没办法。这个讲义太大了。我发了三次都没办法一次性发上来。。。
讲义（一）地址：http://bbs.kaoyan.com/t4032804p1
基础知识 - 完型文章中常见的10大类逻辑关系 并列关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also, likewise,similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same……as; 递进关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover,what is more; indeed; 因果关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…..that, such…..that, in order that, consequently,accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of,considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for thisreason; 转折关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on theother hand, unfortunately, in fact, in reality, actually ; 让步关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, inspite of; regardless of; anyway, anyhow 列举（顺序）关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 first\second\last of all, in the first place\in the secondplace\finally, to begin with\ to continue, first……then, on one hand……on theother hand, for one thing……for another, one……another, some……others……stillothers; 对比关系 &部分常用标志词和短语 while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not….. but; 时间关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till,simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time; 条件关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, incase, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when,whenever, with; 举例关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语 such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among(these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example,more specifically speaking, namely; 例题：1994年完型填空46题– 递进关系 Thefirst and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is theword. In speaking, the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. Properselection will eliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the communication cycle.Too often, careless use of words 43 ameeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speakermay 44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with hiscomprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down . 46 , inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficultfor the listener to understand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. Thespeaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 toexplain or describe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners. 46. A. Moreover B. However C. Preliminarily D. Unexpectedly 例题: 1998年考研英语完型的第47题– 转折关系 Until recently most historians spoke verycritically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long runindustrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. Butthey insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 werewidespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when Englandwas still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance andprosperity. Thisview, 47 ,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history andeconomics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 bygreat poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may haveactually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. 47.A)however B)meanwhile C)therefore D)moreover 例题: 1999年考研英语完型的第47题– 列举关系 Industrial safety does not just happen.Companies _41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard toorganize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the workis well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established _44__ time lostdue to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 45 greatlyin the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place greatemphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by _46__rules or regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal tothe worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safetyprogram. From a financial stand-point alone, safety _48__. The fewer the injury49, the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the differencebetween operating at _50__or at a loss. 47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still 例题: 2004年考研英语完型的第34题– 因果关系 Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. Morefamilies consist of one parent households or two working parents, (34) ____,children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common inthe traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thoughtto be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensiveacts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugsand alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. Allthese conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing acriminal act, 34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently C] similarly [D] simultaneously
例题: 1997年考研英语完型的第42题– 对比逻辑关系 Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is theworld's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41 intothe offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. Oneday at a time. 42 industrial giants like General Motorsand IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower,based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 42. A)For B)Because C)As D)Since 例题: 1997年考研英语完型的第48题– 对比逻辑关系 44 its economy continues to recover, the US isincreasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This"45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changingthe relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a wayfor companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it canmean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being aloyal employee. 48. A)but B)while C)and D)whereas 例题: 2000年考研英语完型的第41题– 对比逻辑关系 If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must tryto keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store alarge quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately.He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. Hemust use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 theunpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell inorder to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve hisfarm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He musteither sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in form of loans. Naturallyhe will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind arenot 50 obtainable. 41.[A]other than [B]aswell as [C]instead of [D]more than 表达（特殊）对比逻辑关系的三大标志词 instead of rather than not……but…… 例题: 2001年考研英语完型的第48题– 对比逻辑关系 39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he saidthe 41 of privacy controls containedin European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament. 42.[A]better than[B]other than [C]rather than [D]sooner than 例题: 大纲样题第20题– 对比逻辑关系 they will take home not the problems ofscience and technology, 20 the benefit. 20.[A] except [B] nor [C] or [D] but 例题: 2001年考研英语完型的第31题– 举例关系 The government is to ban payments towitnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West. 31.[A]as to [B]for instance [C]inparticular[D]such as 例题: 2005年考研英语完型的第20题– 举例关系 The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar andemergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate thedanger of fire. 20. [A] similar to [B]such as [C] along with [D] aside from 例题: 2003年考研英语完型的第28题– 举例关系 Teachers need tobe aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adultsexperience. And they also need to give serious 21 tohow they can be best 22 such changes. Growingbodies need movement and 23 , but not just in waysthat emphasize competition. 24 they are adjustingto their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotionalchallenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that theiraccomplishments are 26 by others. However, thetypical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that itwould be 27 to plan activities in whichthere are more winners than losers, 28 ,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussionclubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important toteenagers, and many shy students need the 32 ofsome kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background. 28. A. ineffect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense
例题: 2010年考研英语完型的第15题– 举例关系 It turns out that particular wayof conducting the experiments may have led to __ 14__ interpretation of whathappened. __15__, lighting was always changed on Sunday. When work startedagain on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__17_ to rise for the next couple of days. __18__ a comparison with data forweeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up onMonday. Workers __19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the workingweek in any case, before __20_ a plateauand then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect “is hard to pin down.
15. [A] Incontrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
例题: 1996年考研英语完型的第50题– 让步关系 48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although thebody has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the "safeside" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well- balanced diet willusually meet all the body' s vitamin needs. 50. (A)nevertheless (B) therefore (C) moreover (D) meanwhile 如何区分转折与让步 转折：后面直接推翻前面 让步：后面没有直接推翻前面，而是出现了与前面正常预期相反的结果 最大的区别：对立推翻的对象不一样 例题: 2005年考研英语完型的第1题– 转折关系 The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals,we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which floatthrough the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick tosurfaces. 1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while 例题: 2006年考研英语完型的第11题– 让步关系 ___11__whenhomeless individuals manage to find a ___12__ that will give them three meals aday and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of eachday__13__ the street. | 11.[A]Hence | [B]But | [C]Even | [D]Only |
例题: 1996年考研英语完型真题 48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although thebody has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the "safeside" and thus take extra vitamins. However,a well- balanced diet will usually meet all the body' s vitamin needs.
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发表于 2011-11-18 14:33
