定在你脑海里留下的比较深的印象。
4完成这个过程后,我又把书大概的看了一遍。为什么要再看一遍?因为你总结的肯定是比较精简的,而书上写的很充实,所以再看一遍有助于把你所记的再充实,理解更深刻一点。
下面我开始总结书上的案例。罗的书上有很多经典的案例,总结这些干什么?是留考试时用的!答案例有着更好的说服力,而且会让老师觉得你学的很活,如果能在考试论述时答上一个或几个案例来解释你的观点,那么肯定有助于你得高分。南大的老师很喜欢这样的答题方式,这也是我那个考130的朋友的秘诀,我在这里向大家公布,并且吐血推荐,希望大家一定要采用。(如果大家看了这篇文章能从这句话中受益,也不枉费我写的这几个小时。)我今年也多亏我答了一些案例来论述,因为考完后我感觉不如去年答的顺,当时想如果能考90就觉得自己很幸运了,可结果出来是114,我想也不奇怪,因为我举了不少的例子来论述我的观点。
5总结完案例后,我把书后的问答题又答了一遍,这个过程也是必不可少的。书上的内容在你脑海里留下了很深的印象了,可是遇到具体问题时你会怎样把他们都表述出来呢,如何组织,如何利用你脑海那么多零碎的知识点呢,这是一个实战的机会。不要看课后的问题很简单,也不要认为答案很明显。这里要求你要尽可能的把问题阐述清楚。对于一个问题,别人能阐述500字,你绞尽脑汁只能写300字,说明别人肚里货比你多吧,呵呵。答题时注意思考,多问几个为什么。比如今年第一题考的是组织文化为什么具有不可移植性。我们平时在书上看到的都是组织文化具有不可移植性,所以会怎样怎样,而很少问为什么具有不可移植性。如果平时能多问多思考一些为什么,考试的题目也许早就被你思考过了。

  做完这个过程,你基本上可以底气十足的进考场了。但是如果想更精益求精的话,建议你在整个复习过程当中穿插着这样的一些事情,比如看一些管理学的杂志,或者看南大教授发表的论文。这样不仅可以扩大知识面,而且会收到意想不到的效果。04年的第一题的答案就能在南大老师的论文上能找到。当然杂志的内容很多,我觉得只需看和书上相关的就行,太复杂太深奥的就不用看了。


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 楼主| 发表于 2012-11-2 11:56 | 显示全部楼层

想考好管理学最好最有效的办法就是反复的看课本。如果你能把罗宾斯的教材看上10遍20遍,你考的肯定不会差!04年我的那个考130的朋友学的是地理信息系统,但他的专业课却考了第一名。他的方法就是反复的看书,除了教材他没有看过任何其他的参考书。此外,我请教了很多的师兄和考企业管理的朋友,他们也都强调看课本的重要。

  也许讲那么多是不是有点不必要?但在我第一年考时我真的很困惑,到底要不要反复的看课本,到底要不要花更多的时间在看课本上面?结果我没有怎么认真的看课本,所以考的也很差。今年在我总结了去年的经验教训的基础上,我义无反顾的把课本看了好多遍,从开始复习到考前最后一天,我一直没有放弃课本。事实证明:这个方法是有效的。

  有人也许会说:那么厚的一本书看完后根本没有多少的印象。这是再正常不过的现象了!如果你看完后就能留下深刻的印象并且记住那么多的知识点,你根本就是个神童,也没有必要看我写的这些
我复习管理学的方法是:
1先不管能否看懂,把这本书通读一遍,知道大概的框架;
2然后再一章一章仔细的看,此次看的时候做好笔记,笔记的内容就是书上所有的重点内容,以及每章的知识框架,看完一章后,自己写一下本章的小节。我每天晚上花两到三个小时来做这个笔记,大概持续了四十天。整整做了有130页信纸的笔记,很详细,每个知识点都疏理了一遍。
3然后我开始背这本笔记,每天安排早晨的两个小时,把这本笔记从头至尾的又背了两遍。又花了有20天的时间。我想经过这个过程,管理学的那些知识点肯定在你脑海里留下的比较深的印象。
4完成这个过程后,我又把书大概的看了一遍。为什么要再看一遍?因为你总结的肯定是比较精简的,而书上写的很充实,所以再看一遍有助于把你所记的再充实,理解更深刻一点。
下面我开始总结书上的案例。罗的书上有很多经典的案例,总结这些干什么?是留考试时用的!答案例有着更好的说服力,而且会让老师觉得你学的很活,如果能在考试论述时答上一个或几个案例来解释你的观点,那么肯定有助于你得高分。南大的老师很喜欢这样的答题方式,这也是我那个考130的朋友的秘诀,我在这里向大家公布,并且吐血推荐,希望大家一定要采用。(如果大家看了这篇文章能从这句话中受益,也不枉费我写的这几个小时。)我今年也多亏我答了一些案例来论述,因为考完后我感觉不如去年答的顺,当时想如果能考90就觉得自己很幸运了,可结果出来是114,我想也不奇怪,因为我举了不少的例子来论述我的观点。
5总结完案例后,我把书后的问答题又答了一遍,这个过程也是必不可少的。书上的内容在你脑海里留下了很深的印象了,可是遇到具体问题时你会怎样把他们都表述出来呢,如何组织,如何利用你脑海那么多零碎的知识点呢,这是一个实战的机会。不要看课后的问题很简单,也不要认为答案很明显。这里要求你要尽可能的把问题阐述清楚。对于一个问题,别人能阐述500字,你绞尽脑汁只能写300字,说明别人肚里货比你多吧,呵呵。答题时注意思考,多问几个为什么。比如今年第一题考的是组织文化为什么具有不可移植性。我们平时在书上看到的都是组织文化具有不可移植性,所以会怎样怎样,而很少问为什么具有不可移植性。如果平时能多问多思考一些为什么,考试的题目也许早就被你思考过了。

  做完这个过程,你基本上可以底气十足的进考场了。但是如果想更精益求精的话,建议你在整个复习过程当中穿插着这样的一些事情,比如看一些管理学的杂志,或者看南大教授发表的论文。这样不仅可以扩大知识面,而且会收到意想不到的效果。04年的第一题的答案就能在南大老师的论文上能找到。当然杂志的内容很多,我觉得只需看和书上相关的就行,太复杂太深奥的就不用看了。


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发表于 2012-11-2 19:20 | 显示全部楼层
球给完整答案。。
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-11-2 21:08 | 显示全部楼层
作文
(一)2009年MBA真题:
Directions: It is known that text message(手机短信)has both advantages and disadvantages. Some people think it is a blessing, while others regard it as a hell. In this section, you are asked to write an essay on text messaging. You can take either stand and provide specific reasons and examples to support your idea. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

范文:
In the new millennium, text message is set to become an essential feature of individuals’ life. It comes no surprise that a vast majority of people are indulged in sending and receiving short message, considering the great pleasure and convenience it brings about. Still, there are some others viewing text message as a curse of modern life, for it cause extra waste and do harm to our health.
Text messaging, as a means of communication, shortens the distance between people, which, many believe, is one of its apparent advantages. By sending regards to them via short message, we can not only maintain contact with our friends and relatives, but share pleasure with them as well. Another benefit obtained from text message is the convenience for people to keep up with the latest information they need whatever they go and whatever they do. For instance, a large number of people have subscribed to various short-message services ranging from weather forecast to fashion news and enjoy them very much. Accordingly, with text message people’s daily life will be greatly enriched.
Truly, apart from those benefits, text messaging might have its drawbacks. But it is my view that its negative impacts depend, to a large extent, on how it is used. As a consequence, if we make proper use of it, short message will never do us more harm than good. (228 words)

翻译:
在新的世纪,手机短信被视为个人生活中的一个重要特征。毫无疑问,考虑到它所带来的巨大快乐与方便,很多人沉迷于收发短信。然而,由于它能造成额外的浪费并损害我们的健康,有些人认为短信是现代生活的一个弊端。
手机短信作为一种沟通工具,缩短了人们之间的距离。很多人认为这是它的一个显著优点。通过短信问候亲友,我们不仅可以和他们保持联系,也可以与他们分享快乐。从短信中获得的另一个优点就是:无论人们去哪里或做什么,都能方便人们了解最新信息。例如,很多人订阅了从天气预报到时尚快讯的各种短信服务。因此,短信极大丰富了人们的日常生活。
除了这些优点,手机短信确实也有缺点。但在我看来,它的负面影响在很大程度上取决于人们如何使用。因此,如果我们适当使用,手机短信绝不会对我们弊大于利。

(二)2008年MBA真题
Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
以往许多人报考成人高校,是为了圆文凭梦。如今,手持本科、硕士文凭,回头重新考大学的大有人在。据报道,今年报名全国成人高考的上海考生中,有390名本科毕业生,15名硕士生。
写一篇约150词的作文对此现象进行评论和表达自己的意见。

范文:
The past several years have witnessed the emergence of a widespread social phenomenon. That is, a growing number of people are in quest of college education for adult despite whatever degrees they have required before. It is reported that 390 university graduates, together with 15 candidates who have master’s degrees have taken the National Adult College Entrance Examination in Shanghai this year. This issue, without the slightest question, has given rise to great concern in the public.
People’s attitudes towards this phenomenon differ widely. Some find it quite understandable when considering the fact that life-long education is an era of knowledge explosion. Rather, one has to recharge himself with updated information so as to keep up with the development of the society. And yet those who hold negative views regard it as a waste of time as well as educational resources.
Personally, I am in favor of the former opinion. Education is becoming a lifetime study, just as the old saying goes: live and learn. After all, there is no denying the fact that education is of benefit to both personal growth and economic prosperity. And this is also the exact reason why I have determined to do an MBA.

翻译:
过去几年目睹了一个广泛社会现象的出现:那就是越来越多的人尽管之前已经获得学位,仍然报考成人高校。据报道,今年在上海报名全国成人高考的考生中,有390名本科毕业生和15名硕士生。这个问题无疑已经引起了公众的极大关注。
人们对这一现象的态度截然不同。有人考虑到在一个知识爆炸的时代,我们需要终身教育这一事实,认为这种现象合情合理。相反,为了跟上社会的发展,一个人必须利用最新信息自我充电。而那些持相反意见的人认为这是一种时间和教育资源的浪费。
个人而言,我支持前者的观点。教育正在变为终身学习。正如老话所说:活到老,学到老。毕竟,不可否认这一事实:教育对个人发展和经济繁荣均有益处。这也是为什么我决定攻读MBA的确切原因。

三、图表作文:
(一)2001年大纲样题
Directions:
Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies are still claiming that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.
There is a discussion in a newspaper on the above two viewpoints.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1) criticizing the view of the tobacco company and
2) justifying your stand.
In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed below.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.


范文:
The majority of people would agree that cigarette smoking has caused serious problems. But the tobacco companies insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.
Personally, I believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. Firstly, smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases and so on. According to the survey, tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three million people die from smoking-related decreases every year. The fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from 14.364 billion pounds in 1994 to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995 also suggests that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. Secondly, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion US dollars is lost due to smoking each year. Obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substantially exceeds the gain in the industry.
In conclusion, as the economic development aims at making our life better, we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to spend more and more money providing medical services for those who suffer from smoking-related illnesses, the notion of promoting economy via tobacco production is not justifiable. It is high time that we fought for the total tobacco ban.

翻译:
大多数人认为吸烟已经导致了严重的问题。然而烟草公司声称他们通过给ZF纳税和雇佣成百上千的工人,从而为世界经济做出了巨大的贡献。
个人而言,我认为烟草的生产和消费弊大于利。首先,吸烟是导致诸如心脏病、肺癌等很多致命疾病的原因。根据调查,烟民大约占世界人口20%,而在他们中间,每年有300万人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。世界烟草总产量从1994年的143.64亿磅下降到1995年的142亿磅的事实,也证明了人们已经逐渐意识到吸烟的负面影响。其次,烟草消费非常浪费金钱。如图所示,每年由于吸烟损失2000亿美元。显而易见,全球金钱总损失明显超过工业受益。
总而言之,由于经济发展旨在改进人民生活,我们不能为了短期经济利益牺牲健康。如果我们不得不花费越来越多的钱为那些受吸烟相关疾病所困扰的人群提供医疗服务的话,那么通过烟草生产来发展经济的观念就站不住脚了。我们早就该进行一场全面禁烟的战役了。

(二)1999年真题
Directions: Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
effect of the country’s growing population on its wildlife,
possible reason for the effect,
Your suggestion for wildlife protection.











范文:
Currently, there is a widespread concern regarding the previously neglected connection between growing human population and decreasing wild species. As the two graphs obviously portrayed, American population in 1980 was 250 times than that in 1800, a trend accompanied by the extinction of nearly 70 kinds of wildlife in the past 300 years. A clear correlation is suggested that mankind has exerted a tremendously negative influence on natural resources.
There are a great many causes responsible for the aforementioned tendency. To begin with, to satisfy the space demand for booming population, the only available solution for Americans is to take occupation of forests and grasslands that used to be the habitat of wild animals and plants. In addition, the process of industrialization and urbanization has generated severe pollution that essentially destroys environment and ecosystem.
In my point of view, the dearth of wild species today forecasts an unpromising future for humans tomorrow. In order to eliminate species extinction, relevant laws and regulations must be established and enforced to maintain a large portion of unspoiled areas. Drastic measures should also be applied to ensure that the impact of pollution be removed.

翻译:
近年来人们开始普遍关注以前被忽略的人口增长和自然物种减少之间的关系。正如两幅图表显示,1980年的美国人口是1900年的250倍,同时在过去的300年间大约有70种野生生物在美国灭绝。这清楚表明人类给自然物种带来了巨大的负面影响。
以上趋势是由诸多原因造成的。首先为了满足迅速增长的人口对于空间的需求,对于美国人来说唯一有效的解决办法就是占据森林和草原,而这些地方曾是野生动植物的栖息地。此外,工业化和城市化的进程造成了严重的污染,在根本上摧毁了环境和生态系统。
我认为,今天野生动物种类的灭绝和数量的减少预示着将来人类并不明朗的前景。为了减少物种灭绝,我们应该制定并执行相关的法律法规来保留大部分的原始生态区。同时,我们也应该采取有效的措施来确保消除污染的影响。

四、图画作文:
(一)2004:
Directions:
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1.  describe the drawing.
2.  interpret its meaning, and
3.  support your view with examples.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

范文:
It is vividly depicted in the cartoon that a boy is running along the racetrack with painstaking efforts, sweat pouring down his face. After a long journey, he is making the final spurt toward the finishing line, with strong determination to become a champion. It seems that he could rest for a while to enjoy the ecstasy of victory. However, straight ahead lies a sign which indicates a new “starting point” and urges him to continue rushing to the next destination.
Undoubtedly, the cartoon conveys the meaning that life is like the process of running in which one should make constant efforts and never stop making progress. Owing to the quickening pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, stimulating everyone to pursue one goal after another. Once a person stops making progress, he can hardly maintain his past glory and survive in this competitive world. As Deng Xiaoping, the great Chinese leader said, “Development is inarguable truth.” No matter how powerful a specific institution is, it will definitely seek new development in high speed. Generally speaking, neither a country nor a person can remain stagnant.
A case in point is the successful launching of “Shenzhou Ⅶ Spacecraft” which sets China in a high position of aviation and space flight. Although it means a great achievement for us Chinese, we are facing new challenges in the forthcoming future and need to do further research in space technology. Another illustration is closely related to us, the examinees. If we pass this test and are confronted with the challenge of conquering the difficult graduate courses. We still have to strive for success in our future academic study, employment and career. On the whole, these examples effectively clarify the saying that “destination is another starting point.” (296 words)

翻译:
如图生动所示,一个小男孩正在沿着跑道跑步。他付出艰苦的努力,汗水淌下脸庞。在长途跋涉之后,他正在向着终点进行最后冲刺,抱有成为冠军的坚定决心。看起来他可以休息一会,享受胜利的狂喜。然而,在正前方有标志显示一个新的“起点”,激励他继续朝着下一个目标前进。
毫无疑问,这幅漫画显示了如下含义:人生就像跑步的过程一样,人们应该不断努力,绝不停止进步。由于生活节奏的加快,各行各业的竞争变得日益激烈,激励每个人追求一个又一个的目标。一旦一个人停止取得进步,他很难保持过去的荣誉,在这个竞争世界中生活下去。正如伟大的中国领导人邓小平所说:“发展才是硬道理”。无论一个具体的机构如何成功,它肯定需要高速寻求新的发展。总而言之,无论一个国家还是个人都不能停滞不前。
一个恰当的例子就是“神州七号宇宙飞船”的成功发射,这使中国处于航空航天的一个较高地位。尽管这对我们中国人意味着一个巨大的成就,但我们在不远的将来面临新的挑战,需要在空间技术领域进行深入研究。另一个例子与我们考生密切相关。如果我们通过了考试,就面临着征服艰巨研究生课程的挑战。我们仍须在我们未来的学业、职业和事业上为了成功而继续奋斗。总之,这些例子清楚证明了这一说法:“终点又是新起点”。

(二)1998:
Directions:
Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.
Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.
Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
1.Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
2.Give your comments.

范文:
The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that a variety of promises have been arising from all walks of life. Regretfully, quite a lot of promises are sheer nonsense, just as the hen in the given cartoon commits herself to lay eggs which are round without any angles and corners and have shells, egg whites and yolks.
        Odd and funny as they sound, such false promises can be seen and heard everywhere in our country. Administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribes; manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and polite and enthusiastic services. Can you find anything new and substantial other than their obligations, duties and jobs in these so called promises? I guess your answer will be negative. As a matter of fact, their intention to make such commitments is nothing but to put on civilized outer clothing to please or deceive the public.
        I dare say that our society is suffering corruption and cheat which are causing damage to society both materially and morally. But the hen and her like should know that by dishonest words no one can survive the intense competition under market economy system. They should remember the old saying, “Honesty is the best policy”. (219 words)

翻译:
过去几年发生了一个现象:各行各业开始出现了各种各样的承诺。遗憾的是,相当多的承诺纯粹只是空话,正如漫画中的这只母鸡一样,承诺下蛋不见棱见角,并保证有蛋皮、蛋清、蛋黄。
尽管这些承诺听起来奇怪有趣,但在全国各地都可以看到听到这样的虚假承诺。管理部门保证不接受任何贿赂,公正有效地履行指责;生产厂家保证生产高质量产品;商业企业发誓提供真货和礼貌热情的服务。在这些所谓的承诺中,除了他们的义务、责任和工作之外,你还能发现任何新的和实质性的东西吗?我想你的答案将是否定的。事实上,他们做这种承诺的目的只是披上华丽的外衣以便取悦并欺骗公众。
我认为这个社会正在受到腐败和欺骗的影响,这在物质和道德上都在对社会造成了伤害。但这只母鸡及其同类应该知道:在市场经济体系的激烈竞争中,没人能通过欺诈的言语而生存下去。他们应该牢记这条谚语:“诚实为上策”。

(三)2001:
Directions:
        Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his or her own understanding of it.
        There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the pictures below.
Give a specific example, and
Give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.

范文:
When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. As a matter of fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the most sublime of human emotions.
As an illustration of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of the deadly earthquake in Sichuan Province. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can——be it money or goods——to help their needy fellow citizens. Furthermore, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
It is my view that the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. Only by doing so can we help to make the world a better place, for, as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines. (241 words)

翻译:
当我们用到“爱”这个词时,我们不仅仅指对异性的吸引,这是对这个词非常狭隘的解释。下面的图画注解了爱的真正含义,它强调了爱心是情感的力量,不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗,爱心都能支撑我们。事实上,历史上处于不同文化中的人们都把爱当作人类最高尚的情感。
举一个例子证明爱心的力量,我们应该记得中国各族人民如何响应号召去支援四川地震中的受难者。尽管他们的收入按照国际标准衡量还是处于低水平,但是全国人民毫不犹豫地尽他们所能捐献——不管是钱,还是物品——去帮助那些受难的同胞们。并且,他们这么做不考虑自己的得失。
我认为,表示爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手,无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样,我们能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方,因为,正如图画所描绘的,悲伤的阴影越黑暗,爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

(四)2002:
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International”
In the essay you should
describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
give your comments on the phenomenon.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.

An American girl in traditional Chinese costume

范文:
The picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears ribbons, necklaces and other accessories that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group. Undoubtedly, the costume has added oriental charm/glamour to her beautiful look/appearance/features.
What the picture conveys goes far beyond only/merely a new fashion trend. Instead, it carries cultural meanings/implications as well. The fact that people from different countries are attracted to mysterious Chinese culture indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared internationally. In other words, a nation’s unique/distinctive culture can become international through worldwide economic and cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization become irresistible, the increasing cultural exchanges can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship.
It is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture for those ideas from the other cultures, controversial or even absurd at first sight, can provide a different perspective for us to observe the world in the long run. Nevertheless, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous. (221 words)

范文:
这幅图画生动描述了一位可爱的美国小女孩身穿传统的中国服装,面带甜蜜的微笑。她戴着具有某个中国少数民族服饰特征的发带、项链和其他装饰品。毫无疑问,这套服装为她美丽的外表增添了东方的魅力。
这幅图画所表达的远远不只是一种新的时尚潮流。反之,它具有文化内涵。神秘的中国文化吸引了各国人民这一事实,显示了在某种程度上,一种文化可以被国际性地接受、尊重、欣赏和分享。换而言之,一个民族独特的文化可以通过全球性的经济和文化交流走向世界。由于全球化潮流不可阻挡,所以文化交流可以有效增进相互间的理解和友谊。
在我看来,我们应该保存和珍惜作为无价精神财富的民族文化。同时,我们很有必要推广世界文化,因为来自其他文化的观点,即使乍看起来相互矛盾或荒谬,但从长远看来,可以为我们观察这个世界提供一种不同的视角。然而,在我们面临不同文化时,应该充满理智地取其精华、去其糟粕。只有这样我们才能积极发展民族文化,并使我们的世界丰富多元、五颜六色、充满活力。
 
(五)2003:
Directions:
Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following
describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning
point out its implications in our life.


范文:
The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in different circumstances. As is shown in the first cartoon, the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse that shelters it from the threatening lightning and storm. With proper temperature, moisture and fertilizer, the flower is growing in full bloom. On the contrary, when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain, the flower soon fades and withers, with the petals scattered on the ground.
To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the green house cannot withstand the test of the storm, yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society; the greenhouse epitomizes parents’ doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms, or the harsh reality. Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties.
Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth to be more independent in life. On the other hand, parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world. (271 words)


翻译:
上述这组图生动描述了一朵鲜花在不同环境中的命运。如第一幅漫画所示,这朵鲜花被放在舒适的温室里,保护它免于可怕的闪电和风雨。拥有合适的温度、湿度和肥料,鲜花正在充分绽放。相反,当被搬出温室并暴露在风雨之下时,鲜花很快就凋谢枯萎了,花瓣散落一地。
首先,这些图画的目的是告诉我们温室花朵经不起风雨,然而我们应该认真对待它们所微妙传达的的象征含义。这朵娇弱的鲜花自然和我们的年轻人联系起来,具体而言,就是当代社会的独生子女。温室是保护孩子免受风雨的父母溺爱和优越物质条件的缩影,而风雨就是严峻的现实。一旦年轻人开始寻求独立并且接受来自现实世界的挑战,人们发现他们已经被惯坏了,在困难面前无法足够坚强。
总之,我们很有必要从这些发人深思的图画中得出积极的含义。一方面,我们可以经常利用它们来启发年轻人在生活中更加独立。另一方面,父母们应该充满理智给孩子们更多自由来处理困难和问题。只有经历更多的挑战和磨练,年轻人才能培养强大的个性和能力,
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 楼主| 发表于 2012-11-2 21:09 | 显示全部楼层
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Give the floor to 请…发言 It is a great pleasure for me to我很荣幸… Relevant issues 相关问题 Updated research result 最新的调查结果 Attach the importance to 对…给予重视 Lead-edge technologies领先技术 Minister Counselor公使 Natural heritage自然遗产 Shared concern 共同关心的问题 Well-deserved reputation良好的信誉 对…表示衷心的感谢express sincere gratitude to 请…讲话 Let’ s welcome to give a speech 双边会议bilateral conference 以掌声对…表示的最热烈的欢迎propose the warmest applause to 主办单位sponsor 颁奖仪式the Award Ceremony 贺词greeting speech 隆重举行observe the grand opening of 请…颁奖 Let’s invite to present the award 取得圆满成功achieve complete ceremony 全球庆典global celebration ceremony 宣布…结束 declare the closing of 请全体起立,奏国歌 Please rise for the national anthem. Collective stewardship集体管理 Competitive job market充满竞争的就业市场 Financial institutions金融机构 Forward-looking进取 Gross National Product国民生产总值 Meet the challenges 迎接挑战 Public authorities公共机构 Regulatory mechanism 法规机制 Urban residents 城市居民 Well-serviced formal city服务齐全的高尚城市 把…列为重要内容place as the priority 不放松工作never neglect the work 节约用水 water conservation 对…表示衷心祝贺extend our sincere congratulations on 节约用水先进城市model city of water conservation 使…取得预期效果attain the results expected 授予…光荣称号 confer honorable awards on 为…而奋斗strive for 严重缺水城市a city of severe water shortage 有关单位units concerned 与…比有差距compared with ,there is still some way to go 预祝…圆满成功wish a complete success 开源与节流并重broaden sources of income &reduce expenditure 对外贸易港口seaport for foreign trade 国内生产总值National Gross Products 欢聚一堂merrily gather 活跃的经济带vigorous economic region 基础雄厚solid foundation 留下最美好的印象may you have a most pleasant impression 盛世the grand occasion 祝愿在停留愉快wish a pleasant stay 综合性商港comprehensive commercial seaport 春意盎然spring is very much in the air forest coverage森林覆盖率 global warming全球变暖 principal element主要因素 toxic emission废气排放 迸发出心灵的火花ignite the sparks of understanding 建立合作桥梁build the bridge for cooperation 内容翔实substantial in content 能源大省major province of energy 日程紧凑tight in schedule call upon 号召 conservation benefits节水的好处 industrial reuse and recycling工业中水利用 pollution fines 污染罚款 urban water conservation城市节水 water saving fixtures节水装置 地区经济regional economic 港口经营多元化diversification in port operation 责任和义务perform our duties and fulfill our obligations 地区行业盛会a well-known regional event of the industry 发起港initiating ports break free 冲破藩篱 civil society民间团体 ethnic lines种族 genuine partnership真正的合作伙伴 squatter settlements 违章建筑区 without access to 享受不到 畅所欲言open dialogues 计划经济的束缚the bounding of planning economy 紧迫问题pressing issues 科教兴省和走可持续发展的道路vitalize the province by science and technology and sustainable development 空前膨胀unprecedentedly inflated 控制增长势头curb the trend of steep rise 面临严峻挑战face severe challenges 清醒地看到acutely aware 生态恶化ecological deterioration 提高意识strengthen the awareness 相互尊重,求同存异,平等互利,优势互补,借鉴经验,拓展合作,立足当前,着眼未来respect each other, seek the common ground while putting aside difference, enjoy equality and mutual benefits, complement each other’s advantages, learn each other’s experience, expand the cooperation, stand from the present and look forward to the future 以此会议为契机take the opportunity of this seminar 滞后lag behind 转轨建制过程缓慢the transition of mechanism is slow 总结经验教训draw lessons from the past community development oriented 以发展社区为宗旨的 deserved winners当之无愧的获奖者 ethnic minorities少数民族 gainful employment有报酬的 gender issues性别问题 handicraft works 手工艺品 income generation 工薪阶层 in-depth knowledge深入了解 the handicapped残疾人 不求最大,但求最好seek the best instead of the largest 产业结构industrial structure 城乡一体化the unified design between the city and the countryside 短期行为short-term conduct 房地产开发real estate development 扶贫帮困help and support the poor 公共绿地public lawn 公用事业public utilities 会展中心convention center 基建规模infrastructure scale 精品意识consciousness for the best 精品住宅区model human settlements 企业效益enterprise revenue 文明乘车civil bus ride 希望工程Hope Project 以人为本human centered 主办城市the host city 综合治理comprehensively administer economic recession 经济萧条 press conference 记者招待会 rough diamond 钻坯 sophisticated machine 先进机器 staggering growth 强劲的增长 trade union 业界 umbrella name统称 濒临停产边缘be close to production collapse 反省reflect on 回报期period of investment return 痛定思痛recall a painful experience 卧薪尝胆endure present hardships to revive 兴旺期blossom period develop and flourish 茁壮成长 expanding export earner不断扩展的出口创汇者 impose stringent rules定下严格规则 市场波动market fluctuation 协会章程association charter 总经营额total business revenue end-user用人单位 entry-level学徒期 from square one从头开始 high-caliber高水平的 instill or reinforce灌输或强化 job specification工作性质 localization programs本土化项目 performance appraisal表现评估 不断调整和日趋完善的阶段the stage of constant adjustment and improvement 产学研一体化的办学机制the educational mechanism of combining learning with research and production 成人学历教育,高等教育自学考试 continuing education and self-study examination of higher education 初露端倪reveal its importance for the first time 翻译导游tourist interpreter 复合型,应用型管理人才versatile and practical management talents 结构性调整structural adjustment 民俗风情customs and habits 相伴而生be accompanied by 学术领域academic sector 应势而生come into existence as the situation requires 在职培训part-time training 专业方向professional emphasis 资格考试qualification test TOPICAL The Economic Commission for Europe欧洲经济委员会 A world-wide reputation誉满全球 Conference center会议中心 The world Health Organization 世界卫生组织 International civil servants 国际事务公务员 International press center国际新闻中心 Works of art 艺术品 International trading center国际贸易中心 Rich cultural blend 丰富多彩的文化交融 Holiday resort 旅游胜地 Natural reserves 自然保护区 Feudal dynasty封建王朝 中国革命历史博物馆the Museum of the Chinese Revolution 一座历史丰碑a historical monument 快节奏的社会 fast-tempo society 专题展览exhibitions on special subject 实地考察on-the-spot investigaion 经历了数千年的风吹雨打being beaten by elements for thousands of years 古典艺术精品classical art treasures 世界文化遗产World Cultural Heritage 紫禁城the Forbidden City 文物宝库a treasure house of cultural relics 私人收藏家personal collector securities exchanges 证券交易所 stock exchanges股票交易所 systematic market process有组织的买卖过程 major corporation大公司 New York Stock Exchange 纽约证券交易所 Tax harmonization协调税收 Hot topic热门话题 European Union欧盟 Driving force推动力 Contemplate on the harmonization统一的期望 国际货币组织International Monetary Fund 国内需求domestic demand 经济全球化economic globalization 双边渠道bilateral channels 亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 金融危机financial crisis 广泛关注arouse wide concern 国际社会international community 公正合理的国际经济新秩序a new and reasonable international economic order 从大局出发proceed from the whole situation 财政政策financial policy 共同繁荣common prosperity 贸易投资自由化trade and investment liberalization 日新月异progress with each passing day 知识经济knowledge economy faulty members 教职工 subscribes to 订阅 journals and periodicals 杂志期刊 recreations and athletic facilities娱乐体育设施 arts department文科系 applied science应用科学 recipients of Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖金获得者 intellectual and personal qualities文化和个人素质 living expenses生活费 sense of community团队意识 成人教育学院continuing education school 仿真实验室simulation laboratory 教育部Ministry of Education 土木工程civil engineering 全国重点大学national key university 信息技术information technology 函授生correspondence student 外国留学生international student 教育展览会Education Exhibition 组委会organizing committee 主要内容main component 热点话题much-talked-about topic 共同关心的信息mutually concerned information fresh water resource洁水资源 over the last couple of decades 在过去的二十年里 land available for farming适耕地 fresh water available可用清洁水 emerging economies 新兴经济 global warming 全球变暖 ecological crisis生态危机 path to prosperity通向繁荣之路 seize the opportunity抓住机遇 remarkable environmental progress引人注目的环境 垃圾处理garbage disposal 生活必需品the bare necessities of life 消费品consumer goods 消费习惯consuming habit 捕鱼量the volume of fishing 造纸业paper-making industry 木材储量timber reserves 森林覆盖面积forest-covering area inward investment 对内投资 entrepreneurship创业精神 pay tribute to 表示敬意 subsidies and grants津贴和拨款 problem of terrorism恐怖主义问题 gave their lives to the highest calling将生命献给了最崇高的事业 target of terrorism恐怖主义的目标 intensified our effort 加强力量 bring to justice使归案受审 国际条约international treaties 世界知识产权组织World Intellectual Property Organization 私营部门the private sector 知识产权intellectual property 总干事Director Geneor 在进入新的千年之际at the threshold of the new millennium 成员国member countries 纲领性文件programmatic document 基本人权fundamental human rights 殖民枷锁colonialist shackles 任重道远the burden is heavy and the road is long internet phone industry网络电话业 vast potential for future development广阔的发展前景 telephone sound quality电话音质 instantaneous transmission即时传输 GPS(Global Positioning System)全球卫星定位系统 Relay station中继站 Intelligent traffic management systems智能交通管理系统 分子生物学Molecular biology 能源综合利用comprehensive utilization of energy 认识科学cognitive science 生产力productive force 推动力量driving force 相对论the theory of relativity 行为科学behavior science 知识科学knowledge economy 新兴产业rising economy 层出不穷emerge one after another 科教兴国战略 the strategy of economic development through science-technology and education 可持续发展sustainable development 试点工程pilot program 严峻挑战serious challenges 运行机制operational mechanism 中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences 综合国力the overall national strength 磁悬浮铁路magnetic suspended railway root causes根本原因 juvenile crime bill青少年犯罪 idle talk闲聊 easy access to 轻易接近 zero tolerance绝不容忍 balanced budget 预算平衡 step up to its responsibilities 担负起责任 law enforcement professionals执法者 debit card提款卡 magnetic stripe磁条 parking meter停车计费表 personal identification number 密码 pull double duty具备双重功能 electronic versions电子交易 chip-enhanced versions加强性芯片 be hot for the idea热衷于这个主意 遥控器remote controller 无孔不入all pervasive 增强性能strengthen the property 减少故障to reduce the breakdown 原动力motive power 高架铁路aerial train 汽车废气的排放discharge of automobile exhaust fumes 毗邻而居be adjacent to state-of-the art 最新型的,最优良的 three-dimensional三维的,立体的 ground-breaking 开拓性的,独创的 organizing committee组委会 innovative approach创新方法 marketing partner市场合作伙伴 a giant leap into the future走向未来的一次飞跃 cash for votes用钱拉选票 bribery scandal贿赂丑闻 草地网球lawn tennis 发球区service court 处于执牛耳的地位occupy a leading position 体育道德精神sportsmanship 以全体运动员的名义in the name of all the athletes 借助不正当的手段resort to unjust meansGive the floor to 请...发言It is a great pleasure for me to 我很荣幸...Relevant issues 相关问题Updated research result 最新的调查结果Attach the importance to 对...给予重视Lead-edge technologies 领先技术Minister Counselor 公使Natural heritage 自然遗产Shared concern 共同关心的问题Well-deserved reputation 良好的信誉对...表示衷心的感谢 express sincere gratitude to 请...讲话 Let's welcome to give a speech双边会议 bilateral conference以掌声对...表示的最热烈的欢迎 propose the warmest applause to 主办单位 sponsor颁奖仪式 the Award Ceremony贺词 greeting speech隆重举行 observe the grand opening of 请...颁奖 Let's invite to present the award取得圆满成功 achieve complete ceremony全球庆典 global celebration ceremony宣布...结束 declare the closing of请全体起立,奏国歌 Please rise for the national anthem.Collective stewardship 集体管理Competitive job market 充满竞争的就业市场Financial institutions 金融机构Forward-looking 进取Gross National Product 国民生产总值Meet the challenges 迎接挑战Public authorities 公共机构Regulatory mechanism 法规机制The threshold of our transition into the new millennium 跨越新千年的门槛UNCHS (United Nations Center for Human Settlements) 联合国人居中心Urban residents 城市居民Well-serviced formal city 服务齐全的高尚城市把...列为重要内容 place as the priority不放松工作 never neglect the work节约用水 water conservation对...表示衷心祝贺 extend our sincere congratulations on 节约用水先进城市 model city of water conservation使...取得预期效果 attain the results expected授予...光荣称号 confer honorable awards on 为...而奋斗 strive for 严重缺水城市 a city of severe water shortage有关单位 units concerned与...比有差距 compared with ,there is still some way to go 预祝...圆满成功 wish a complete success开源与节流并重 broaden sources of income &reduce expenditure对外贸易港口 seaport for foreign trade国内生产总值 National Gross Products欢聚一堂 merrily gather活跃的经济带 vigorous economic region基础雄厚 solid foundation留下最美好的印象 may you have a most pleasant impression盛世 the grand occasion祝愿在停留愉快 wish a pleasant stay综合性商港 comprehensive commercial seaport春意盎然 spring is very much in the airforest coverage 森林覆盖率

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发表于 2013-8-28 13:23 | 显示全部楼层
楼主设计概论只有第一章,其他那些在哪里可也找到?
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