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回复 4楼 mao44 的帖子
Leucine zipper 亮氨酸拉链
A DNA-binding domain formed by two α-helices, usually from two different proteins that come together at the DNA. The helices are held to each other by hydrophobic interaction, as both are lined with leucine amino acids. 一种由两个α螺旋组成的DNA结合域形式，通常由一起来到目标DNA的两种不同蛋白质组成。两个螺旋通过疏水相互作用而保持在一起，因为两者都具有排布成一条线的亮氨酸。
Ligand 配体
A small molecule that binds to a protein and changes its function. 一种与蛋白质结合并改变蛋白质功能的小分子。
Ligase 连接酶
An enzyme that repairs single-stranded cuts in DNA. 一种修补DNA单链缺口的酶。
Lock-and-key mechanism 锁-钥机理
A mechanism in which the active site of the enzyme does not change shape during catalysis. Name origin: when a key fits into a lock, the shape of each component is perfectly suited to accommodate the other, and no change of shape is necessary. 一种在催化反应中酶活性位点形状不发生改变的机理。名称来源：当一把钥匙插进锁中时，每个部分的形状都与其它部分完全匹配，不需要改变任何形状。
LTR-retrotransposons LTR反转录转座子
A class of retrotransposons that integrate into DNA using integrase. Name origin: LTR stands for ‘long terminal repeats’. These transposons have long repeated sequences at each end. The term prefix ‘retro-’ = ‘reverse’ or ‘backwards’. Retrotransposons use reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA. This is backwards from the normal progression of the central dogma. 一类使用整合酶将自身整合进DNA的反转录转座子。名称来源：LTR表示‘long terminal repeats’（长末端重复序列）。这些转座子在两头都有长的重复序列。前缀‘retro-’ = ‘相反的’或‘向后’。反转录转座子使用反转录酶从RNA产生DNA。这与中心法则的正常顺序相反。
Macromolecule 大分子
A large molecule made by covalently joining smaller molecules. Prefix ‘macro-’ = large. 将小分子以共价键连接起来产生大的分子。前缀‘macro-’ = 大的。
Major grooves 大沟
Indentations on the side of the double helix. Some of these grooves are large, some are small. The large grooves are called major grooves. 双螺旋侧面的沟槽。这些沟槽有的大、有的小。大的沟槽叫做大沟。
Mass spectrometry 质谱
A technique that determines the mass of molecules using a machine. 一种应用仪器测定分子质量的技术。
Methyltransferase 甲基转移酶
An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from a damaged base onto itself, directly reversing damage to the base. 从一个损伤碱基上将甲基（methyl）转移（transfers）到自己身上的一种酶，能直接逆转损伤碱基的状态。
MicroRNA (miRNA) 微小RNA（miRNA）
Small hairpin shaped RNAs that regulate mRNA stability and translation. Prefix ‘micro-’ = very small. 调控mRNA稳定性及其转译的发夹形小RNA分子。前缀‘micro-’ = 很小。
Mismatch repair (MMR) 错配修复（MMR）
A mechanism for the repair of mismatched bases in a DNA molecule. 一种修复DNA分子中错配碱基的机理。
Mismatched base 错配碱基
A base pair in which the two bases are not complementary to each other. Prefix ‘mis-’ = incorrect. ‘Match’ = put two things together. Mismatched bases have been incorrectly put together, often by DNA polymerase. 一种两个碱基互相不互补的碱基对。前缀‘mis-’ = 不正确的。‘Match’ = 将两样事物放到一起。错配碱基是被不正确地放到一起的碱基，通常由DNA聚合酶引起。
Missense mutation 错义突变
A point mutation that causes a change in one amino acid of a protein. Prefix ‘mis-’ = incorrect. ‘Sense’ = meaning (in this case). Missense mutations often give proteins an incorrect meaning, or function. 引起蛋白质中一个氨基酸变化的点突变。前缀‘mis-’ = 不正确的。‘Sense’ = 在这儿的意思是“含义”。错义突变常常赋予蛋白质一种错误的含义或功能。
Modules 模块
Protein domains that are found in many proteins and are well conserved in evolution. 在许多蛋白质中存在并且在进化中相当保守的蛋白质域。
Molecular cloning 分子克隆
A technique to isolate a gene and have many copies of it available. ‘Cloning’ = making identical copies of something. 一种分离基因并获得许多它的拷贝的技术。‘cloning’ = 产生许多……的相同拷贝。
Monomer 单体
Single molecules that are joined with other molecules to make a larger molecule or polymer. Prefix ‘mono-’ = ‘one’ or ‘single’. 连接在一起产生更大的分子或聚合体的小分子。前缀‘mono-’ = ‘一个’或‘单个’。
Motif 基序
A small, basic protein structure that is found in many different proteins. 在许多不同蛋白质中存在的小的、基本的蛋白质结构。
mRNA mRNA
Short for ‘messenger’ RNA. Is the kind of RNA used to copy genetic information in DNA for use by the ribosome. In other words, it acts as a messenger of genetic information. 信使（messenger）RNA的缩写。是用来从DNA中拷贝遗传信息供核糖体使用的一种RNA。换句话说，它作为遗传信息的信使。
mRNA-specific control mRNA特异性控制
A kind of translation control in which the translation of specific mRNAs is regulated, as opposed to all mRNAs. 一种转译控制的种类，它调控的是特殊的mRNA，而不是全部mRNA。
Mutation 突变
DNA damage that causes a heritable change in the DNA. 使DNA发生可遗传变化的DNA损伤。
Negative regulation 负调控
With respect to transcription, means that the binding of a protein causes repression of transcription. 关于转录，意思是当一种蛋白质结合上去以后引起转录的阻遏。
Nitrogenous base 含氮碱基
One or two-ringed molecules that are an important component of nucleic acids. Each ring has a number of nitrogen atoms. 一种一个环或两个环的分子，是核酸的重要组成部分。每个环有几个氮（nitrogen）原子。
Nitrous acid 亚硝酸
A mutagenic chemical that causes deamination and conversion of several bases into abnormal bases. 能引起脱氨基和将几种碱基转变成异常碱基的诱变性化学物质。
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) 非同源末端连接（NHEJ）
A form of double-stranded break repair in which broken ends are directly rejoined, without using homologous recombination. 一种双链断裂的修复形式，修复时将断头直接连接起来，不需要进行同源重组。
Non-homologous recombination 非同源重组
Rearrangement of DNA regions that are not similar (homologous) to each other. 互相不相似的（即不同源的）DNA区域之间的重排。
Non-LTR retrotransposons 非LTR反转录转座子
see LTR retrotransposons. Non-LTR retrotransposons do not have long terminal repeats, and integrate into DNA using a completely different mechanism. 参照‘LTR反转录转座子’。非LTR反转录转座子没有长末端重复序列，采用完全不同的机理整合到DNA中。
Nonsense mutation 无义突变
A point mutation that introduces a stop codon before the normal stop codon of the gene. In normal English, ‘nonsense’ = something that has no meaning. The introduction of a stop codon is a serious mutation, and often leads to mRNAs that cannot be transcribed or that make seriously damaged proteins. 在基因的正常终止密码子之前产生一个终止密码子的点突变。在日常英语中，‘nonsense’ = 没有意义的事物。产生终止密码子是一种严重的突变，常常导致mRNA不能被转译或产生严重损坏的蛋白质。
Northern blotting Northern印迹法
A technique to identify individual RNA molecules after gel electrophoresis. Name origin: the word ‘Northern’ here is a play on words. The first such technique to be developed was for DNA. It was called a Southern blotting because the scientist who developed the technique was named Southern. Southern is also a word that indicates direction. When a similar technique was developed for RNA, scientists wanted to give the technique a similar but different name, so they called it a Northern blotting. ‘Northern’ is not anybody’s last name, but it is the opposite direction as ‘southern’. 在凝胶电泳后对单个RNA分子进行鉴定的技术。名称来源：‘Northern’在这儿是个双关语。第一种这样的技术是用在DNA上的。它被称为Southern印迹法，因为发展出这一技术的科学家名叫Southern。Southern（南方的）也是一个指方向的词。当在RNA上发展出类似的技术时，科学家想为它取一个类似的、但又不同的名称，所以他们把它叫做Northern印迹法。‘Northern’ 不是任何人的姓，它是‘southern’的对应词。
N-terminus N末端
The end of a protein containing a free amino group. The ‘N-’ derives from the fact that amino groups contain nitrogen. 蛋白质的含有自由氨基的末端。‘N-’来自于氨基中含有氮（nitrogen）这一事实。
Nuclear pores 核孔
Large protein complexes in the nuclear membrane that allow molecules to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. A ‘pore’ = a small hole in a surface. 核膜上的大的蛋白质复合体，允许分子在细胞核与细胞质之间通行。‘pore’ = 表面上的小孔。
Nucleic acids 核酸
Macromolecules that are polymers of nucleotides. They are acidic because of the phosphodiester bond, and are found in high concentrations in the nuclei of cells. 一种大分子，是核苷酸的聚合物。由于它们含有磷酸二酯键，所以它们是酸性（acidic）的，并且在细胞核（nuclei）中以很高的浓度存在。
Nucleosome 核小体
A structure with DNA wrapped around a core of histones. In normal English, ‘nuclear’ = ‘core’. DNA包裹在组蛋白核心外面形成的结构。在日常英语中，‘nuclear’ = ‘核心’。
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) 核苷酸切除修复（NER）
A kind of excision repair usually used to fix nucleotides that have undergone large or unusual modifications. 一种切除修复方法，通常用来修复经受了大的或不同寻常修饰的核苷酸。
Nucleotides 核苷酸
Small molecules that can be polymerized to form nucleic acids. 能够聚合形成核酸的小分子。
Nucleus 细胞核
The compartment of eukaryotic cells that houses most of the DNA. In normal English, ‘nucleus’ = ‘core’ or ‘center’. The nucleus of an atom is the small core of protons and neutrons. 为大多数DNA提供停留场所的真核细胞内的隔离空间。在日常英语中，‘nucleus’ = ‘核心’或‘中心’。原子的核是由质子和中子组成的小核心。
Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段
Individual pieces of newly synthesized DNA created during discontinuous synthesis. Okazaki is the name of the scientist who discovered these fragments. 在不连续合成中产生的新合成的单独DN**段。冈崎是发现这些片段的科学家的姓名。
Operator 操纵基因
DNA element in prokaryotes downstream of the promoter. Binding site for proteins that regulate transcription. In normal English, an ‘operator’ = somebody who controls a system. 原核生物中位于启动子下游的DNA元件。是转录调控蛋白的结合位点。在日常英语中，‘operator’ = 控制某一系统的人。
Operons 操纵子
An organization of related genes in which all genes are under the control of one regulatory region and are expressed on one mRNA transcript. 一种相关基因的组织方式，其中所有基因位于一个调控区域的控制之下并且被表达成一个mRNA转录本。
OriC OriC
The origin of replication on an E. coli chromosome. 大肠杆菌染色体（chromosome）上复制的起点（origin）。
Overexpression 过量表达
A technique in which a particular protein is expressed in a cell in large concentrations, over the normal concentration. 一种在细胞中大量表达（expressed）某种特殊蛋白的技术，其表达量超出了（over）正常的浓度。
P (petpidyl) site P（肽基）位
Site on a ribosome to which a tRNA moves after being in the A site. In the P site, the bond that joins the tRNA to a polypeptide is broken, and the polypeptide is rejoined to the tRNA (+ amino acid) in the A site by a peptide bond. 核糖体上的一个位置，是tRNA从A位移出后所处的位置。在P位上，tRNA与多肽链之间的连接被打断，之后此多肽链与A位上的tRNA（+氨基酸）之间形成肽键。
Partial diploids 部分二倍体
Organisms to which an extra set of certain genes has been added (see diploid). 指一些特殊的生物，其体内的一些基因有额外的一套拷贝（参照‘二倍体’）。
Peptide 肽
A term often used to denote a small polypeptide. 时常用来说明小多肽的术语。
Peptide bond 肽键
The bond that connects amino acids in a polypeptide. 在多肽中连接氨基酸的键。
Peptidyl transferase 肽基转移酶
The enzyme functioning in ribosomes that transfers the polypeptide from the P site tRNA to the A site tRNA (+ amino acid), creating a new peptide bond. 在核糖体中发挥作用的一种酶，它将P位tRNA上的多肽转移（transfer）到A位的tRNA（+氨基酸）上，产生新的肽（peptide）键。
Phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键
A bond joining nucleotides in a nucleic acid. The bond contains one phosphorous atom, and two ester bonds. The prefix ‘di-’ = ‘two’. 在核酸中连接核苷酸的键。该键含有一个磷原子和两个酯键。前缀‘di-’ = ‘二’。
Photolyase 光解酶
Enzyme that directly reverses pyrimidine dimers, which usually are caused by UV light. Prefix ‘photo’ = ‘light’. 直接逆转嘧啶二聚体突变（通常由UV光线引起）的酶。前缀‘photo’ = ‘光’。
Point mutations 点突变
Mutations to individual bases in DNA, usually leading to substitution of a base with another base. In normal English, a ‘point’ = something very small and precisely localized. Likewise, point mutations only occur to single bases, a very small part of the whole DNA molecule. DNA中单个碱基的突变，通常造成某个碱基被另一个碱基替换。在日常英语中，‘point’ = 很小、很精确地定位的事物。同样，点突变只发生在单个的碱基上，在整个DNA分子很小的部分上。
Poly(A) polymerase Poly(A)聚合酶
Specialized RNA polymerase that adds many adenine nucleotides to the end of pre-mRNAs to form the poly(A) tail. 在前体mRNA的末尾加上许多腺嘌呤核苷酸以形成poly(A)尾的特殊酶。
Poly(A) tail Poly(A)尾
A post-transcriptional addition to mRNA in eukaryotes that involves addition of many adenine (A) nucleotides to the 3’ end of the transcript. Prefix ‘poly-’ = ‘many’. 真核生物在转录后加在mRNA 3’末端后面的许多腺嘌呤（A）核苷酸。前缀‘poly-’ = ‘许多’。
Polycistronic mRNA 多顺反子mRNA
mRNA in prokaryotes that contains more than one gene to be translated. Cistron = gene. Prefix ‘poly-’ = ‘many’ or ‘more than one’. 含有不止一个需转译基因的原核生物mRNA。cistron（顺反子） = 基因。前缀‘poly-’ = ‘许多’或‘不止一个’。
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶链式反应（PCR）
A technique used to replicate specific regions of a DNA template many times. A chain reaction = reaction that grows larger and larger over time. With each cycle of PCR, the amount of DNA copies produced grows almost exponentially. 一种用来对DNA模板上特殊区域进行许多次复制的技术。链式反应 = 随时间推移变得越来越多的反应。经过每一循环的PCR，产生出的DNA量几乎以指数形式增长。
Polymer 聚合物
Macromolecule created by linking many smaller molecules. Prefix ‘poly-’ = ‘many’. Suffix ‘-mer’ = ‘subunits’ or ‘smaller components’. 通过连接许多小分子而产生出的大分子。前缀‘poly-’ = ‘许多’。 后缀‘-mer’ = ‘亚基’或‘更小的组分’。
Polypeptide 多肽
A polymer of amino acid connected by peptide bonds. 氨基酸由肽键连接在一起形成的聚合物。
Polysome 多核糖体
A translation complex in which multiple ribosomes are translating one mRNA at the same time. Prefix ‘poly-’ = ‘many’ or ‘more than one’. 一种转译复合体，其中有多个核糖体同时在转译同一条mRNA。前缀‘poly-’ = ‘许多’或‘不止一个’。
Positive regulation 正调控
In reference to transcription, denotes the activation of transcription by binding of a protein. 关于转录，表示通过一种蛋白质的结合而激活转录。
Pre-initiation complex 前起始复合体
The group of general transcription factors II (TFIIs) and RNA polymerase II that assemble at the promoter of each Class II gene before initiation of transcription. Prefix ‘pre-’ = ‘before’. 在转录起始前一组通用转录因子II（TFIIs）和RNA聚合酶II在每个II类基因启动子位置组装产生的结构。前缀‘pre-’ = ‘在……之前’。
Pre-mRNA 前体mRNA
The precursor to a eukaryotic mRNA, which has been transcribed but has not yet undergone post-transcriptional modifications. Prefix ‘pre-’ = ‘before’. 真核mRNA的前体，已经被转录出来但还没有经过转录后修饰。前缀‘pre-’ = ‘在……之前’。
Pre-replicative complex (Pre-RC) 前复制复合体（Pre-RC）
Complex of proteins that mark origins of replication in eukaryotes and initiate replication. Often forms long before replication begins. Prefix ‘pre-’ = ‘before’. 真核生物中标明复制起点并启动转录的蛋白质复合体。常常在复制开始前好久就形成了。前缀‘pre-’ = ‘在……之前’。
Primary structure 初级结构
Amino acid sequence of a protein. Perhaps termed a ‘structure’ because the sequence is often enough to determine the folded structure of the protein. 蛋白质的氨基酸序列。称之为‘结构’的原因也许是因为这样的序列常常足以决定该蛋白质折叠出的结构。
Primary transcript 初级转录物
see pre-mRNA. In normal English, a transcript = a copy of something. Primary = first. The primary transcript is the first RNA copy of the DNA, before any modifications have been made. 参照‘pre-mRNA’。在日常英语中，a transcript = 某种事物的拷贝。primary = 第一、首先。初级转录物是DNA的第一个RNA拷贝，是在任何修饰发生前的拷贝。
Primase 引发酶
The enzyme that adds primers to DNA. 将引物加到DNA上去的酶。
Primers 引物
Short pieces of RNA that are hybridized to DNA so that DNA polymerase can initiate replication. Prefix ‘prim-’ = ‘first’. Primers must be made first, before DNA synthesis can begin. 短的RN**段，与DNA杂交以便DNA聚合酶启动转录。前缀‘prim-’ = ‘第一、首先’。在开始DNA合成前必须先有引物。
Processivity 持续合成能力
The amount of DNA that DNA polymerase can replicate in one run, before falling off the template. DNA聚合酶在从模板上脱落前一次能够合成的DNA量的大小。
Promoter 启动子
DNA element responsible for binding to RNA polymerase (and general transcription factors, in eukaryotes). Often involved in regulation of transcription. In normal English, ‘promote’ = to encourage. 负责与RNA聚合酶结合的DNA元件（在真核生物中还负责与通用转录因子的结合）。常常涉及转录调控。在日常英语中，‘promote’ = 鼓励。
Proofread 校正
The process of rechecking work and correcting errors. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase both have some ability to proofread the strands they are synthesizing. 再次检查合成出的产物并更正其中错误的过程。DNA聚合酶和RNA聚合酶都具有一定的校正能力，以防止所合成的链中存在错误。
Proteases 蛋白酶
Proteins that cut other proteins. 切割其它蛋白质的蛋白质。
Protein domain 蛋白质域
A region of protein structure that has a specific and isolated function. 具有特殊功能的蛋白质结构中的一个区域。
Pull-down assay 下拉分析
A technique very similar to affinity chromatography. A column is packed with a specific protein, and proteins that bind to that protein, directly or via other proteins, are retained in the column. Called a ‘pull-down’ because all proteins that bind to the target are pulled out of the cell extract. 一种与亲和层析非常相似的技术。层析柱用一种特殊蛋白充填，能与这种蛋白质直接或间接结合的蛋白质被留在了层析柱里。称为‘下拉’是因为所有与目标蛋白结合的蛋白质都从细胞提取物中被拉了出来。
Purines 嘌呤
Nitrogenous bases containing two rings. 具有两个环的含氮碱基。
Pyrimidine dimer 嘧啶二聚体
A form of DNA damage in which two adjacent pyrimidines in a DNA strand become covalently bound to each other. Often caused by UV light. 一种DNA损伤形式，其中DNA链上两个相邻的嘧啶被共价连接到了一起。通常由UV光引起。
Pyrimidines 嘧啶
Nitrogenous bases containing only one ring. 只含有一个环的含氮碱基。
Quaternary structure 四级结构
The structure of a protein with multiple subunits. Quaternary = fourth degree. This structure is one level or organization higher than tertiary (third degree) structure. 具有多个亚基的蛋白质的结构。quaternary = 第四个等级。这一结构的水平或组织比三级结构高一个等级。
R group R基团
The variable chemical group in an amino acid. 氨基酸中一种可变的化学基团。
Reading frame 读码框
The organization of bases in a coding region into groups of three, marked at the beginning and end by start and stop codons. 编码区中碱基以三个为一组形成的结构，以起始密码子和终止密码子为开始和结束的标志。
Recombination 重组
General term for a process that changes the order of pieces of DNA, creating new combinations of DNA regions. Prefix ‘re-’ = ‘again’ or ‘new’. 用于描述DN**段顺序发生改变、产生DNA区域新组合过程的通用术语。前缀‘re-’ = ‘又’或‘新的’。
Redundant 冗余的
In normal English, redundant = repetitive. The genetic code is called redundant because several codons may code for one amino acid. 在日常英语中，redundant = 重复的。遗传密码是冗余的，因为存在几个密码子编码同一种氨基酸的现象。
Release factor 释放因子
A protein that binds to stop codons, releasing ribosomes, tRNA, and mRNA from each other. 一种结合到终止密码子上的蛋白质，能将核糖体、tRNA和mRNA各自释放出来。
Replication bubble 复制泡
Separation of single-strands in DNA helix creates a somewhat circular opening where DNA replication can take place. 在DNA螺旋中单链分离产生的有点像环形的开口，在这儿可以发生DNA复制。
Replication fork 复制叉
A separation of single strands that is the site for one direction of DNA replication. In normal English, a ‘fork’ = the site where a larger path splits into smaller paths. At the replication fork, the thick double-stranded DNA molecule splits into two single-stranded DNA molecules. 单链分离产生的可以向一个方向复制DNA的位点。在日常英语中，‘fork’ = 一条大路分成几条小路的地点。在复制叉处，粗的双链DNA分子被分成两条单链DNA分子。
Replicative transposition 复制型转座
A transposition mechanism in which the original transposon is replicated, and the copy is inserted into a new site in the DNA. 一种转座机理，其中原始的转座子被复制，转座子的拷贝被插入到一个DNA的新位点中。
Restriction endonucleases 限制性内切核酸酶
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences inside the molecule (see endonuclease). The term ‘restriction’ comes from the fact that these enzymes were originally discovered because they restrict the entry of viruses into bacteria, by cutting viral DNA. These proteins are sometimes simply called ‘restriction enzymes.’ 在分子内的特异序列位置切割DNA的酶（参照‘内切核酸酶’）。‘限制’一词来源于这样的事实：这些酶最初在细菌中发现，它们的功能是通过切断病毒的DNA而限制（restrict）病毒进入。这些蛋白质有时就被简单地称为‘限制酶’。
Reverse genetics 反向遗传学
Form of genetics/molecular biology research in which a gene is first identified, and then the function/phenotype associated with the gene is explored. 一种遗传学/分子生物学研究的形式，它先鉴定出一个基因，之后探索与这一基因相关的功能/表型。
Reverse transcription 反转录
The process of making DNA from RNA. This is the reverse of transcription. 从RNA生产DNA的过程。这是一个与转录相反的过程。
Reverse transcriptase 反转录酶
Enzyme that performs reverse transcription. 行使反转录功能的酶。
Ribonucleases 核糖核酸酶
Enzymes that cleave ribonucleic acid (RNA). 切割核糖核酸（RNA）的酶。
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 核糖核酸（RNA）
A nucleic acid made by polymerization of ribonucleotides. 通过聚合核糖核苷酸产生的核酸。
Ribonucleotides 核糖核苷酸
Nucleotides containing the sugar ribose. 含有核糖的核苷酸。
Ribosome 核糖体
Large macromolecular complexes comprised of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein. 由RNA（ribonucleic acid）和蛋白质组成的大型大分子复合体。
RNA interference (RNAi) RNA干涉（RNAi）
A process that uses siRNA or miRNA to induce degradation of a target mRNA. The process ‘intereferes’ with the normal stability of mRNA. 一种应用siRNA或miRNA诱导目标mRNA降解的过程。该过程‘干涉’了mRNA的正常稳定性。
RNA polymerase RNA聚合酶
Enzyme that polymerizes RNA strands. 聚合RNA链的酶。
RNA polymerase core RNA聚合酶核心
The smallest set of RNA polymerase subunits required for transcription. Unable to initiate transcription correctly. 对转录而言需要的RNA聚合酶亚基的最少组合。不能正确地启动转录。
RNA polymerase holoenzyme RNA聚合酶全酶
The whole set of RNA polymerase subunits, able to initiate transcription at the promoter. RNA聚合酶亚基的全套组合，能够在启动子的位置启动转录。
rRNA rRNA
RNA that is directly used to make ribosomes. Is not translated. 直接用来生产核糖体（ribosomes）的RNA。它不被转译。
Rudder 方向舵
Part of the RNA polymerase structure that ensures separation of DNA strands in the transcription bubble. In normal English, a rudder is that flat, thin part of a boat that is used to steer. The RNA polymerase rudder somewhat resembles a boat rudder in shape. RNA聚合酶结构的一部分，用来确保DNA双链在转录泡中分开。在日常英语中，rudder是小船上用来掌握方向的扁平、薄的部件（即船舵）。RNA聚合酶方向舵的形状看起来有点像小船上的舵。 |
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发表于 2009-6-5 11:42
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