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2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I
Use of EnglishDirections:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numberedblank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotleviewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probablyhas little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of theheart and its blood vessels, 3 heartrate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5
benefits the way, say, walking or joggingdoes.
6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the 7 ,studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter 8 muscles,decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivablyhelp 9 the effects of psychological stress.
Anyway, the act of laughing probably doesproduce other types of 10 feedback,that improve an individual‘s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelingsare partially rooted 12 physicalreactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when thetears begin to flow.
Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions canflow 15 muscularresponses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strackof the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth-thereby creatingan artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a（n）17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smilingmuscles 18 moreexuberantly to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in afrown, 19 thatexpressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
1. [A] among [B]except [C] despite [D]like
2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce 3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining 4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe 5. [A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable 6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief 7. [A] opposite [B] impossible [C] average [D] expected 8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes 9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C]moderate [D] enhance 10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subconscious [D] internal 11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for 12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D] at 13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because 14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses 15. [A] into [B] from [C] towards [D]beyond 16. [A] fetch [B] bite [C] pick [D] hold 17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent 18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D]reacted 19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D]supposing 20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similarly [D] Conversely
Section II
Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the followingfour texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1
The decision of the New YorkPhilharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talkof the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of hisappointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to saythe least. “Hooray！At last” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointmentcame as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively littleknown. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentiousmusician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a descriptionof the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led bymusicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to havestruck at least some Times readers asfaint praise.
For my part, I have no idea whetherGilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs animpressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for meto visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestralmusic. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer anddownload still more recorded music from iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply thatrecordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For thetime, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalistsmust compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, andmuseums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classicalmusicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances;moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’schoosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought abouta crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classicalperformers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, aclassical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turningthe Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” Butwhat will be the nature of that difference？ Merely expanding the orchestra’srepertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra andthe new audience it hops to attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘sappointment has
[A] incurred criticism.
[B] raised suspicion.
[C] received acclaim.
[D] aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as anartist who is
[A] influential.
[B] modest.
[C] respectable.
[D] talented.
23. The author believes that the devotedconcertgoers
[A] ignore the expenses of liveperformances.
[B] reject most kinds of recordedperformances.
[C] exaggerate the variety of liveperformances.
[D] overestimate the value of liveperformances.
24. According to the text, which of thefollowing is true of recordings？
[A] They are often inferior to liveconcerts in quality.
[B] They are easily accessible to thegeneral public.
[C] They help improve the quality ofmusic.
[D] They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert‘s role inrevitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels
[A] doubtful.
[B] enthusiastic.
[C] confident.
[D] puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president ofBank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Ratherthan cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and saidhe was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting hisambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he wastalking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a positionlined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. Italso sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGeeisn‘t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avonand American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEOpost. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent businessenvironment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncementscloud their reputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin totake hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. Inthe third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boardsstuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economypicks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior positionto look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives andheadhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidatesare the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I can‘t thinkof a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look atsitting CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven‘talways landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicanaa decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she becamehead of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad leftCitigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at amajor financial institution three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace isfading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable tobe between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it‘s safer tostay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says oneheadhunter. “The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed toolong.”
26. When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being
[A] arrogant.
[B] frank.
[C] self-centered.
[D] impulsive.
27. According to Paragraph 2, seniorexecutives‘ quitting may be spurred by
[A] their expectation of betterfinancial status.
[B] their need to reflect on theirprivate life.
[C] their strained relations with theboards.
[D] their pursuit of new career goals.
28. The word “poached”（Line 3,Paragraph 4）most probably means
[A] approved of.
[B] attended to.
[C] hunted for.
[D] guarded against.
29. It can be inferred from the lastparagraph that
[A] top performers used to cling totheir posts.
[B] loyalty of top performers is gettingout-dated.
[C] top performers care more aboutreputations.
[D] it‘s safer to stick to thetraditional rules.
30. Which of the following is the besttitle for the text？
[A] CEOs: Where to Go？
[B] CEOs: All the Way Up？
[C] Top Managers Jump without a Net
[D] The Only Way Out for Top Performers
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing successused to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid”media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play amajor role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mailalerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. Theway consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paidmedia.
Paid and owned media are controlled bymarketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act asthe initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned mediabecome another marketer‘s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerceretailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as ownedmedia whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their contentor e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe isstill in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providerssuch as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson,for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotescomplementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, thepresence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companiesopportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of othercompanies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companiesconcerned.
The same dramatic technological changesthat have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communicationschoices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice theiropinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijackedmedia are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage toconsumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations abouta brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning thatthey can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originallycreated them.
If that happens, passionate consumerswould try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of thetarget company at risk. In such a case, the company‘s response may not besufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. ToyotaMotor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisisearlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-mediaresponse campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly onsites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
31. Consumers may create “earned” mediawhen they are
[A] obsessed with online shopping atcertain Web sites.
[B] inspired by product-promotinge-mails sent to them.
[C] eager to help their friends promotequality products.
[D] enthusiastic about recommendingtheir favorite products.
32. According to Paragraph 2, sold mediafeature
[A] a safe business environment.
[B] random competition.
[C] strong user traffic.
[D] flexibility in organization.
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3that earned media
[A] invite constant conflicts withpassionate consumers.
[B] can be used to produce negativeeffects in marketing.
[C] may be responsible for fiercercompetition.
[D] deserve all the negative commentsabout them.
34. Toyota Motor‘s experience is citedas an example of
[A] responding effectively to hijackedmedia.
[B] persuading customers into boycottingproducts.
[C] cooperating with supportiveconsumers.
[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.
35. Which of the following is the textmainly about ？
[A] Alternatives to conventional paidmedia.
[B] Conflict between hijacked and earnedmedia.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.
[D] Popularity of owned media.
Text 4
It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’sinsightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate MyLife,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like thesuggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parentseither happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: insteadof thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, weshould consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though theday-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Seniorwrites that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later besources of intense gratification and delight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractivemother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image onnewsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newlysingle – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston ispregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, ormom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistentlycelebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret havingchildren is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? It doesn‘t seemquite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of thechildren. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t havehad kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message thatchildren are the single most important thing in the world: obviously theirmisery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood thatcelebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According toseveral studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all. No sh**, considering how muchwork it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra andBritney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.
It‘s hard to imagine that many peopleare dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it lookso glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’sinteresting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘t in some small, subconscious waycontributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in thesame way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us lookjust a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
36. Jennifer Senior suggests in herarticle that raising a child can bring
[A] temporary delight
[B] enjoyment in progress
[C] happiness in retrospect
[D] lasting reward
37. We learn from Paragraph 2 that
[A] celebrity moms are a permanentsource for gossip.
[B] single mothers with babies deservegreater attention.
[C] news about pregnant celebrities isentertaining.
[D] having children is highly valued bythe public.
38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 thatchildless folks
[A] are constantly exposed to criticism.
[B] are largely ignored by the media.
[C] fail to fulfill their socialresponsibilities.
[D] are less likely to be satisfied withtheir life.
39. According to Paragraph 4, themessage conveyed by celebrity magazines is
[A] soothing.
[B] ambiguous.
[C] compensatory.
[D] misleading.
40. Which of the following can beinferred from the last paragraph？
[A] Having children contributes littleto the glamour of celebrity moms.
[B] Celebrity moms have influenced ourattitude towards child rearing.
[C] Having children intensifies ourdissatisfaction with life.
[D] We sometimes neglect the happinessfrom child rearing.
Part B Directions: The followingparagraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required toreorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-Gto filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctlyplaced. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] No disciplines have seized onprofessionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menandpoints out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. Butthe regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nineyears. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English dropout before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with thehumanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplinesthat are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major inbusiness compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, manyleading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding inthe basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But mostfind it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. AtHarvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have beenread”-they form a sort of social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only abouthalf end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. Thereare simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue toproduce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: Englishdepartments awarded more bachelor‘s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 yearslater. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade oftheses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do somethingfor which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to designand teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by topAmerican universities that liberal-arts educations and professional educationshould be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experienceboth varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialistliberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besidesprofessionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universitieshave professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academicresearch has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took itstoll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into aprerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third ofAmerican professors did not possess one. But the key idea behindprofessionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills neededfor a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.” Sodisciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, butalso over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming highereducation, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers ofknowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to thinkdangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may needto become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, MrMenand dose not say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent littleb**tplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American Universityshould be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happeningin American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.
Part C Directions:
Read the following textcarefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that “Mind is the masterweaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As aMan Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea ofself-help writing.
（46）Allen‘s contribution was to take anassumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control ourthoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind isseparate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed thatthe unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and （47）whilewe may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mindalone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I makemyself do this or achieve that？”
Since desire and will are damaged by thepresence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We donot attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you asa person embody the external achievement; you don‘t “get” success but becomeit. There is no gap between mind and matter.
Part of the fame of Allen‘s book is itscontention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” （48）Thisseems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization ofexploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority ofthose at the bottom. This,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set ofcircumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. Ifcircumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanitywould never have progressed. In fat, （49）circumstances seem to be designed tobring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we areunlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless,as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often thegreatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen‘s book isthat we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50）Theupside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we becomeauthorities of what is possible.
Section Ⅲ Writing Part A 51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend ofyours to
1）recommend one of your favorite moviesand
2）give reasons for your recommendation
Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do notsign your own name at the end of the letter. User “LI MING” instead.
Do not writer the address.（10 points）
Part B 52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160——200words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1）describe the drawing briefly,
2）explain it‘s intended meaning, and
3）give your comments.
Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）
2011年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. C
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A6.B 7. A
8. D
9. C
10. A 11. B
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. B16. D
17. A
18.
D
19.
A
20.
C
Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21.
C
22.
B
23.
D
24.
B
25.
A26.
B
27.
D
28.
C
29.
A
30.
C31.
D
32.
C
33.
B
34.
A
35. A36.
C
37.
D
38.
A
39.
D
40.
B
Part B (10 points)41.
B
42.
D
43.
A
44.
C
45.
F
Part C (10 points)
46.
我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。 47.
我们或许只通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是面临一个问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢？ 48.
这种说法似乎为忽视需要帮助的人找到了借口，使剥削合理化，令上层人优越，底层人卑微。 49.
环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能，如果我们总感觉“上天不公”，那么不太可能会自觉地努力脱离现状。 50.
积极的一面是，既然万事都取决于我们，那么就有无限可能。以前，我们能够熟练应对种种局限；现在，我们把握着未来的可能。 Section III: Writing (30 points) Part A (10 points) 51.
参考范文 Dearfriend, I am writing, without hesitation, to share oneof my favorite movies, Forest Gump, with you, which is not only conducive toyour study, but also beneficial to your life.
For one thing, the beautiful language in thisoriginal English movie may contribute to your study of English in listening,speaking, reading and writing. For another thing, the profound culturalelements implicit in the scene will equip you with foreign cultural backgroundand, above all, enrich your daily life.
Would you like to see this movie after myrecommendation? Remember to tell me your opinion about the movie. I am lookingforward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Ming
Part B (20 points) 52.
参考范文 The terrible scene depicted in the cartoon showsthat some people in our life still lack the awareness of environmentalprotection. The picture illustrates that two tourists are chatting and eatinghappily on a boat and casually throwing their rubbish into the lake which isfull of litter and waste. The drawing sets us thinking too much due to itsfar-reaching influence.
Nowadays, though the awareness of protectingenvironment is being accepted by more and more people, we can still see manyunpleasant scenes especially in scenic spots. Why does this phenomenon arise?Many factors are accounting for it. First and foremost, to some people, theconsciousness of protecting environment is still not so strong. They may notthink it is a big deal to throw rubbish everywhere. In addition, theenvironmental management system isn’t so satisfying. For example, in someplaces there’re few regulations or the implementation is seldom performedactually.
From what has been discussed above, it isurgent to take some effective and relative measures. In the first place, weshould continue to conduct more propaganda in communities and schools so as tolet people realize the importance of protecting environment. In the second,more rules should be made and carried out by the government to restrain theconduction of destroying environment. People should work together to createclean and beautiful surroundings.
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发表于 2011-4-21 13:26
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