考研论坛

 
查看: 3014|回复: 1

句子翻译 绝对有用

[复制链接]

37

主题

259

帖子

1639

积分

中级战友

Rank: 3Rank: 3

精华
4
威望
1079
K币
560 元
注册时间
2009-3-18
发表于 2010-4-10 17:13 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
定语从句的翻译
自由式定语从句
自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式,在句中充当不同的句子成分,故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看,其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句,因此,其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。
Examples:
Thus the Arab Umayyed Dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital from Medina to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.
Chinese Translation No. 1:
人们开始理由充分地认为,阿拉伯麦伍德哈里发王朝阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团;该王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革 。
Chinese Translation No. 2:
阿拉伯麦伍德王朝的统治者们征服了……,于661年将首都从麦地那迁往大马士革,但此后他们便成了不折不扣的寄生虫。
  
嵌套式定语从句
嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似,拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句,只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。
Examples:
Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their Central Asian homeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed as mercenaries by the Baghdad caliphs.
Chinese Translation No. 1:
同样,在东方是塞尔柱突厥人,他们从家乡中亚进入伊斯兰教帝国;在那里被巴格达哈里发雇为雇佣军。
Chinese Translation No. 2:
东边也是塞尔柱突厥人。他们从自己的家乡中亚地区来到伊斯兰教帝国,充当了巴格达哈里发的雇佣军。
  
并列式定语从句   
并列式定语从句是并列成分中的定语从句的简称,指一个句子中两个或两个以上并列成分均带定语从句的情况。
Examples:  
This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French, who aspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually clashed in the Balkans.
这是一个防御性的盟约,旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击,保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击;因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区,而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。
  
一主二仆式定语从句   
Examples:
The old ways of earning a living was rivaled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strange machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power.
古老的谋生之道正受到新农业技术、新贸易和新行业的挑战。其中,这些新兴的行业使用一些奇怪的机器。这些机器无需传统的人力和畜力,非常节省劳动力。  
And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.
它有助于说明,为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明,只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。   
Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient village that was worked by serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.
因而,采邑是靠农奴经营的自给自足的村庄;农奴不能随便离开,并以其劳动养活教俗封建集团。  
Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.
Chinese Translation No. 1:
毫不奇怪,苏丹出现了最复杂的政治组织,在那里,长途贸易发展得最快,伊斯兰教的影响最为强烈。  
Chinese Translation No. 2:
苏丹的长途贸易发展得最快,伊斯兰教的影响也最大。在那里出现最为复杂的政治组织是毫不奇怪的。
Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society ... where poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control; and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.
我们的目标是要在加纳建立一个强大、进步的社会......在这里,贫困和文盲不再存在,疾病得到控制;在这里,我们的教育机构为加纳所有的孩子提供发展他们的潜力的最好机会。
Even so the Lisbon government admitted in MARCH 1970 that a major attack had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic weapons and who inflicted "many" Portuguese casualties.
即使如此,里斯本政府仍于1970年3月承认,配备迫击炮和自动武器的游击队已发动了一次大规模的进攻,使葡萄牙人蒙受"重大"伤亡。   
At one extreme are Hawaii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.
Chinese Translation No.1:
处于一个极端的是夏威夷和巴西,在那里,种族混合十分广泛,而且正在继续进行,因此,种族歧视较少。  
Chinese Translation No.2:
最为典型的则要数夏威夷和巴西了。在这两个地方,种族混合非常普遍,而且将会有增无减;而相对来说,种族歧视问题就不怎么严重了。  
He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian jails in the interwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority with the "nationalist“ Hungarian Communists.
他还是一位老牌的斯大林主义者,曾在两次世界大战之间的时期内在匈牙利监狱呆了16年,因而这时不愿与"民族主义的"匈牙利共产党人分享权力。   
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised         in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。  
Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。  
Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。  
Taking his cue from Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband’s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.
易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
名词性从句的翻译
Substantive Clause Translation
包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句四类。重点讲解同位语从句的翻译。尤其是避免“即”、“:”、“——”之类的译法。
  
主语从句及翻译
(一)以what, who, whether, that, where, why, how, when等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按照原文顺序翻译。例如:
Why metals can conduct electricity is an interesting problem.
金属为什么能导电是一个有趣的问题。
That energy can be neither created nor destroyed is a very important law in physical science.
能量既不能创造也不能消灭是物理学的一条很重要的定律。
Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brains of a biologist.
一种生物是植物还是动物,有时使生物学家很伤脑筋。
When it was first invented is not known.
它最初是什么时候发明的,现在还不知道。
Where the water has gone can easily be answered.
水到哪里去了,这很容易回答。
  
(二)形式主语it +谓语+ that (whether)引导的从句,汉译时一般先译从句再译主句。例如:
It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.
众所周知,物体在水中比在空气中轻。
It is no longer a question whether man can fly to the moon.
人能否飞上月球,现在已不再是什么问题了。
It is certain that we shall produce this kind of engine.
毫无疑问,我们将生产这种发动机。
  
表语从句及翻译
表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后,引导表语从句的从属连词和引导主语从句的从属连词相同。汉译时,顺序不变。例如:
The question is how the people can find an effective way to store the sun’s heat.
问题在于人们怎样才能找到一种有效的方式来储藏太阳热。
This is what the equation means.
这就是此方程式的含义。
That’s why the plants absorb water from the soil.
这就是植物从土壤中吸收水分的原因。
  
宾语从句及翻译
宾语从句既可以是动词的宾语,也可以是某些形容词或介词的宾语。宾语从句也可以出现在由it作形式宾语的句子中,汉译时,顺序一般不变。例如:
Scientists have long predicated that computers would one day help speed up the arduous task of translating texts.
科学家们早已预言,总有一天计算机将帮助我们加快艰巨的文字翻译工作。
We all know that cigarette smoking is hazardous to health and that alcohol abuse can kill.
我们都知道吸烟对健康有害,我们也知道酗酒会危害人的生命。
Nutritional experiments have made it evident that vitamins are indispensable for one’s health and growth.
营养实验证明,维生素对人们的健康和生长是不可缺少的。
  
同位语从句及翻译
英语中的同位语从句是用来说明它前面的某个名词的从句,它与其所修饰的名词在地位上是同等的。同位语从句常用that, whether 或 if引导,它们在从句中不充当任何句子成分。汉译时可灵活处理,根据具体情况可采用合译、分译或转换等多种方法。例如:
The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in this region has been discussed.
关于我们应该开发本地区自然资源的建议已经被讨论过了。
There is no possibility that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.
人类不可能受机器人控制。
There is general acknowledgment that characteristics of an individual are a result of an interaction of genetics and environment.
众所周知,某一个体的特性是遗传和环境相互作用的结果。
There is no doubt that animal viruses can jump into humans.
毫无疑问,动物病毒能进入人体。
So far there is no proof that UFOs or spaceships from other planets do exist.
究竟有没有不明飞行物或来自其他行星的宇宙飞船,迄今为止尚无法证实。
  
经常与同位语从句连用的单词或短语包括:idea, fact, news, rumor, hope, belief, thought, doubt, proposition, suggestion, advice, agreement, message, probability, certainty, likelihood, evidence, on condition, on the supposition, on the ground(s), on the understanding, with the exception, in spite of the fact等。
状语从句的翻译
状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句。
英语状语从句的翻译并不是什么难点,因此不作详细讲解。本部分讲解的重点在于时间状语从句中的连接词“when”并不一定总表示时间;而地点状语从句中的连接词“where”并不一定总表示地点。在有些情况下,两者可表示“如果”,相当于“ if”。
Examples:
When the molecules of a solid move fast enough, the solid melts and becomes a liquid.
如果固体内的分子运动得足够快,固体就融化为液体。
When information exists in digital form or is transferred into digital form it is digitized.
如果信息以数字形式存在,或被转化成数字形式,便是被数字化了。
No relief valve is required where two pressure reducing valves are installed.
如果装上两个减压阀,就不需要安全阀。


translatability vs. untranslatability
Translatability vs. Un-translatability
语言文字是一定文化的载体,一中语言文字是一定区域内国家、民族或部落的人群进行物质生产、社会活动的独特反映。各区域、各民族的人由于地理环境、历史发展和文明程度的不同,因而形成不同的思维方式、语言结构和民族文化的差异,这种差异性又往往成为语际翻译的障碍,即形成了翻译的可译性限度。翻译不仅是一种跨语言的交际活动,更是一种跨文化的交际活动,翻译活动面对的是语言和文化的双重障碍。就语言而言,最大的障碍莫过于独特的结构形式;就文化而言,莫过于独特的民族内涵。因此,可译性限度的存在,虽然其原因是复杂的、多方面的,但主要是语言和文化差异所造成的。因此,在翻译实践中很有必要研究和分析可译性限度问题,寻找解决的方法,这将有助于提高译文质量,促进跨文化交流。下面我们来分析语言的可译性限度。
一、语音的可译性限度
语音是语言的重要表达形式,是口头语言中表情达意的重要手段,英汉语在语音规律上差别非常大,某些语音现象在另一种语言中不存在相对应的形式,致使成为翻译中的不可译现象。例如:
1.  A: What keys are too big to carry in your pocket?
B: A donkey, a monkey, and a turkey.
2.  A: Why are you never hungry when you play on a beach?
B: Because of the sand which is there.
3.  T: What is a deer without eyes called?
S: No idea.
T: Right. Then what is a deer without legs?
S: Still no idea.
二、词汇现象的可译性限度
1.  A: What makes a road broad?
B: The letter B.
2.  A: Why is the letter D like a bad boy?
B: Because it makes ma mad.
3.  A: What words may be pronounced quicker and shorter by adding syllables to them?
B: Quick and short.
4. A: What TV program are the ducks watching?
B: The feather-forecast.
5.  我叫倪斌,人儿倪,文武斌。
6.  人曾为僧,人弗可以成佛。女卑为婢,女又何妨称奴。
  The man who has been a monk cannot become a Buddha.
The girl who is a bond maid may be called a slave.
三、 语法现象的可译性限度
T: A preposition is a bad word to end a sentence with.
S: Please, teacher, you’ve just ended a sentence with ‘with’.
T: Ah, but what did I end the sentence with ‘with’ for?  Do you know?
S: No, teacher, and I don’t know what you ended that one with “with ‘with for’” for.
四、 修辞手法的可译性限度
(一)头韵
1.  He is all fire and fight.
   他怒气冲冲,来势汹汹。
2.  Starlight on Skyline, Galaxy of Glamour.
   高楼摩天,星光灿烂;火树银花,瑰丽绝论。
(二)双关
I finally figured out how government works. The Senate gets the bill from the House. The president gets the bill from the Senate. And we get the bill for everything.
分析:bill 议会提案;帐单
(三)回文(palindrome)
英语修辞“palindrome”一词来源于希腊语,其中“palin”意为“again, back”;“drome”意为“run”。 “palindrome”意为“running back again”(再次返回)。这种修辞格是指顺拼(读)倒拼(读)完全一样的一个词、一个词组、一个句子或一首诗。常见的回文词有“did”、 “deed”、“dad”、“madam”、“peep”、“radar”、 “refer”等。回文句分为两种:一种以字母为单位,另一种以单词为单位。例:
Madam, I’m Adam.
据说这是亚当在伊甸园初次见到夏娃时自我介绍时说的一句话。而夏娃的回答也是一句回文:
Sir, I’m Iris.
下面是拿破仑被流放到爱尔巴岛时所说的一句话:
Able was I ere I saw Elba.
Note: ere -- (old use, or poet) before
Girl, bathing on bikini, eyeing boy, finds boy eyeing bikini on bathing girl.
You can cage a swallow, can’t you? But you can’t swallow a cage, can you?
汉语中也有与此相对应的修辞形式,如回文诗、回文词、回文曲。就回文诗而论,最著名的要数李汝珍著《镜花缘》中介绍的苏蕙《璇玑图》。《镜花缘》中说苏蕙“织锦为回文,五采相宜,莹心耀目。纵横八寸,题诗二百余言,计八百余言,纵横反复,皆为文章。”由于《璇玑图》过于复杂,这里只引其中一小块作为例子:
仁颜贞寒     贤丧物岁     别改知识    行华终凋     士容始松
这一小块有十六种读法,都是五言四句,限于篇幅,仅列出四种读法:
寒岁识凋松,贞物知终始。 颜丧改华容,仁贤别行士。 始终知物贞,松凋识岁寒。 松凋识岁寒,始终知物贞。
容华改丧颜,士行别贤仁。 仁贤别行士,颜丧改华容。 贞物知终始,寒岁识凋松。
(四)镶字
镶字是汉语特有的修辞格,通常是作者把表达自己真情实意的词语巧妙地镶进诗文中,镶入的词语大多词义深沉或一语双关,需仔细阅读品位才能理解其真实的隐含之意,达到心有灵犀一点通的境界。如童怀周编的《天安门诗抄》中有一首悼念周恩来总理的诗,非常成功地运用了这一修辞手法,表达了在“四人帮”肆虐时期人民对敬爱的周总理的深切悼念之情:
周天风云浪翻飞, 恩光冲空电波随。 来自五洲悲痛语, 同汇四海波涛泪。
志壮气烈西安急, 名清高贵红岩威。 千年俊杰化英灵, 古今中外汗青碑。
(五)析字
这也是汉语所特有的一种修辞格/汉字具有形、音、义相结合的特点,将某一字拆分为形、音、义三个方面,利用字面的组合或拆分,或语音、字义的相谐相连而形成新字或产生新义的修辞手法,叫做析字。例如:
1. 南京的风俗:但凡新媳妇进门,三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜,发个利市。这菜一定是鱼,取“富贵有余”的意思。(吴敬梓,《儒林外史》第二十七回)
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish, which stands for fortune.
2. 张俊民道:“胡子老官,这事在你作法便了。做成了,少不得‘言身寸’”。王胡子道:“我那个要谢……”“Handle it as you think best, whiskers. If you put it off, I’ll not fail to thank you”. “As if I wanted thanks from you…”
(六)歇后语
歇后语通常由前后两部分构成:前一部分为形象的比喻,称为喻体;后一部分是对前一部分的比喻作出解释或说明,揭示前一部分的实质意义,叫做喻义。前后两部分有一种逻辑上的内在联系,后边所作的说明与解释同前边的比喻是完全一致的。例:
1.  咱们俩的事,一条绳上栓着两只蚂蚱——谁也跑不了!
We’re like two grasshoppers tied to one cord, neither can get away!
    2.  “那宝玉是个丈八的灯台——照见人家,照不见自己的……”     As for Baoyu, he’s like a ten-foot lampstand that sheds light on others but none on itself.
3.  去设埋伏我们都没有信心,想他一定在昨天晚上就早瘤了,今天去也是瞎子点灯——白费蜡。
We had no confidence in today’s ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.
4.  可是谭招弟心中却想,骑着毛驴看书——走着瞧吧,看竟是什么原因。
But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself, let’s wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.
5.  一根筷子吃藕——挑眼。
Eating lily root with only one chopstick – picking it up by the holes.
6.  我刚来,真是“丈二和尚——摸不着头脑”!你的估计怎样?
Being new here, I’m very much in the dark myself! Let’s hear your assessment of it.
7. 我这个人你也知道,说话向来是“袖筒里的棒槌——直出直入!”
You know me – I speak frankly and to the point.
8.  穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能。
When we pass from the old society to the new, each of us shows his true worth.
9.  日后,我再慢慢地叫他知道我身子不方便了。他必审问我,我给他来个徐庶进曹营——一言不发。
Later on, I’ll gradually let him know that I don’t feel so well. He’s sure to ask questions but I hold my tongue to begin with.
10. 没良心的!狗咬吕洞宾——不识好人心。我是好心好意劝你,倒粘到我身上来了。
Don’t snap and snarl at me when I’m trying to do my best for you. I give you my advice with the best will in the world and you turn round and lay the blame on me.
注:在讲解这部分内容时,重点在于向学生阐明翻译所要发挥的沟通与交际作用,而不是要说明不可译本身。即关键是要阐明尽管有诸多因素影响或制约翻译活动,但作为一名译员在明确这些因素的基础上争取做到有效沟通。在讲解有关例句时,分析是否得体及能否达到交际目的。
分句译法
He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are familiar with.
他花了很长时间介绍这本书,其实没有必要,因为学生们对它已经很熟悉了。   
New price hikes hit Los Angeles supermarketing housewives.
物价一涨再涨,苦了上超市购物的洛杉矶的家庭主妇们。
执法部门不能不闻不问,否则就没有尽到责任。  
Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.
The news that a small planet was going to collide with the Earth spread over a frightened world.
一颗小行星将同地球相撞的消息传开来,整个世界为之震惊。
他在工作中表现突出,受到表扬。
He was commended for his distinguished performance in his work.
他若是拒绝邀请,就不太礼貌了。  
The ancient had tried unsuccessfully to explain how the rainbow is formed.
古人曾试图解释彩虹是怎么形成的,但没成功。  
He cannot politely turn down the invitation.
回复

使用道具 举报

7

主题

113

帖子

392

积分

一般战友

Rank: 2

精华
1
威望
151
K币
241 元
注册时间
2008-9-29
发表于 2010-4-13 21:00 | 显示全部楼层
回复

使用道具 举报

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 注册 人人连接登陆

本版积分规则   

关闭

您还剩5次免费下载资料的机会哦~

扫描二维码下载资料

使用手机端考研帮,进入扫一扫
在“我”中打开扫一扫,
扫描二维码下载资料

关于我们|商务合作|小黑屋|手机版|联系我们|服务条款|隐私保护|帮学堂| 网站地图|院校地图|漏洞提交|考研帮

GMT+8, 2024-3-29 15:15 , Processed in 0.041888 second(s), Total 9, Slave 8(Usage:6.75M, Links:[2]1,1_1) queries , Memcache On.

Powered by Discuz!

© 2001-2017 考研 Inc.

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表
× 关闭