我的收集关于写作

zyb915

#2007年考研英语写作24分讲座讲义完美打印版.txt
#2008年考研英语写作预测之重点话题与句型.txt
#2008版--作文(强化)课程电子版教材.txt
#胡敏的作文14篇背诵.txt



一、常用句式
　　这部分针对一些在写作上实在有困难的考生，列出一些经常用于作文开头、结尾以及中间过渡的句式。需要指出的是，这些句式并不仅仅可以用在命题作文中，部分句式也可以用在我们后面要介绍的漫画类作文、图表类作文以及段首句类作文中。因此，考生一定要根据不同内容灵活运用。当然，在介绍后几种题型的作文中，我们还会列出一些专门适用于那几种题型的作文的句式。
　　㈠ 常用于开头的句式
　　1．With the rapidly growing popularity of …, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.
　　例句：With the rapidly growing popularity of computers in China, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.
　　2．Recently, sth. /the problem of…has been brought to popular attention/has become the focus of public concern.
　　例句：Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.
　　3．With the development of…, more and more people come to realize that…
　　例句：With the development of high education, more and more people come to realize that knowledge plays a role of extreme importance in modern society.
　　4．In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in…
　　例句：In the past few years, there has been a decline in the number of species.
　　5．It is a traditional practice to…in our society.
　　例句：It is a traditional practice for young people to be financially dependent on their parents for anything like marriage and housing.
　　6．It has long been considered only right and proper/perfectly justified to…
　　例句：It has long been considered only right and proper for the old to assume full responsibility for the growth of young.
　　7．No one would deny that/everyone would agree that/there is no doubt that…
　　例句：Everyone would agree that, although our age entirely overshadows all previous ages in means of obtaining knowledge, reading still takes its leading role in all senses.
　　8．To sb’s mind/in sb’s eyes, sth. seems/means…
　　例句：In the eyes of the public, official corruption means taking bribes. But such corruption comes in many different forms.
　　9．Now it is widely believed that…
　　例句：Now it is widely believed that examinations are the best possible measure for the selection of the qualified.
　　10．The birth/invention of…has made an enormous/essential difference to… But is does not mean that…
　　例句：The birth of the computer has made an essential difference to the human progress. But it does not mean that this wonder dose no threat to our society.
　　11．Sth. has changed the way our society develops, but its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side.
　　例句：The genetic engineering has changed the way our society develops, but its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side.
　　12．What would our society be like if there were no…？
　　例句：What would our society be like if there were no public morals?
　　13．Should we put sth. above sth. else? /Should we attach as much weight to sth. as to. sth. else?
　　例句：Should we put intellectual development above moral education?
　　14．Sth. is just the same as…/is compared to…/is like…
　　例句：Life in the middle of marriage if often compared to wire walking, for in the early years spouses attract each other and in late years they need each other.
　　15．In our life, there often appears such an occasion when…/on which…
　　例句：In our daily life, there often appears such an occasion when we drink success to our work in one field but, at the same time, begin to do great damage to other fields.
　　16．One of the great men one said that…/There is an old saying that…
　　例句：A gifted American psychologist once said that it is an illusion to believe in the Sunday-school truth—more comfort, more happiness.
　　17．According to the recent survey/statistics, there is…percent of…
　　例句：According to a recent survey made in a certain university, there are 43.8 percent of male students and 38.3 percent of female students either facing problems with nutrition or having to miss classes because of illness each term.
　　18．Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about…is under way in China. Some people believe that…, whereas others argue that…
　　例句：Nowadays, a heated debate about whether one should step forward bravely in the event of crime is under way in China. Some people believe that one should step forward bravely no matter how dangerous it is, whereas others argue that one should put his or her own safety above anything else.
　　19．When it comes to…, most people contend that…, but other people consider that…
　　例句：When it comes to fake commodities, most people contend that people should battle against the falsehood of the fakes, but other people consider that buying fake commodities means nothing but “unlucky” which is hard to avoid.
　　20．There are many advantages and disadvantages in…
　　例句：There are many advantages and disadvantages in owning a car.
　　㈡ 常用于结尾的句式
　　1． It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to…
　　例句：It is hoped that we should pay more attention to the problems of unemployment.
　　2． Only in this way/only when/only through…, will/can we…
　　例句：It is only if all sides of society take their roles fully that we will achieve the society we want.
　　3． As long as…, we will be able to…/the problems is bound to…
　　例句：As long as we persist in spreading scientific knowledge among the masses, all the superstitions are bound to go out of our life.
　　4． In the course of time/In a long run/In the long term, sth. is more likely/bound/sure to…
　　例句：In a long run, the practice of birth control is believed to do a great benefit to the future of China.
　　5． In a word, there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that…in time to come.
　　例句：In a word, there is every chance that this wise move in economic construction will acquire a broader significance in time to come.
　　6． Anything/anyone that/who…will have to…
　　例句：Anyone who has a strong bias against China will have to threat her with increased respect.
　　7． It is high time that…
　　例句：It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.
　　8． We should do our best in eliminating…
　　例句：We should do our best in eliminating air pollution.
　　9． The problem is not…; the problem is…
　　例句：The problem is not that we cannot do it; the problem is that we hate to do such nasty things.
　　10．In order to…, we must…
　　例句：In order to make our world a better place in which to live, we must learn to live in harmony with all wildlife species.
　　11．All the above evidence/experience/ facts goes to show that…
　　例句：All the above evidence goes to show that the birth of computer has benefited our life greatly.
　　12．No surprising/ It is apparent that the task of…demands/requires/deserves immediate/serious/considerable attention/consideration.
　　例句：It is, therefore, apparent that the task of fighting against corruption requires considerable consideration now.
　　13．We can come to the conclusion that…
　　例句：We can come to the conclusion that living on campus is the best way of learning independence, and of understanding other people and society at large.
　　14．We then have reasons to be confident that in the near future…
　　例句：We then have reasons to be confident that in the near future, no child is forced out of school because of poverty.
　　15．My suggestion is that…; otherwise…
　　例句：My suggestion is that effective measures should be taken to check population growth; otherwise, the potential consequences are unimaginable.
　　16．As for me, I have always been taking care to… So, I…
　　例句：As for me, I have always been taking care to choose a goal and a right path before doing anything important. Then I will work hard and perseveringly. So, I have made some achievements and I will do better.
　　17．So I believe a…tomorrow…will be achieved through efforts of every person.
　　例句：So I believe a safe tomorrow of less car accidents will be achieved through efforts of every person.
　　18．Therefore, we should not only…but…as well.
　　例句：Therefore, we should not only realize that competition and cooperation, like two sides of the coin, have to go hand in hand, but fix more attention on how to make full use of cooperation as well.
　　19．In short, …are the major problems to be solved to…
　　例句：In short, shortage of water, decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution are the major problems to be solved to increase grain production.
　　20．Who is to say that…?
　　例句：Who is to say that our scientists may not provide a better theory?
　　㈢ 常用的过渡句式
　　1． Although lots of people follow the fashion/trend, I still set my heart on…
　　例句：Although lots of people follow the fashion, I still set my heart on its negative effect on our society.
　　2． For one thing… For another… As a third benefit/disadvantage…
　　例句：For one thing, some excellent students can take full advantage of the holiday to awaken their personal interests such as painting, sightseeing and so on. For another, it can provide more chances for some poor students to help make two ends meet and to get prepared for the future by taking part-time jobs. As a third benefit, for those who are far from good at a certain subject, there is a golden opportunity of catching up with other.
　　3．It is no easy/simple task/job to furnish/identify/find every reason/cause for sth., but/while, on the whole, two/some factors shout louder/ weigh heavier than others/stand out from others.
　　例句：It is no easy job to find every reason for the increase in the number of teenagers who run away from their homes, but, on the whole, two factors shout louder than others. First of all, …. Second, …
　　4．In contrast with the drawbacks/demerits/flaws of sth., sth. else can serve as a better step/move/advance in the right direction/toward the solution for the problem of…
　　例句：In contrast with the drawbacks caused by nuclear power, the solar power can serve as a better move toward the solution for the problem of energy crisis.
　　5．It is true/obvious that sth can’t compete/be compared with sth else in…, but sth still enjoys/secures/possesses distinct/substantial advantage over sth else.
　　例句：It is obvious that radio cannot compete with television in visuality, but it still possesses substantial advantages over television. (One of these is…Another…Still another…)
　　6．But if…, it is easy/not difficult/hard to see/find/discover that…
　　例句：But if they adjust their frame of mind a little in the other direction, it is not hard for them to find that life is just as promising as before.
　　7．Superficially/On the surface/At first glance/In appearance, the issue in question seems…. But in fact/in substance/on close examination, …
　　例句：At first glance, the western-type democracy seems superior to any other types. But on close examination, it does not entitle every citizen of the same nation to the equal freedom to act.
　　8．Those in favor of the issue in question argue/contend/hold/maintain/claim that…. But what they fail to consider/analyze/see/find out is that…
　　例句：Those in favor of euthanasia(安乐死) contend that its practice can benefit both the patient and his family. But what they fail to consider is that euthanasia may be taken advantage of for some evil or hidden purposes.
　　9．My our look on/choice of/participation in/devotion to…stems from/derives from/results from some/several chief factors.
　　例句：My choice of the career stems from several chief factors. First… Second…
　　10．A variety of/Quite a few factors have led me to do…
　　例句：Quite a few factors have led me to form the habit of reading
三．常用句式
　　在命题作文一节中列举的一些常用句式，大部分都可以用在漫画类作文中，考生可以根据自己的需要选用。这里再列举几个常用于描述漫画的句式。
　　1． The cartoon/picture briefs/depicts/shows…
　　例句：The cartoon briefs the history of commercial fishing in the 20th century.
　　2． In the picture, …
　　例句：In the picture, an American girl looks so pleased in the richly decorated Chinese national costumes.
　　3． Looking at the picture, …
　　例句：Looking at the picture, many people cannot help laughing. …
　　4．…。This is what the picture indicates.
　　例句：It is not unusual for Chinese children to get money from their parents, grandparents or relatives during the Spring Festival. … This is what the picture indicates.
　　5． The two pictures here illustrate…
　　例句：The two pictures here illustrate how a flower in a greenhouse is destroyed when exposed to a storm.
　　6． In the first picture, …. While in the second one, …
　　例句：In the first picture, a lonely small boat, in spite of the good catch, does not disturb the fishes that are swimming leisurely. While in the second one, the sea is over-crowded with fishing boats, and a lonely fish, desperately trying to escape, finds no place to hide.
　　7．As depicted in the picture/As we can see in the picture/As can been seen from the picture/As is shown by the drawing, …
　　例句：As can be seen from the picture, the car breaks stops on the way and cannot move any further.
　　8．It is most likely that by drawing the pictures, the artist intends…
　　例句：It is most likely that by drawing the pictures, the artist intends not only to tell us the story of fish but also to set us thinking more about nature.
　　(一）常用句式
　　以下是图表作文常用的表达法：
　　1． According to the figures shown in the table/graph we can see/conclude that…
　　例句：According to the figures shown in the table, we can see that great changes have been taking place in people’s diet over the period from 1988 to 1998.
　　2． We can see/We have noted/It can be seen from the table/chart/graph that…
　　例句：We have noted from the graph that there is a wide gap between the top ten universities both of China and of the world.
　　3． The graph/table/chart shows/indicates/reveals/points out that…
　　例句：The chart reveals that the number of road accidents is spiraling upward every year as more and more highways are constructed all over China.
　　4． As is shown/can be seen in the chart/graph/diagram released by the government…
　　例句：As we can see in the diagram released by the government, the rapid growth of population has resulted in the extinction of many wildlife species.
　　5． After considering the information in the graph/table/chart, we might conclude that…
　　例句：After considering the information in the graph, we might conclude that the energy structure in rural areas has been greatly improved over the past 15 years.
　　6.The chart/graph/table shows a minimal/slight/slow/steady/marked/dramatic/sharp/sudden increase/rise/decline/reduction/fall/drop in…compared with those of last year/10 years ago/last century…
　　例句：The graph shows a marked decline in the number of wildlife species compared with that of last century.
　　7． This year, the products of…dropped to half/was cut in half/doubled/tripled.
　　例句：This year, the products of cotton doubled.
　　8． The number of … grew/rose/dropped from…to…
　　例句：The number of car accidents grew from 3691 in 1985 to 8245 in 1995.
　　9． No increase is shown in …; then came a sharp increase of …
　　例句：No increase is shown in 1988; then came a sharp increase of 8 million.
　　10．Sth. is twice/three/half as large/high/much as sth. else.
　　例句：The production of cotton is twice as much as that of wheat.
　　11．The table/chart/graph represents the development and changes in …
　　例句：The table represents the development and changes in agriculture structure in the past 30 years.
　　12．By comparison with…, it dropped/ fell/ decreased from…to…/ by…
　　例句：By comparison with 1990, it dropped by 15 percent.
　　13．There appeared an even more stable/consistent/steady tendency to rise/drop.
　　14．The curve has leveled off/stayed the same/remained unchanged for 2 years and the trend will be continuing.
　第六节 应用文类作文
　　1． 几种主要信函的写法
　　英文书信主要分为事务书信和个人书信两种，前者是单位与单位之间或个人与单位之间来往的信件，后者是亲朋好友之间的来往信件。事务书信包括申请信、推荐信、求职信、订购信等等；个人书信包括慰问信、祝贺信、道歉信以及一般的个人信等等。在格式和语体方面，事务书信比较正规，而个人书信则比较随便。在这部分中，我们结合信函的实用程度和考研作文对篇幅的一般要求选取了五种我们认为有可能成为考研作文命题对象的信函。
　　⑴ 求职信
　　求职信是用来向某一单位求取一份工作的信函，它属于广义的申请信的一种。之所以将求职信与其他类型的申请信分开来写，是因为其目前应用的普遍性和重要性，因此希望考生给予足够的重视。
　　写求职信时，要注意以下几点：
　　首先，措辞要礼貌，对求职单位要加以一定的褒扬，并表示对该单位的向往之情，希望能到该单位工作。
　　第二，简洁、明了、具体地说明自己的能力和条件。因为求职信通常是跟简历一起寄给用人单位的，所以在信中提到自己的能力和条件时，不是要简单重复简历中已有的内容，而是要用简洁、明了、具体的语言提出自己特别突出的或者可能引起用人单位特别的注意的能力和条件。
　　第三，对于要求取的工作岗位，要特别写明，给用人单位一个考虑选择的机会。
　　第四，要突出招聘者的利益，不要一味强调自己的需要和期望。
　　求职信一般分为三个部分来写，至于分成几段，没有严格的要求。第一部分说明从哪里得到的关于这份工作的信息，又或者写信人只是投求职信碰碰运气。
　　第二部分主要是推销自己，表达自己对应聘职位的兴趣以及介绍自己的最突出的能力和条件。如果求职者对应聘职位没有太多的了解，可以特别表达一向愿意接受新挑战的愿望，并强调一下自己在适应新环境、处理人际关系方面的能力。
　　最后一部分当然是表达一下希望，例如希望能得到面试的机会。
　　下面给出一封齐头式的求职信，省略了信头和信内地址，从称呼开始。
　　Dear Sir or Madam:
　　I am writing in response to the advertisement you placed in the Sunday paper for a sales manager in your company. Your company has a reputation for producing high-quality products like Mandolin network system. I am interested in joining such a professional organization.
　　As you can see from the enclosed resume, my previous work in an export company has provided me with lots of opportunities to contact all kinds of customers and suppliers home and abroad. By communicating with them, I have got very familiar with the international trade and the current market. Besides, my educational training at university concentrated also on international trade which equipped me with a solid foundation in sales and trade.
　　As such, I believe that my service could be of great benefit to your company in terms of customer relation and new business connections.
　　I hope to have an opportunity to meet your human resource manager in order to let you know more about me. I enclose a resume and could be available for an interview at your convenience. Looking forward to hearing from you and thank you for your consideration.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　J.S. Wu
　　⑵ 其他申请信
　　当一个人想得到某种机会或某些东西，如申请得到奖学金、求学、申请出国签证等，往往通过申请信来请求。
　　写申请信的时候一般应注意以下几点：
　　首先，语气要诚挚友好，措辞要严谨，千万不要表现出强求的意思。
　　第二，对于申请的内容和原因一定要写得非常清楚，不能含糊。
　　第三，尽管不能表现出强求的意思，但是期望得到的心情一定要表达出来。
　　申请信如何分段，也没有严格的规定，其内容一般应包括以下几个部分：明确是在写申请；申请的具体内容和缘由；自己的情况和条件；提出要求，如回信、面试等等。每一部分都要做到清晰、简明。
　　对于不同的申请内容，在介绍自己情况的时候也要有不同的侧重。例如在求学信中，应比较侧重介绍自己已有的学位及专业情况；在申请留学经济资助的信中，应着重介绍自己的学业及学术水平，因为国外很多学校颁发奖学金是以此为标准的。
　　以下是两封申请信，第一封是求学信，另一封是申请留学资助的，第一封信用的是齐头式，第二封信用的是缩进式，信头和信内地址都已省略。
　　Dear Sir or Madam:
　　I am writing to apply for admission to your university to pursue my M.S. degree. I have read the annual prospectus issued by your university and found that it has the best graduate program of chemistry. I am greatly interested in the program.
　　I graduated in 1997 from Beijing University, majoring in Chemistry and holding a B. S. degree. At university, I took many fundamental courses in Chemistry and my English is excellent as I had served as the head of English Association for two years. Since then I have been teaching Chemistry in Beijing Normal University. Through my teaching experience, I have not only deepened my understanding in this field, but mastered many complicated research skills as well.
　　Two of my former professors and the present dean of our department have kindly written letters of recommendation for me, as enclosed with this letter.
　　Could you please send me the necessary forms and any information about financial aid in your program?
　　Thank you very much. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　Fan Wei
　　Dear Sir or Madam:
　　I wish to apply for admission to your department as a graduate student. I am writing to ask whether it will be possible for you to grant me a full scholarship, considering my academic record and the fact that I have no relatives or friends in America who can act as my sponsor.
　　I completed a four-year course in chemistry at Beijing University last June. During my four years in the university, I have passed all the required courses of study with satisfactory marks. With Chemistry as my major, I minored in Physics and Mathematics. Enclosed herewith is my transcript from the department concerned.
　　My English is very good. I have been learning English since early childhood with the help of my father who is a professor of English in Fudan University, Shanghai. I therefore believe that I will not have language difficulties while studying in the United States.
　　I should be most grateful if you would give my request favorable consideration. Thank you very much and look forward to your reply.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　Wu Li
　　最后列举一些写申请信常用的表达法，供考生参考：
　　I am writing to you because I wish to …
　　I am writing to ask whether you could send me some information about your college and the application forms …
　　I am a graduate from …，I am very interested in …
　　Please send me all relevant information concerning the program you offer.
　　I should be most grateful to you if you would send me …
　　I would appreciate very much if you could send me …
　　Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to your favorable reply.
　　Enclosed in this letter please find three letters of recommendation and a certified copy of my transcript.
　　⑶ 推荐信
　　推荐信是求职或者求学所需要的材料。写推荐信的人一般是有身份、有地位的人士，而且必须对申请者比较了解。最好是申请者原单位的领导或资历较深的同事，或者是学校里的教授、本专业的专家等等。
　　写推荐信应该注意以下几点：
　　首先，推荐人在写信前应该详细了解聘方或学校的要求、工作性质、专业特点等有关情况，有针对性地介绍并推荐申请者。
　　第二，推荐信要多写优点，充分肯定成绩，语气要积极、热情。但为了客观起见，也可适当提一下申请者的不足之处，但一定要说明这种不足之处是可以通过学习和锻炼得到克服的。
　　第三，推荐信的篇幅不宜过长，但也不能三言两语敷衍了事，一般以250到350字为宜。
　　第四，推荐信的称呼一般用To whom it may concern或者Dear sir or Madam。而且推荐信通常由推荐人直接寄给用人单位或学校。
　　推荐信一般分成三段到四段，主要包括三个方面的内容：推荐人与被推荐人之间的关系；被推荐者的能力、品质和优点，在这部分至少应该写两个优点，但最多不要超过四个，而且如果能够用具体的例子来证明，效果会更好；建议录取被推荐者。
　　下面是一封推荐信：
　　To whom it may concern:
　　I sincerely recommend Ms. Zhang Chen to participate in your program and researching group. I am a department manager in Guangyou Trade Company and Ms. Zhang had been worked in my department for nearly three years.
　　As her direct supervisor, I have a good understanding in her working ability. She was very careful and sensitive to figures. Her monthly statistics and report forms were always the best of the company. And as I knew more about her, I found that she was very much interested in accounting. So I provided her with the opportunity to work with the experienced accountant in our company so that she would be able to learn from him.
　　What I appreciate most is her diligence and the ability to learn quickly. By self-study, she passed the exam of accountant qualification. I must admit that it was not an easy task, but she managed it through hard work. Since she had already had a deep understanding in this area, I asked her to be responsible for the computerization of the accounting system in our company. It was within my expectation that she accomplished it successfully.
　　And now, as she has determined that she would choose accounting as her life career, I would like to lend my full support in her effort. Therefore, I strongly recommend you to accept Ms. Zhang in your program. I believe that thanks to all her virtues, she would make herself a good student in your prestigious program and make a good contribution to it. And I really hope that I will have the opportunity to cooperate with her again after she got the MACC degree.
　　Thank you very much!
　　Yours sincerely,
　　Li Tong
　　Department Manager of Guangyou Trade Company
　　最后列举几个写推荐信常用的表达法，供考生参考：
　　I proudly introduce … to your attention.
　　I am certain that … will build a bright career with your instruction.
　　I would safely say that … will be excellent with your program.
　　I have no doubt that … will make a strong candidate for your program.
　　… is surely the right person for your program.
⑷ 邀请信
　　邀请信分为两种：一种属于个人信函，例如邀请某人共进晚餐、参加宴会、观看电影、出席典礼等。另一种邀请信则属于事务信函，一般是邀请参加会议、学术活动等等。
　　第一种邀请信邀请的对象一般是朋友、熟人，所以内容格式上的要求都比较松，可以写得随便一些。只要表明邀请的意图，说明活动的内容、时间、地点等等。但既然是邀请信，那么就一定要在信中表达非常希望对方能够参加或者出席的愿望。这种邀请信的篇幅可以非常短，下面以一封邀请看电影的短信为例：
　　Dear Jane,
　　We have four tickets for a famous film shown at Guangming Cinema, The Longest Day, Friday, the ninth. Will you join us? We’ll be looking for you at eight sharp Friday night in front of the cinema, so don’t disappoint us!
　　Warmest regards.
　　Alice
　　第二种邀请信一般由会议或学术活动的组委会的某一个负责人来写，以组委会的名义发出，而且被邀请者通常也是属于比较有威望的人士。因此，这类邀请信的措辞要相对正式一些，语气要热情有礼。
　　这一类邀请信通常要包括以下内容：首先表明邀请对方参加的意图以及会议或学术活动的名称、时间、地点；然后要对被邀请者的威望和学术水平等表示推崇和赞赏，表明如果被邀请者能够接受邀请，会给会议或者活动带来很好的影响；接着要说明会议或活动的相关事宜，最好是能引起对方兴趣的事宜；当然不能忘了表达希望对方能够参加的诚意；最后还要请收信人对发出的邀请做出反馈，如确认接受邀请。
　　下面是一封邀请对方参加学术会议的信函：
　　Dear Professor Wang,
　　On behalf of the Ohio State University and the IEEE Computer Society, I would be very pleased to invite you to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to October 28, 2004.
　　You are an internationally acclaimed scholar and educator. Your participation will be among the highlights of the Conference.
　　We sincerely hope that you could accept our invitation. As you know, this is the 10th anniversary of the Conference and we plan to make it a truly international meeting. We have accepted many papers from several foreign countries, including two from China.
　　If you can come, please let us know as soon as possible, since we have to prepare the final program soon. We are looking forward to your acceptance.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　Peter White
　　无论是收到哪种邀请信都要复信，明确表示接受与否。而且无论接受与否都要对邀请者表示感谢。接受邀请的回信一般包含以下内容：首先感谢对方的邀请，并重述邀请信中的主要内容；然后愉快地表示接受邀请，并简要说明自己的打算；最后表示期待赴会和与对方见面的心情。
　　下面是一封接受邀请的信，与上面第一封邀请信相对应：
　　Dear Alice,
　　Thank you very much for your invitation. It will be great pleasure for me to join you on Friday for the wonderful film. I will arrive at the cinema before eight. I look forward to meeting you on Friday.
　　Thank you for thinking of me.
　　Yours,
　　Jane
　　谢绝邀请的回信一般包含以下几方面的内容：首先还是要对对方的邀请表示感谢；然后具体说明自己无法接受邀请的原因，并对无法出席表示遗憾；最后表达自己的祝愿，即祝愿自己未能参加的会议或者活动能够顺利进行。
　　下面是一封谢绝邀请的信，与上面的第二封邀请信相对应：
　　Dear Professor White,
　　Many thanks for your letter dated 15th August, inviting me to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to 28, 2004.
　　Much to my regret, I shall not be able to honor the invitation because I have been suffering from a disease since this summer. I am firmly advised that it would be unwise to undertake any distant and long travel in the near future.
　　I feel very sad to miss the opportunity of meeting you and many others in the field of Computer Science. I wish the conference a complete success.
　　Faithfully yours,
　　Wang Xuan
　　⑸ 感谢信
　　感谢信属于个人信函，是用来对馈赠礼物或曾经得到某人的关怀、照顾表示感谢，在西方国家用得比较普遍。感谢信在格式上没有很严格的要求，主要是要写得真挚，表达诚挚的感激之情，不能给人一种草率的印象。
　　由于感谢的对象、原因和内容不同，感谢信的内容也会有所区别。例如，对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢的信，一定要提到所赠的礼物以及自己对礼物的喜爱之情；又如因为曾在对方家里小住而写的感谢信，一定要提到在对方家里居住时候的感受。但是，无论如何，一封感谢信通常都包括感谢的原因、内容以及诚挚的感激知情。
　　下面给出两封简短的感谢信，一封是对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢，另一封是在对方家里小住过一段时间，离开后表达感谢的信。
　　Dear Sandy,
　　When you left a package for me yesterday, I had difficulty waiting until my birthday to open it.
　　I don’t know how to thank you for such an attractive present. It is something that will give me pleasure for a long time to come.
　　Please accept my sincere thanks and best wishes.
　　Cordially,
　　Susan
　　Dear Professor Anthony,
　　Thank you for a delightful stay.
　　Your home is lovely, your meals delectable, and I enjoyed the fun and companionship. I am still thinking about it and enjoying it in retrospect.
　　Many thanks again for your warm hospitality.
　　Cordially,
　　Tom
　　⑹ 咨询信
　　咨询信指的是用于了解信息、资料和情况等等的信件。写咨询信要注意以下几个问题：
　　第一，从措辞上来讲，一定要有礼貌，要比较客气地说清楚你想了解什么或者有什么要求。
　　第二，所提的问题一定要具体、明确，不能含糊其辞，否则会让对方感到无从回答。
　　第三，如果同时有好几个问题需要对方回答，可以考虑分段写；如果问题比较简单，则无需分段，但一定要将每个问题分别写清楚。
　　第四，一定要记得在信中向对方表示感谢。
　　写咨询信的时候，一般分三个部分来写。首先说明自己的情况，写咨询信的目的；第二步讲明自己要咨询的问题，要简洁明晰；在新的结尾要向对方表示感谢。此外，记得要注明联系地址与电话，以便对方答复。
　　下面是一封咨询信的范例：
　　To: London Woolen Products
　　From: Angel Clothes Store
　　As we plan our Fall inventory, we are again in market to buy woolens. We are principally interested in the traditional sweater and would like to request a sample.
　　Please also send information on any other knitwear that your company produces and a current price list.
　　If you plan to take part in the Beijing Trade Fair at the end of this month, please inform us of your stand number so that we can contact you at that time. Please note our new address and telephone number.
　　Thank you in advance for your attention.
　　Sincerely,
　　……
　　⑺订购信
　　订购信一般用于订购某种货物或机票、车票，属于事务信件。在书写订购信的时候，最重要的是要清新明白地说明所要订购的对象的数量、价格、规格等等，如果是机票、车票等，则须说明出发地、目的地、出发时间等。此外，写明你自己的名字、地址、邮编，以及你期望的送货方式等也是非常重要的。要避免写冗长的句子，因为此类信函以传达信息为主，所以能让对方明白你的意图是最重要的。
　　下面是一封订购飞机票的信函：
　　Dear Sir or Madam:
　　I am on an urgent mission and want to get to Hong Kong as soon as possible. Please reserve for me a seat in the plane leaving Guangzhou for Hong Kong at 8 a.m. tomorrow. A seat by the window in the economic section is preferred. I shall be very grateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the Baiyun Hotel where I am staying.
　　If there is no seat available at 8 a.m. tomorrow, please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change a flight.
　　Thank you very much!
　　Yours faithfully,
　　Steve Brown
　　⑻ 投诉信
　　投诉信一般是针对质量低劣的产品或者服务，其送寄对象应该是对方主管部门的负责人。写投诉信的目的是为了让对方同情你的遭遇或者碰到的问题，继而给出你所期望的解决方法。因此，写这类信件最重要的一点是要实事求是，一定要遵守“简明、公正”的原则，切勿夸大其词，引起对方的反感。
　　投诉信中应该包含的内容有：你所投诉的问题；该问题给你造成的不良后果；与投诉有关的重要依据，如商品简要说明、购买日期地点等；你所希望的解决方法和最后结果。此外，还可以向对方建议解决问题的最后日期，并表示对所投诉问题的妥善解决充满信心。
　　投诉信一般可分为三段：第一段说明信的主要意思，即提出要解决的问题，以及解决问题的重要性；第二段可以解释一下详细的情况，提出与投诉有关的重要依据；最后一段一般是提建议，说出你所期望的解决方法。
　　以下是一封样信：
　　Dear Sir,
　　Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes which your delivery truck left in our office yesterday. We wish, however, to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund.
　　When our supply secretary selected and purchased official envelopes in your store last week on December 12, she asked that size L be sent to our office. The size we received is small, and of course it does not serve our needs. The sales receipt is #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #189.
　　Please send us the correct size L envelopes in exactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now, cash refund of $ 50.50. Thank you very much.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　以上是八种我们认为有可能考到的信函类型，当然也有可能在考试中出现不在其列的信函类型，但是相信考生可以根据我们所给的这些讲解和示例推出一定的规律来应对。需要指出的是，为了给大家一个比较完整的内容和结构上的示例，以上的样信在字数上并不都符合100词的要求。但各位考生在考试时一定不能忽略字数上的要求，因为这也是判分点之一。结构和格式尽可以参考以上的样文，字数上还请考生自行把握。
2.简历
　　简历即个人履历，它是个人经历的书面表达式。简历是针对自己想要谋求的学习机会或工作机会，把自己所具备的资格经历简要地列举出来，以达到推销自己的目的。简历不同于自传，它并不要求将所有的经历列出，而是列出主要的、与所申请的学习或工作机会相关的经验、业绩、能力等。
　　写英文简历的主要目的是为了要争取到面试的机会，所以必须考虑到招聘单位和学校的立场，要做到事实求是、简明扼要、语言规范、格式正确。写简历的时候，要注意以下几个问题：
　　首先，要有针对性。要围绕要申请的职位和学位来列举自己的经历、资格以及技能，尽量表现出自己的长处，表明自己非常适合这份工作。
　　第二，要力求简明，篇幅最多不超过两页。
　　第三，版面设计要清晰简洁，不需要做得很繁杂花哨。
　　第四，经历要完整，在时间上尽量不要留空缺。
　　简历属于目录式的书面报告，内容应包括以下几项：
　　⑴ 个人资料
　　个人资料一项主要包括姓名、地址、电话。至于性别、出生日期、婚姻状况、业余爱好等等并不是必须要写的内容。中文姓名用英语表达时用汉语拼音，可以写成：Cheng，Huang，姓在前，名在后，用逗号隔开，如Cheng，Jun（或不用逗号即Cheng Jun）；姓的字母全部大写，如CHENG Jun；三个字的名字，后面两个字的汉语拼音连在一起，第二个字的第一个字母大写，其余都小写，如Cheng Xiajun。
　　⑵ 应聘职位
　　一般的英文简历，都要注明应聘职位。
　　⑶ 教育背景
　　教育背景即学历，要依照从近到远的顺序来列，即从最高学历开始倒叙。如果学位较高，如学士、硕士和博士，就不需要写出中小学的学历来。在这一部分中，要写出每个学历所代表的学业的起止时间；在读学校、系别和专业；获得学位的种类。
　　⑷ 工作经历
　　写工作经历也要遵循从近到远的顺序，一般是从目前的工作开始写。要写明每一份工作的服务时间；职位；工作单位；主要职责等。工作经历除了全职工作之外，还包括兼职工作、实习等。
　　⑸ 社会活动
　　社会活动通常指在校期间的课外活动，主要指参加过什么文体活动或担任过何种组织的职务。对于没有什么工作经历的刚毕业的学生来说，社会活动是一个很重要的竞争因素。这部分也要写明每项活动的时间、所担任的职务和主要职责。
　　⑹ 资格证书
　　资格证书是指通过考试或评审所获得的各种任职或证明某政能力的证书，例如英语六级证书。
　　⑺ 科研成果
　　科研成果包括发表的论文、出版的专著和译著和专利等。要列明论文、专著或译著的名称；发表或出版的时间；报刊杂志或出版社的名称；专利项目及获得时间。
　　⑻ 荣誉和奖项
　　荣誉和奖项是指在读书期间和工作期间获得的各种奖励和荣誉，例如奖学金。这一部分要列明奖项的名称和获得时间。
　　⑼ 证明人
　　证明人一般列在简历的最后，以增加可信度。通常可作为证明人的有：学校里的任课老师和同学、单位的领导和同事。也可不列出具体的证明人，但必须说明Reference will be available upon request.
　　除了以上列出的九项基本内容之外，还可以根据需要增加一些内容，例如相关技能等；当然如果上述基本内容中有几项不符合实际情况也可以省略，例如没有发表论文或出版书籍的就不需要列科研成果这一项。对于以上各种内容在简历中的顺序安排并没有严格的规定，一般来说只要包括以上的主要内容，每个人可以根据自己的习惯来排列顺序。
　　下面给出一份简历，供大家参考简历的格式：
　　Jack Black
　　Objective MACC program, fall,2004
　　Education 1996–2000 Fudan University of Finance and Economics § B.A., Accounting1993-1996 Shanghai No. 5 Middle School
　　Standard Test CET 6 Passed TEM 4 Passed
　　Related Qualifications Strong team spiritStrong ability to analyze and solve problems independentlySense of responsibility
　　Social Activities 1996-2000 Publicity Section of the Department of International Trade§ Member
　　Work Experience 2000.5-2003.2 Jingjiang Trade Corporation § Accountant § Designed a set of statistical report forms which was very practical and widely used in the company§ Dealt with daily fiscal report forms
　　Awards 1997-1998 The Third Class Scholarship of Fudan University of Finance and Economics
　　Personal Information Telephone: 010-62548902 Email: absent1@ sina.comAddress: 305 Zhong Guan Cun Science Bldg. 15 Zhong Guan Cun Rd. Beijing, 100081, P. R. C.
     References Available upon request.
三.便笺
　　从本质上来讲，便笺也属于英文信函的一种，应被包括在广义的英文信函之中。我们之所以将其单列出来讲，是为了区别于一般的英文信函。作为一种简单的书信，便笺经常用于熟识的朋友、同事之间，因而临时性强，内容简短，格式简便。
　　从格式上来讲，便笺的称呼和结尾谦称部分是比较随意的，可以直接写上对方以及自己的名字，省略类似于Mr., Dear, Sincerely yours等的礼貌用语。日期的写法也相对来说比较随意，写星期几或者月日都是可以接受的，同时还可以写上几点钟等具体时间。
　　便笺的内容一般是涉及请假、预约、通知、访友不遇留言、接电话留言等等，接下来我们就请假条和约会条作一个简单介绍，其他类型的便笺考生可以根据我们介绍的这两种便笺来举一反三。
　　1． 请假条
　　请假条可以由别人代写，也可以由请假人自己写。无论采取何种形式，其内容必须包括请假的缘由和期限，必要时还须附上医生的诊断或其他的可以证明请假事由的书面材料。根据请假事由的不同，可将请假条分为事假条和病假条。下面给出三个以请假为内容的便笺，前两个为病假条，一个是请假者自己写的，另一个是由别人代写的；第三个为事假条。
　　例一：
　　To Dean’s Office
　　Dear Mr. Black:
　　I am terribly sorry to inform you that I am unable to go to school today owing to a severe headache. I enclose a certificate from the doctor who is attending on me, as she fears it will be two days before I shall be able to resume my study. Could you kindly excuse my absence on Monday and Tuesday? Thanks.
　　Peter
　　Monday
　　例二：
　　Miss Boffin,
　　Please excuse Tom’s absence from school this morning. He caught a bad cold and had a high fever last night and could not fall asleep until midnight. I felt it would not be fair to the other children to allow her to attend school. So I am writing to ask you for three day’s sick leave and will let her resume her study if she feels better.
　　Yours sincerely,
　　Steven
　　例三：
　　Mr. Zhang,
　　I have just received a telegram saying that my father is seriously ill and urging me to go home at once. Because of this I would like to have a leave of two days beginning on August 26. I hope that my request will be given due consideration.
　　Wang Ming
　　August 25
　　Encl: A telegram from my home
　　2． 约会条
　　约会条主要用于邀朋友相聚等，内容上必须包含约会的事由，如果已经定了时间和地点，则应将具体的时间地点写在便笺上。
　　例：
　　Andy,
　　Fred is now with us. He is going to New York tomorrow morning to pursue his graduate study and we will not be able to see him for a long time. We are having a dinner party at 7 p.m. this evening at my home. It would be nice if you could come over and see him.
　　Michael
　　四．备忘录
　　备忘录其实也是广义的信函中的一种，主要用于公司内部对公司的职员、部分通报信息，如会议安排、情况报告、问题处理等等。在英语中称之为interoffice memorandum，其复数为memoranda，简称memo。除了可以采用书面形式之外，备忘录也可以通过e-mail 发出。
　　备忘录的一般格式如下：
　　MEMORANDUM
　　To:
　　From:
　　Date:
　　Subject:
　　Body
　　其中To项是收笺人，在其姓名前可以加上Mr., Mrs., Dr.等，在其姓名后可加上职位和部门。From项是发笺人，其姓名前一般不加尊称，但姓名后同样可加上职位和部门。Subject即内容主题，一般用简短的几个字做简略陈述，不需要是一个完整的句子，几个词或词组即可。
　　Body即内容是备忘录的主要部分，写作应力求简明、确切。首先应直入主题，列出最重要的信息，然后可以具体说明事由、情况，提出意见和建议等，最后可以根据具体情况或重申主题或表示意愿或感谢。
　　需要指出的是，在备忘录的末尾不需要签名。但是，如果备忘录还发给了收笺人以外的其他人，须在末尾cc: 之后写上其姓名。请看下面的示例：
　　Microsoft, Inc.
　　Interoffice Memorandum
　　To: Peter Clark, Rachel White
　　From: Linda Larson
　　Date: September 16, 2004
　　Subject: Scheduling the project meeting
　　As you know, we are having the project meeting next week in the projection room. Since the room holds only fifty people comfortably without overcrowding. I suggest we hold the meeting to the forty-one people in the Assembly Section on Thursday at 2:00 p.m. and to the remaining forty-three from the other sections on Friday at the same time.
　　If there’s any problem about this arrangement, please let me know.
写作能力冲刺
　　3． 达尔文发现了有机自然发展的法则。马克思发现了人类历史发展的法则。
　　第一步，明确要表达的意思。这里有两层中文意思，两者之间从结构和功能上来看，有比较明显的对应关系，都是“某人发现了…的法则”。依照前文的叙述，可以用一个并列结构将这两层意思并入一个英语句子。
　　第二步，安排语序。这个句子的语序也很明了，两个并列分句分别以“达尔文”和“马克思”作主语，谓语都是“发现”，宾语都是“法则”。类比并列可以用一个just as来连接，即“正如达尔文发现了…一样，马克思发现了…”可以初步构架为：Just as Darwin discovered…, Marx discovered…
　　第三步，局部润饰。这个句子的修饰语并不复杂，两个并列分句的吧宾语区分别有一个修饰语来修饰“法则”，而两个修饰语中又分别有个中心词“发展”。关键是修饰语以及修饰语中的小修饰语怎么来写，是用前置定语，还是后置的介词短语，或者是从句。显然，在这里写从句是没有必要的，但是如果用前置定语又显得修饰语过长。所以，可以选择用后置的介词短语。两个宾语区可分别表达为：the law of development of organic nature和the law of development of human history。
　　最后成句，Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, Marx discovered the law of development of human history.
　　4． 繁荣昌盛总带有担忧和灾难。逆境总带有安慰和希望。
　　第一步，明确要表达的意思。这里还是有两层中文意思，而且结构和内容上有明显的对应关系，可用并列结构合成一句话。
　　第二步，安排语序。两个并列分句分别以“繁荣昌盛”和“逆境”为主语，以“带有”为谓语，以“担忧和灾难”和“安慰和希望”为宾语。并列句之间可以用分号来连接，也可以用一个连接词，例如while或者and，来连接。
　　第三步，局部润饰和修改。这句话从中文来看就很对称，很工整，所以合成一个英语句子，当然要更加突出其工整和紧凑。从选词上看，两个主语可以选一对意思相反但形式对仗的名词prosperity和adversity；谓语可以用相同的表达法，例如is always with；宾语各用一对名词，之间用and连接就可以了。句子可以写为：Prosperity is always with many fears and distastes; and adversity is always with comforts and hopes. 意思是表达清楚了，但是看起来语势不够强。前文提到过，双重否定可以起到加强语气的作用。因此，如果将is always with改为is not without，可以起强调作用。
　　最后成句，prosperity is not without many fears and distastes; and adversity is not without comforts and hopes.
　　7．科学家、工程师和高级职员们习惯于挣高工资。他们享有中上层社会地位。他们发现自己已经找不到工作了。
　　第一步，明确所要表达的意思。虽然从表面上看起来这里有三层中文意思，但是不难发现，三层意思所描写的是同一个对象，是“科学家、工程师和高级职员们”。所以，完全可以用并列结构或者复合句结构将这三层意思写在一个句子里。
　　第二步，安排语序。这句话的主语就是“科学家、工程师和高级职员们”，三层意思当然可以用三个并列分句来表达，可以用一个转折关系。那么可以表达为“科学家、工程师和高级职员们习惯于挣高工资，享有中上层社会地位，但是他们发现自己已经找不到工作了”。但是，这样一个表达法虽然表达出来了中文意思，但是显得非常平淡。如果把其中的几层意思用一个定语从句来表达，整个句子就会更有层次感，更加紧凑。因此，可以将“习惯于挣高工资”和“享有中上层社会地位”用一个定语从句来表达作为主语的修饰语；谓语是“发现”，宾语区表达“自己已经找不到工作了”的意思。
　　第三步，局部润色和修改。根据上面的构思，主语区的中心词即为scientists, engineers, and executives。后面跟一个定语从句来作修饰语，其中的“习惯于”可以选用一个介词短语be accustomed to，为了结构的紧凑“享有”这个意思也可以一并用这个短语来表达，即习惯于高工资和中上层社会地位的科学家、工程师和高级职员们。整个主语区就写为：scientists,
　　engineers and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper middle class status。谓语用动词find即可，宾语区可以用一个从句即that they were difficult to find jobs。那么整句话可以写为：Scientists, engineers and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper middle class status have found that they were difficult to find jobs。句子写成这样，应该说已经可以了，但为了精益求精，我们发现宾语区还可以再精练一点。因为find这个词有一种方法，即find sb.＋分词或形容词，宾语区可以紧缩为themselves unemployed。
　　最后成句，Scientists, engineers, and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper-middle class status have found themselves unemployed。
　　10．研究表明，超过百分之八十的那些确实想把烟戒掉的人都无法成功。即便是通过特殊的医疗手段也没有用。
　　第一步，明确要表达的思想。上述两层意思描述的都是戒烟，因此可以通过从句或者短语等修饰语，将它们放在一句话里面。
　　第二步，安排语序。这句话的大主语是“研究”，谓语是“表明”，主句非常简单，难点在从句。从句的主语就是“人”，“超过百分之八十的”和“想把烟戒掉的”都是主语的修饰语，放在主语区就可以。至于两个修饰语之间的语序，由于“想把烟戒掉的”肯定要用一个从句来表达，放在主语中心词的后面，因此不成问题。谓语是“无法成功”，用fail to do so即可，比较简单。至于“即便是通过特殊的医疗手段”可以用从句或短语的形式放在句末。
　　第三步，局部润色和修改。这句话的主句很简单，用Studies have shown…就可以了。从句的主语区比较复杂，主要是两个修饰语的写法，超过百分之八十用一个表示比率的前置定语即可，即more than eighty percent of the people。“那些确实想把烟戒掉的”就要用定语从句了，可以说who really want to stop smoking。然后最后加上一个表让步意思的短语，即even through special clinics。那么初步可以写出这样一个句子：Studies have shown that more than eighty percent of the people who really want to stop smoking fail to do so, even through special clinics。
　　这个句子本来已经写得不错了，但为了让它显得更加漂亮，还可以在局部再下一点功夫。例如，定语从句“确实想把烟戒掉的”部分可以更加生动一点，中间用一个短语表达“真正经过努力想要戒烟的”这样一个意思，即who make sincere efforts to stop smoking。
　　52．总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
　　译文：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
　　（原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂，可是由于有并列连词but和and，整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：…能够得出结论…但是只要…而且只要…。从上面的译文我们可以看出，为了使中文表达更加清楚，but only if...and only if...被首先提纲挚领地先来了个介绍：但是必须具备两个条件……，这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句，有的只是一些不同的分句。）
　　53．你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。"
　　译文：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.
　　72．但是如果机器人要进入应用于节省劳力的下一个阶段，它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地作一些决定——这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。
　　译文：But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves--goals that -- a real challenge.
　　80．从整体来说，虽然铁路工业有耀眼的资产，但它的收入仍然不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资。
　　译文：The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.
     

　

zyb915

　重点话题与句型(一)

　　1) With more emphasis put on “building a harmonious society”, people begin to realize the importance of solving the problem of inequality (solving the problem of unemployment/ enabling some people to get rich and helping the disadvantaged…)

　　2) Since “sustainable development” is our main goal, we should pay more attention to striking a balance between economic development and environmental protection (producing more goods and saving natural resources…)

　　3) As the central task of our country is to “build a well-off society in an all-round way”, more efforts are being made to improve the living standards of the people…(people need more comfortable housing and more convenient transportation…)

　　4) With the rapid growth of our economy (transportation system/ market economy/ private enterprises/ housing industry…), an increasing number of problems have arisen, such as…

　　5) With the rapid development of science and technology (electronic industry/ higher education…), more and more people come to realize that…

　　6) Currently, there is a widespread concern over high unemployment rate (desertification/ widespread corruption/ energy crisis/ traffic jams/ water shortage/ increasing traffic accidents…).

　　7) Nowadays, a heated debate about private cars (China’s football/ brain drain…) is under way in China.

　　8) As the public awareness of market economy (population control/ human rights/ competition/ laws and regulations…) heightens, …

　　9) Unless we put more emphasis on environmental protection (interpersonal relationship/ equality/ how to deal with stress…), the problem will be a hindrance to our building a “harmonious society”.

　　10) Different people hold different views on accession to WTO (studying abroad/ private cars/ Internet surfing…). Some are in favor of…, while others are against…

　　11) The case only reveals the tip of an ugly iceberg of serious environmental pollution (widespread waste/ organized crime…)

　　12) When it comes to the problem (the issue/ the case…) of eating wild animals (net chatting/ morning exercise…)

　　13) As far as family planning (adult education/ recycling…) is concerned, there is much room for improvement.

　　14) All these statistics (pictures…) reveal a painful fact that corruption is spreading rapidly in our country (more and more fish have been killed…)

　　15) Without love, my classmate Xiao Wang would have died in the hospital. But with our love and care, he survived the illness and can enjoy his life now.

　　16) Without computers (cell phones/ private cars/ the Internet…), it would be difficult to imagine modern life.

　　17) It is imperative for us to take effective (drastic/ immediate/ prompt…) measures to correct the situation (eliminate environmental pollution/ fight against corruption/ ban drug abuse…)

　　18) The participating Slogan should be an embodiment of the concept of “Green Olympics, Hi-Tech Olympics and People’s Olympics” with “People’s Olympics” as its highlight and should reflect the unique cultural background and humanism of China and Beijing. (One World, One Dream)

　　19) Let us work hand in hand to solve this problem (hold back a tidal wave of crimes/ fight against corruption…)

　　20) We should do our best in eliminating industrial pollution (fake commodities/ poverty in China…)

重点话题与句型二

        We have just crossed the threshold of the 21st century and the curtain of the new millennium is slowly rising.我们刚    刚跨入21世纪的门槛,新千年的帷幕正在徐徐升起.

　　We are blessed with new opportunities and faced with new challenges.
　　我们被赋予新的机会,并且面临着新的挑战.

　　With the increasingly more rapidly economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.
　　随着日益迅速的经济全球化和城市化,更多的问题受到我们的关注.

　　along with the development of ..., more and more.....随着.....的发展,越来越多......

　　In the past few years, there has been a sharp growth boom/decline in....在过去几年内,....有显著增长/激增/明显滑坡.....

　　with the steady growth in the country's economy as well as the people' living standard,随着国家经济和人民生活水平的稳步增长,

　　as living tempo/pace quickens,随着生活节奏的不断加快,

　　While the rhythm/pace /tempo of people's living is speeding up, a lot of changes have taken place in....人民生活节奏加快的同时,....也发生了很多变化.

　　with the fantastic spur both in industry and its economy in China, the number of... is on the rise随着中国工业经济的迅猛发展,....的数目不断上升.

　　It is commonly believed that the rise in .... is the inevitable result of economic development.人们普遍认为,......的增长是经济发展的必然结果.

　　In recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in....最近几年来,中国.....有了惊人的增长.

　　Nowadays people in increasing numbers begin to realize/be aware of/notice the importance of the problem of education/pollution/unemployment.现在越来越多的人开始认识到教育,污染,失业问题的重要性.

　　We often find ourselves caught/involved in a dilemma whether we should reach for the bear's paw or for the shark's fin....我们常常发现自己陷入一个进退维谷的境地:是取鱼翅还是熊掌....

　　There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for....世界性的对...需要的认识正在不断深入.

　　Recently the issue/problem of... has been in the limelight/brought into focus/brought to public attention/concern.最近...的问题引起了人们的注意/成了焦点问题/引起了公众的注意/关注.

　　Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern.最近这个现象引起了广泛关注.

　　One of the (universal/pressing/burning/urgent) problems/issues we are faced with(confronting us) is that...我们面临的其中一个全球性的/紧迫的/迫在眉睫的问题是....

　　Recently the problem/issue/conflict has become the focus/concern of the public.最近这个问题/冲突成了公众关注的焦点/中心.

　　There is a (public/general/heated/impassioned) debate/discussion/controversy today/nowadays as to/over/on/concerning the issue/problem of...Those who criticize/oppose/object to...contend/argue that ....They believe that...But people who advocate/favor/are for...,on the other hand, maintain/assert that...当前,人们就某事/现象展开了激烈/广泛的/热烈的讨论/争论.批评/反对的人们辩称....,他们认为.....然而,支持者却认为.....

　　A public debate has arisen as to the phenomenon of ...关于...的现象引发了一场公众讨论.

　　There is a long-running debate as to whether....关于是否....有一场持久论战.

　　It is undeniable that ... has become the biggest concern of the present-day world.不可否认的是,...已成了当今世界最令人关注的问题.

　　Now it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/accepted/recognized that... They claim/argue/hold that....,but I wonder/doubt whether....现在人们普遍认为.....人们认为.....但是我怀疑它是否....

　　According to (n) survey/investigation/analysis/statistics/report released/conducted/made by...,there is a growing/increasing/declining number of...who/which....根据...发表的/所做的一份调查/分析/统计数据/报告,......的数目呈上升/下降的趋势.

　　Once in a newspaper/magazine, I hit upon(came across) the report that...
　　有一次,在一份报纸/一本杂志上,我看到过一篇报道.....

　　This case has aroused echoes throughout the country, with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely.这个时间在全国产生了反响,随着越来越多的人步其后尘,对它的看法却有很大的不同.

　　The discussion about whether or not... is a very controversial one. There are people on both sides of the argument who have strong feelings.关于是否...的讨论是个很有争议性的问题.争论的双方情绪都非常激动.

　　Those who criticize/oppose/object to/are against ... contend/argue/hold that...but people who advocate/favor/are for...,on the other hand, maintain/assert/claim that...批评/反对...的人争论/认为....,但是支持/赞成.....的人则认为/声称.....

　　Some argue/hold that...,but others set forth a totally different argument about the issue of...有些人争论/认为....,但另外一些人则对....的问题提出了完全不同的观点.

　　The other side of the coin has voiced strong opposition saying that....争论的另一方发表了强烈的反对声音,声称....

2008年考研英语写作预测之重点话题与句型三

　　---描述图画或图表的常用句型：

　　1.As can be clearly seen from the picture, …. 从这张画中可以清楚地看到，…
　　译：从这张画中可以清楚地看到，随着国际文化交流的增加，越来越多的外国人渴望访问中国。

　　As can be clearly seen from the picture, with the increase in cultural exchange among countries, an increasing number of foreigners are eager to visit China.

　　2.As is shown above，… 正如上面所示，…
　　译：正如上面所示，有两幅漫画描述了两种完全不同的情景。一幅描绘了人们在努力工作，而另一幅暗示了懒惰导致失败。

　　As is shown above, there are two cartoons presenting two quite different situations. One depicts people who are working hard, while the other implies that laziness results in failure.

　　3.What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that… 这是一幅多么生动形象的画啊！它告诉我们…
　　译：这是一幅多么生动的画啊！它告诉我们，爱就像一盏在黑暗中的油灯, 它照亮了人们的心灵。

　　What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that love is just like an oil lamp in the dark, which lightens people’s hearts.

　　4.According to the statistics given in the table, … 根据表中所给的统计数字，…
　　译：根据表中所给的统计数字，最近5年来旅游者的人数大大增加，2002年达到80,000,000人。

　　According to the statistics given in the table, the number of tourists has grown greatly, 80,000,000 people in 2002.

　　5.It can be seen from the statistics (or picture) that … 从这些统计数字(或这张图画)中可以看到，…
　　译：从这些统计数字(或这张图画)中可以看到，随着城市中汽车数量的不断增加,空气污染和噪音已经成为威胁城市居民生存的主要公害(public hazards)。

　　It can be seen from the statistics (or picture) that with the rapid increase in the number of cars, air pollution and noise have become the main public hazards threatening the survival of city residents.

　　6.It is generally believed (或accepted, thought, held) that … 人们普遍认为，…
　　译：人们普遍认为，各国政府应该采取有力措施来保护森林资源。

　　It is generally believed that the governments of all countries should take effective measures to protect forest resources.

　　7. The picture is thought-provoking, … 这幅画发人深省，…
　　译：这幅画是发人深省的，它所说明的是我们今天社会普遍存在的一种现象。

　　The picture is thought-provoking, and what it illustrates is a common phenomenon in our society today.

　　8. What the drawing describes implies that …… 这张图画所描述的内容暗示了，…
　　译：这张图画所描述的内容暗示了，我们应该经得住失败的考验。

　　What the drawing describes implies that we should withstand the test of failure.

---关于比较、利弊、优缺点的句型:

　　1. S + have (or has) a lot of advantages over... (与...相比有许多优点)

　　2. Compared with …, sb./sth. has/have the advantage of … (有… 方面的长处；... 的优点是 …)

　　3. be of great benefit to sb./sth. (对... 有益)

　　4. benefit sb/sth. (对...有好处)

　　benefit from sth. (由于...而受益)

　　5. do (a lot of) good to sb. (对... 有许多好处)

　　be good for sb./sth. (对... 有益)

　　do damage to sth./damage sth. (对... 造成损坏)

　　do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. (对... 有害处)

　　6. be as (not so) good/great as...

　　7. not so much ...as... (与其说...,不如说...)

　　---说明原因的句型:

　　1. There are two/some good reasons for sth./to do sth. …
　　生活条件改变的原因有两条。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，我们的经济在迅速发展并且出生率得到了控制。

　　There are two reasons for the changes in people's living conditions. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been under control. .

　　2.We have two good reasons for/against ...
　　我们有两条充分理由反对工业不受控制的发展。

　　We have two good reasons against the uncontrolled development of industry.

　　3. The reason for...is that + 从句
　　我们支持“希望工程”的原因是, 许多贫困地区的儿童付不起继续学业的各种费用。

　　The reason for us to support the “Project Hope” is that many children in poor areas can not shoulder different kinds of expenses to continue with their schooling.

--- 关于因果关系的句型:

　　物价上升的原因是需求的增加。

　　The cause of (=reason for) higher prices was an increase in demand.
　　或: Because the demand has increased, the prices are higher.
　　或: An increase in demand results in higher prices.
　　或: The demand has increased. As a result, the prices are higher.
　　或: If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise
　　译：他们取得的成果是由于他们的刻苦努力。What they have achieved results from their hard(=painstaking) work.

--表示不同看法的句型:

　　1. 人们对这个问题的看法各不相同。When it comes to sth, the opinions of people differ
　　有些人认为 … ；其他人争辩说 … ；还有一些人主张 …
　　Some believe that ... Others argue that .... Still others maintain that ...

　　2. 他们的观点各不相同。They are quite different from each other in their opinions.

　　3. 有些人持这样的观点：孩子少是好事。 Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.

　　4. 他们对这个问题的态度大相径庭。They think quite differently on this question.

　　5. 他们对噪音问题的态度截然不同。They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem.

　　家长和孩子对这个问题的看法不同。家长认为，孩子应努力学习，得到好的学习成绩。而孩子们则认为，他们应该有更多的自由来支配他们的闲暇时间，来安排他们的未来。

　　Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have more freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.

---- 表示必须、紧急、有困难做某事的句型:

　　It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth.

--- 常用谚语 (在议论文中):

　　1. 常言道，“事物总是一分为二的。” As a popular saying goes, "Every coin has two sides".

　　2. As a proverb says, "Everything has two sides". On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don't deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides.

　　3. As a proverb says, " Where there is a will there is a way." (有志者事竟成。)

　　4. As a popular saying goes, "A man is known by the company he keeps."(观其交友，知其为人。)

　　5. As is known to all, "No pains, no gains". (没有苦，就没有甜。)

　　6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。)

　　7. More haste, less speed. (欲速者不达。)

　　8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。)

　　9. He who laughs last laughs best. (谁最后笑，谁笑得最好。)

　　--- 辩论中常用的句型:

　　1. There is no doubt that ... 译：毫无疑问the rapid increase in population 促使 the sharp decrease in the species of wild animals.

　　2. It is obvious/clear that 爱心是一盏灯, 越黑暗的地方, 它越明亮。

　　3. 众所周知，中国一贯主张, 国家不管大小, 应该一律平等。As is known to all, China always maintains that all nations should be equal, be they large or small.

　　4. (It's) no wonder ... (难怪) 译：他不努力工作, 难怪他丢了工作。

　　5. It goes without saying that ... ( 不成问题, 很自然 ) ：很自然，健康的人比病人幸福。It goes without saying that healthy people are much happier than sick ones.

　　6.What is more important, we should 保持 ecological balance.

　　7. I am convinced that only if our society is full of love, tomorrow will be much better and brighter.

　　8. It is no exaggeration to say … 可以毫不夸张地说，…

　　--- 举例表示法:

　　1. For example,/ For instance,the people's economic status has been greatly improved.

　　2. A case in point is that the economic status of the people has been improved.

　　3. Let's have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become household necessities.

2008年考研英语写作预测之重点话题与句型四

　　1.开头段的常用核心句型

　　1) The arguer may be right about..., but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that....

　　2) Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that....

　　3) There is an element of truth in this argument, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that....

　　4) It is true that ..., but this is not to say that....

　　5) The main / obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that....

　　6) It would be natural / reasonable to think that..., but it would be absurd to claim that....

　　7) In all the discussion and debate over..., one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected.

　　8) There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that....

　　9) To assume that...is far from being proved.

　　10) A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless) it is.

　　11) On the surface (At first thought), it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that....

　　12) Too much emphasis placed on...may obscure other facts....

　　13) The problem / fact are that....

　　14) However logical this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.

　　15) As far as I am concerned, I believe that....

　　16) Although I appreciate that..., I cannot agree with....

　　17) Those who object to ... argue that.... But people who favor..., on the other hand, argue that....

　　18) Currently, there is a general concern over....

　　19) Now it is widely acknowledged that.... But I wonder whether....

　　20) These days we often hear about ..., but is this really the case?

　　2、中间段的常用核心句型

　　1) The change in...Mainly results from....

　　2) The increase in...Is due to the fact that....

　　3) Many people would claim that....

　　4) One of the reasons given for...is that.... What is also worth noticing is that....

　　5) There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in.... First ... Second ... Finally...

　　6) There is no evidence to suggest that....

　　7) Why are (is / do / did)...? For one thing ... For another...

　　8) There are numerous reasons why..., and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.

　　9) It will exert remarkable effect on....

　　10) A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to) the change in....

　　11) With the development of..., vast changes awaits this country society.

　　12) History is filled with the examples of....

　　13) The story is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples.

　　14) As is shown in the table released by the government, it can be learned that....

　　15) There is (no) good evidence to....

　　16) We must admit the undeniable fact that....

　　17) No one can deny (brush aside) the fact that....

　　18) Experience (Evidence) suggests that....

　　19) The same is true of....

　　20) As the saying goes, “....

　　3、结尾段的常用核心句型

　　1) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that....

　　2) Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely come to the conclusion that

　　3) It is high time that we place great emphasis on the improvement of....

　　4) It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation (tendency / phenomenon) of....

　　5) There is no easy solution to the problem of ..., but ... might be useful.

　　6) Given the factors I have just outlined, I can only say that....

　　7) Unless there is a common realization of ..., it is very likely that....

　　8) There is no denying that serious attention must be called to the problem of....

　　9) It is essential that effective measures should be taken to prevent the situation.

　　10) It is fundamental that effective actions should be taken to control the tendency.

　　11) It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of....

　　12) It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding (developing / improving)....

　　13) It remains to be seen whether ..., but the prospect is not quite encouraging.

　　14) It remains unknown whether ..., but the outlook is quite rosy.

　　15) Anyhow, wider education should be given to the possible consequences of....

　　16) Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of....

　　17) To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires a different state of mind towards....

　　18) To control the tendency is not an easy job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards....

　　19) For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that....

　　20) To put all into a nutshell, I....

zyb915

胡敏的作文14篇背诵，
如何是作文的时态简单化，以最大程度地避免错误？
参加国际上的任何一场考试，只要是写英语作文，主体上应该是一般现在时态；只有当你提到具体的、过去的、某一事件段发生的具体的某一件事情作为例证时，可以一般过去时。中心时态是简单的一般现在时。
图画作文
以下四篇背诵文章解决该类题型：
第一：对图画进行描述：第二：透过画面点出图画的寓意；第三：发表议论、提出问题方法和建议。
P102 Exercise 7
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
（背诵第一篇）
As is shown in the pictures, (From the pictures, we can see clear that) with the increase of commercial fishing, the number of fishes dramatically decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, with many fishing-boats.
The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decline of ocean resources. Owing to overfishing the number of fishes has obviously dropped. If we let this situation go/continue as it is, we do not know where fish will be in the future. By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction.
Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that the ocean resources are very vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I believe that we humans can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a brighter future.（背诵第一篇）
P25 范文十
Directions:沙进我退，我进沙退
A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in about 200 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Describe the cartoon（对图画进行描述） and the message conveyed（透过画面点出图画的寓意）
2. Draw a conclusion and give your comment on the cartoon.（发表议论、提出问题方法和建议）
（背诵2）
From the pictures, we can see clearly the relationship between people and the deserts. In the first picture, people are fleeing from greedy sand hills because they cut down all the trees. The caption reads: As the sand advances, we retreat. In the second picture, the people have returned carrying tools, water and young trees to plant the land again. The caption reads: As we advance, the sand retreats.（描述）
It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about the importance of trees in water and soil conservation, and the need for everyone to fight against the danger of desertification. In fact, what he is saying is if we do not fight against the sandhills, the sandhiills will drive us away from the land. (In fact, what he is saying is that the sandhills will drive us away from the land if we do not fight against them.) If we let this situation go as it is, our environment will suffer a great destruction. (寓意)
The best way to fight back against the greedy desert is made clear in the second picture. There the local people are actively setting about the task of planting trees to reclaim(改造) the land and make it(代词的使用) fertile. The fact that（同位语）there are three people in the picture each with a different job(逻辑独立主谓结构，介词短语表示动态概念), suggest that (事实说明)working together is the key to success in the battle against soil erosion.(措施、建议)（背诵2）
?????????? Today, the earth's deserts are spreading and getting larger and desertification is a serious problem facing the world. The major reason for this is irresponsible cutting down of trees. As is shown in the first cartoon, when people cut down trees desert forces on and becomes irrepressible.
People cut down trees for various reasons but they may forget that trees play a vital part in water and soil conservation. Trees can preserve moisture and fertility in the soil, protect soil against erosion and prevent fertile land from becoming desert. Therefore when people cut down all of the trees, the earth lies bare and dry in the hot sun, and desert is inevitable.
Desertification can lead to many other serious problems which may threaten the existence of human beings, such as a reduction of arable land, terrible droughts and famine. In order to prevent desertification, people have to plant trees, as the second cartoon shows. The time when people plant trees is the time when desert retreats. People should not cut down trees any more, as is done in the first cartoon, but rather, they should plant more trees, and only in this way can desertification be finally defeated.
P23：范文八
隐形杀手
Directions:
A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in about 200 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Describe the cartoon and the message conveyed
2. Draw a conclusion and give your comment on the cartoon
背诵3Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. As is shown in the cartoon, two cars are giving off waste gas and three people are trying to avoid breathing in the poisonous gas by masking their face with their hands. The poisonous gas sent off by factories, domestic appliances and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe.（对图画进行描述）
There is no denying that automobiles are indications of civilization, progress and development; nevertheless, automobiles cause the serious problem of air pollution. Scientists have warned that unless effective measures are taken, the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand. Actually, people are showing a real concern over the problem. For example, there is an increasingly loud voice from the public（公众） for firm action against pollution from automobiles.（寓意）
Indeed, the earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our descendants. In my opinion, we should work out concrete solutions to the problem of pollution from poisonous gas given off by automobiles. For example, the automobiles should be equipped with a device which can dispose of waste gas so as to prevent it from polluting air. Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.（措施、建议）背诵3
P24 范文九
产销会
Directions:
A. Write an essay that conveys the information in the following chart/graph/picture/drawing/cartoon accompanied by your comments.
B. Time limit: 40 minutes
C. Word limit: no less than 150 words
D. Your essay should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.
背诵4This picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard, and being shocked at the message. This is because the billboard is advertising a "Sale of Dead Bodies." The cartoon is a criticism of the careless use of simplified characters.
Obviously, the advertiser wants to inform people of the sale of something else- not dead bodies! But we don't know what it is, because the three characters which make up the message are used incorrectly. Nowadays too many people not only do not take enough care to write properly, they even invent their own simplified ways of writing.
Simplifying the old, complicated characters has been a great benefit, enabling people to learn to read and write quickly. But we should stick to the standard simplified characters, make sure that we use them properly, and definitely not make up our own simplified characters. Otherwise, what was intended to make communication easier could result in making it more difficult.背诵4

图画+提纲+场景
P7 2001年写作考题评分标准及样卷
76. Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.（不是重心, 不能展开 ）
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,（描述，寓意）
2) give a specific example, and（举例）
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love. You should write about （建议措施）
200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
Sample 1（235词15句）
背诵5 (Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. ) 删除,败笔，机械抄袭命题语言Love is of the utmost importance to us humans. Everybody not only needs love, but also should give others love.
As can be seen in the picture, "love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places." This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than other people. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to help them step out of their difficulties.
I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the following examples. (Numerous examples can be given easily, but these will suffice<足够> For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his(her) life. Again, when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her t o finish school and change her life. In these circumstances you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.
To sum up, we should offer our help to all the needed. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. So when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don't hesitate to give your love to him (her). I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. (20分)背诵5
Sample 2
背诵6 It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about.（意思重复，但是给人的印象很好）= > Love is one of our /the favorite topic today. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries and speak different languages, but love is something common to us all. The picture tell us a simple truth: love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places.
Love is most valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help desperately(绝望地). I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small thing but she thanked me very much/a lot because my help was needed greatly. Therefore, my help was like a lamp in a dark place.
But how to show love may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to（more thoughts should be given to the way to show love√）.I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to strangers. In this way we can make this world a harmonious and peaceful world.(18分)背诵6
9个句子242单词 加深两点认识：老师写的，全是复杂句子
1． 文章趋势是复杂句子，基本上拿不到高分。
2． 全是简单句子，也不行。
*考试，考英语面掌握的宽度。句型多变化
2001年作文范文
背诵7 When we use the word "love" we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions.
As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standard s, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can-be it money or goods-to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for, as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines. 背诵7
图表作文
粗线条；原因，没点拓展一下；措施建议
99年 作文 (三)评卷实例
Directions:
A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
C. Your essay should cover these three points:
1. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife（描述图表，想大于现状，粗线条的描写）
2. Possible reason for the effect
3. Your suggestion for wildlife protection
样卷1. 得分14 15句话
背诵8
From these graphs, we can draw a conclusion that, with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly in America, and some species have even vanished from our planet.33
Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this. First, with a rapid growth of population (as the human population expands), more and more people came to(逐渐开始) live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other places. Some of them probably cannot adapt to the new environment and die. Second, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Third, with the development of industry, the natural balance and the ecological environment are destroyed. The deforestation(采伐森林) has become more and more serious. So(锁定这一段 some of the wild lives become homeless and extinct. 123
In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. First, the government s should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the governments should educate people to love nature and protect it. Third, as for ours elves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.49背诵8
P18 范文三老师写的
在写一些文章时，不可避免的会有一些核心概念，避免重复。
①人口增长 野生动物 灭绝 构成威胁
THE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION GROWTH
背诵9
The two charts show that the ①increase in the U.S. population has been accompanied by a corresponding decline in the number of wildlife species. Far too many species have been lost already. This poses a danger to the ecological balance.
As the human population ②expands, more and more wild animals are hunted for food, or because they are thought to present a threat to man. But studies show that one of the primary causes of the disappearance of wildlife is pollution, which is one of the consequences of population ③growth and economic development. This makes us wonder if man is able to share this planet in harmony with other life forms.
In my opinion, it is imperative(迫切的) to take steps to reverse the disturbing(令人困惑的) trend illustrated in the charts. One measure would be to forbid the building of cities in areas where wild life is threatened with extinction. But, more importantly, man must learn to stop polluting the environment, or he himself will become extinct. 背诵9
举例时，有两种方式：
1． 举几个例子，每个例子都是高度浓缩，高度的提炼。
2． 举一个例子，把这个例子细化。
最后要有一个主题句，在后面锁定段落

范文十一
Statistics in People's Daily Expenses in Xi'an
Year Item 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Food 66 61 48 41 36
Clothing 9 10 12 15 18
Recreation 4 5 8 9 11
Others 21 24 32 35 35
Total 100 100 100 100 100
背诵10
What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the people's daily expenses in Xi'an from 1995 to 1999. The expenses on food have declined by 30% while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%. The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to one another.
There are two factors accounting for these changes. Development in economy is an essential one in the five years. The increased income resulting from economic growth plays an important part in the less expense on food. Hence, a small percentage of total income is enough to cover food expense. Another one is the changes in life style. When food presents no worry to the average, people begin to focus more of interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increases year after year.
From the analyses made above, we may come to the conclusion that people's living standards in Xi'an have been constantly improved between 1995 and 1999. With the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the better direction. 背诵10
提纲：（这篇题没给）
1． 描述图表，现状
2． 原因
3． 预测未来

图表作文的变体
A. Write an essay that conveys the information in the following chart/graph/picture/drawing/cartoon accompanied by your comments.(1 信息〈具体的描述〉 2 对信息的看法)
B. Time limit
C. Word limit
写法：第一段依然是粗线条的描述
第二段进行深入细致的描述*图表语言*
第三段发表个人的评论
第1种 分析背后的原因
第2种 对图表的发展趋势，发表个人的看法
第3种 一般性的评论（原因、趋势）
1． 这种提醒考的是科研能力。 要会观察现象、看数据，会分析里面的规律性的东西
2． 考论证的能力。 观点是来自数据、图表本身；规律性的东西——观点；数举行的东西——论证支持。
3． 图表本身暗示作者的立场。
4． 一切的一切来源于图表。
考科研能力；考语言能力。
P15 范文一
最新大纲样题（2001年）：情景+提纲+图表*图表语言*
Directions:
Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.
There is a discussion in a newspaper on the above two viewpoints.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1) criticizing their view and
2) justify your stand.
In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed below.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
把图看懂，图的导向是什么，以此明确你的立场。
背诵11
The majority of people would agree that cigarette smoking has caused serious problems. But the tobacco companies insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.（当他的情景部分是两个观点，而图表本身又暗示了一个观点，在第一段要点击对方的观点，但是绝对不展开。也不要写的太长。）
Personally, I believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. Firstly, smoking is responsible for（是造成什么原因） many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases and so on. According to the survey, tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three mill ion people die from smoking-related diseases every year. The fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from 143.64 billion pounds in 1994 to 142 billion pounds in 1995 also suggests that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. Secondly, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion US dollars is lost due to smoking each year. Obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substantially exceeds(大大超过) the gain in the industry.（*全部来源于数据*仅是描述）
表层结构写出来，思考就生成观点。数据就变成论证。（不能这么写）
特殊要求：图表语言
In conclusion, as the economic development aims at making our life better, we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to spend more and more money providing medical services for those who suffer from smoking-related illnesses, the notion of promoting economy via tobacco production is not justifiable. It is high time that we fought for the total tobacco ban. 背诵11

P36 范文二十五（比较少见） 参看：19 20 23 24 27（2002年的命题变了一下）
Directions:
A. Write an essay discussing the two opposite opinions given below, give both some reasons, and make your comments or suggestions.
There are two main opinions concerning the development of private cars in China: One maintains that their free development should be encouraged, while the other argues that it must be sternly restricted.
B. Time limit: 40 minutes
C. Word limit: about 200 words
D. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
背诵12
Should the development of private cars be encouraged or restricted in China? To judge this issue, we should look at three aspects: What are the advantages of private cars; what are their disadvantages; and is China ready for the free development of private cars?
First of all, the private car is a symbol of freedom. It enables an individual or a family to travel anywhere and at any time, without relying on public transport. It is convenient for shopping and transporting children to and from school. Moreover, in the case of illness, it can carry its owner or other sick person t o hospital without delay.
However, too many private cars can lead to traffic jams, thus slowing down life and work rather than speeding it up. In addition, automobiles are major polluter s of the atmosphere. And, last but not least, the more cars there are on the roads, the more traffic accidents occur. It seems to me that China, at its present stage of development, should restrict the number of private cars. For one thing, it would be a waste of resources to build a huge automobile industry at a time when only a few people can afford to buy cars. For another, the country must first bring pollution under control before adding to the problem with more cars. 背诵12

P37 范文二十六（比较怪的一道题）参看：28 29 30 31 32
Directions:
A. Title: How to Improve Or Reform Our Current College Entrance Examination System.
B. Time limit: 40 minutes
C. Word limit: about 200 words
D. Your essay should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
E. Your essay should be based on the information given below.
目前我国高考竞争愈演愈烈。每年考生人数近300万，而录取率在40%以下，多数考生肯定要 落选。这给考生、考生的家庭和学校，乃至整个社会，都造成了很大压力，引发了一些社会 问题。此外，不同类型或特点的考生用同一模式和难度的试卷，有欠公允；三天的考试成绩 便决定一个人的未来命运，亦不够合理。如何解决这些问题，改革现行的高考制度?我的 意见是…。（看成三点：1 现状 2原因 3建议措施）
背诵13
Statistics show that no more than 40% of people who take the college entrance exams pass. Because a college education is regarded as the key to a successful career, this puts enormous pressure on the applicants. It also causes social problems, as those who fail consider that they have disgraced their families.
It seems to me that the exams are unfair, for three reasons: First, applicants with different abilities are faced with the same type of exam paper, second, the results of a mere three days of examination affect the applicant's whole future; and third, applicants who can afford private tutors usually score higher marks than those who are poorer, but perhaps more intelligent.
To improve the system of college entrance exams, I suggest the following steps: the exam papers should be graded to take into account the different levels of ability and the different backgrounds of the applicants; in addition to the actual exam, a complete assessment of the applicant's educational achievements should be made; and tutoring in examination techniques should be made available to all. 背诵13

The man to remember
背诵14
Perhaps the most interesting person I have ever met is an Italian professor of philosophy who teaches at the University of Pisa. Although I last met this man eight years ago, I have not forgotten his special qualities.
First of all, I was impressed from the beginning by his devotion to teaching. Because his lectures were always well=prepared and clearly delivered, students always swarmed into his classroom. His followers also appreciated the fact that he believed in what he taught and that he was always stimulating. (引人入胜的)Furthermore he could be counted on in every class session to explain his ideas in an imaginative way, introducing such aids to student understanding as oil paintings, phonograph records, pieces of sculpture, and guest lecturers. Once he even sang a song in class in order to illustrate a point.
Second, I admired the fact that he would confer with students outside of the classroom or talk with them on the telephone. Drinking coffee in the snack bar, he would easily make friends with students. Sometimes he would challenge a student to join with him a game of chess. At other times, he would quite readily join groups to discuss subjects ranging from astronomy to scuba diving. Many young people visited him in his office for academic advice; others came to his home for social evenings.
Finally, I was impressed and attracted by his lively wit. He believed that no class hour is a success unless the students and the professor share several chuckles and at least one loud laugh. Through his sense of humor, he made learning much more enjoyable and lasting. If it is true that life makes a wise man smile and a foolish man cry, then my friend is truly a wise man. Probably the best example of his wit is this idea with which he once ended a lecture : ”It is as dangerous for man to model himself up on his invention, the machine, as it would be for God to model himself upon His invention. ” 背诵14
重视语言的表达(实质性的涨分)
There is a growing concern over the students who do not put too much emphasis on study. Some students always idle away their time(消磨时光), playing cards, drinking, gambling. These problems are really serious. Taking into account all these factors, we can safely come to the conclusion that the students will waste more time if they do not make good use of it.
As a student, busy as I am with my study, I also do many interesting things such as reading novels, writing articles at the two-day weekend. All work no play makes Jack a dull boy(只工作不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻). It is really true!这些词句就像沙漠中的金子，所谓的金子无非是语言的variety。所谓语言漂亮是指语言的变化。
1词的变化：
使：make
a) This society still makes women unable to enjoy equal rights.
b) Women are still denied equal rights.
a) The incident made me recall one of my past experiences.
b) The incident reminded me of one of my past experiences.
不仅……而且：not only…but also
a) The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is no only social but also psychological.
b) The factors for a rise in teenage smoking are psychological as well as social.
a) Taking a part-time job cannot only earn a little money, but also have an opportunity to contact with society.
b) Taking a part-time job means more than a little money you can earn. It also means an opportunity to contact with society.
a) Old people go to park not only to do exercise but also to make friends.
b) Old people go to park as much for companionship as for exercise.
人们认为：people think
越来越：more and more
a) More and more students find learning English has become more and more difficult.
b) Students in growing numbers find learning has become increasingly difficult.
a) More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years.
b) Teenage smoking is on the rise in recent years.
a) More and more teachers are demanded with the development of economy.
b) There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy.
大多数：most
a) Most students take a part-time job after class.
b) The vast majority of students take a part-time job after class.
a) Most people take part in sports of different kinds.
b) The considerable proportion of people takes part in sports of different kinds.
a) Most college students take a negative attitude towards smoking.
b) The large percentage of college population take a negative attitude towards smoking.
2 句型的变化
A variety of reasons have led me to choose this occupation over other more lucrative ones. First, teaching is learning. To make my lectures more interesting, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world—the very thing I like to do in my life. Second, teaching means freedom. As a teacher, I can freely express my opinions and explain them in my own way since nobody will interfere with me. Finally, I like teaching because it offers a certain peace of mind. No more rushing to catching a morning bus, no more anxiety to please a boss, and no more worries about being laid off because you are getting old.

zyb915

图画作文的段落

    核心提示：胡敏老师早在2000年暑假讲授考研写作时就提出了考研英语ESSAY写作十大学术功能段落的概念，从此成为各类考研写作课的必讲内容。关于意义阐释段，前面已经有详细论述，所以这里只给出图画描述段与建议措施段（选自胡敏编著的《2007年考研英语高分作文》），可以背诵和模仿，与前面学习的套话相互补充。
第十七天：大小写作 得分多多---图画作文功能段落

今天我继续讲授大作文的复习方法---背诵和模仿功能段落。胡敏老师早在2000年暑假讲授考研写作时就提出了考研英语ESSAY写作十大学术功能段落的概念，从此成为各类考研写作课的必讲内容。所谓功能段落，简而言之，就是用于完成一个要点的表述的段落。以图画作文而言，通常包括三个要点，那么就包含三个功能段落：图画描述段、意义阐释段与建议措施段。关于意义阐释段，前已经有详细论述，所以这里只给出图画描述段与建议措施段（选自胡敏编著的《2007年考研英语高分作文》），可以背诵和模仿，与前面学习的套话相互补充。

图画描述段：

As is shown in the picture, trees play a vital role in water and soil conservation. In the left hand picture, people are fleeing from voracious sand dunes because they cut down all the trees. The caption reads, “As the sand advances, we retreat.” In the right hand picture, the people have returned carrying tools, water, and saplings for the reforestation of the land. The caption reds: “As we advance, the sand retreats.”

建议措施段：

In my opinion, it is imperative to take steps to reverse the disturbing trend illustrated in the charts. One measure would be to forbid the building of cities in areas where wildlife is threatened with extinction. But, more importantly, man must learn to stop polluting the environment, or he himself will become extinct.

上面两个段落中的粗体都是套话，第一个段落里的套话适合描述两幅图画时使用，而第二个段落里的套话适合谈论一个社会问题的解决方案时使用。

除了图画作文，图表作文与命题作文虽然不是大作文考试的重点，但是也要了解一下。其实这三类作文是相通的，不过载体不同而已。关于图表作文，考生可以看1997年的作文。命题作文是1997年以前的考试题型，而且考生对它的写法非常熟悉，因此无需赘述。


考研英语冲刺30天之第16天：图画作文的套话

    核心提示：第十六天：大小写作 得分多多---图画作文套话 在上一篇文章中，我着重谈到了图画作文的结构问题。临近考试，不少考生希望背一些模版，或套话，这是可以理解的。写套话能凑字数，也能使自己的文章在结构上趋近大作文的要求。从这个意义上来说，可以使用套话，有时甚至必须使用套话。另一方面，套话过多，或者说全文都是一些空
第十六天：大小写作 得分多多---图画作文套话

在上一篇文章中，我着重谈到了图画作文的结构问题。临近考试，不少考生希望背一些模版，或套话，这是可以理解的。写套话能凑数，也能使自己的文章在结构上趋近大作文的要求。从这个意义上来说，可以使用套话，有时甚至必须使用套话。另一方，套话过多，或者说全文都是一些空洞无物、不痛不痒，根本不涉所考图画具体内容的套话，最终判分不可能高，甚至会很低。有鉴于此，我主张用套话提示文章的大结构、段落的小结构，具体内容应该自己填充。其实，即算是这样，套话已经不少了。所以考生不要担心自己的字数不够。以前面分析过的范文（其中明显的语法与用词错误已改）为例，看哪些话是可以套用的。
More and more young people are increasingly influenced by foreign culture. As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman has put “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style. It is clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon in our society today: a growing number of people, especially the young, are endlessly chasing popular things, disregarding the cost that they must pay.

There are at least two good reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, the spreading of foreign culture in our country in recent years may be the main reason. On account of this, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things. Secondly, a lot of people have become richer and richer. As a result, they can pay to do those kinds of things. There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly accepted.

As far as I am concerned, the spreading of foreign culture in our society is not a bad thing. But as a popular saying goes, everything has two sides. This phenomenon is no exception. My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand, people should take a proper attitude toward this phenomenon. On the other hand, our society is expected to appeal to the general public to resist its bad effect. I am sure that my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

范文中的粗体部分稍变更，是可以套用于任何图画作文的。光是这些句子就接近70词。考试时如果写160词，就只需自己写90词了。如果对自己的写作很没有把握，上文可以套用的句子更多。例如，第二段末的 “There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly accepted.”。

综上所述，套话可以用，但不能通篇都是套话。们主要用于提示文章的结构，图画的具体内容与含义应该用自己的话进行简练准的叙述，这里的叙述也是最能显示你的写作水平的地方，不妨独运匠心。


考研英语冲刺30天之第15天：图画作文的结构

    核心提示：下面以2006年大作文的一篇高分范文为例说明高分作文的特征，考生可以将自己的文章与之对照，从而对自己可以提高的地方有直观的认识。 综上所述，一篇高分大作文既要注意整体结构上的完整与规范，如包含提纲中的全部要点，又要注意微观上，即段落内部结构的完整。
第十五天：大小写作 得分多多---图画作文结构

图画作文是考研大作文的主要出题类型，考生必须特重视。目前已经到了考研复习的收官阶段，考生应该对评分标准定自己的强项，在考试时加以发扬，同时找出自己的弱项，加以克服。首先请两个重要的评分标准：

20-17分 内容切题，包括题中所列的各项要求；清楚表达其内涵，文连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词确，文章长度符合要求。
16-13分 内容切题，包括题中所列的各项要求；比较清楚地表达其内涵，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词错误较少。文章长度符合要求。

简而言之，优秀的作文应该：

1． 包括题目中要求的全部要点；

2． 结构规范清晰；

3． 词汇丰富、句子结构有变化。

当然，最基本的要求是不离题，而且字数（160-200词）符合要求。下以2006年大作文的一篇高分范文为例说明高分作文的特征，考生可以将自己的文章与之对照，从而对自己可以提高的地方有直观的认识。

2006年大作文（关于崇拜Beckham的）

Directions:

Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1) describe the photos briefly,

2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and

3) give you point of view.

You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)

范文

More and more young people are increasingly influenced by foreign culture. As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman puts “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style. It is clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon in our society today: more and more people, especially the young, are endlessly chasing popular things, disregarding the cost that they must pay.

There are at least three good reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, the spreading of foreign culture in our country in recent years may be the main reason. Secondly, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things. Last but not least, a lot of people have become richer and richer. As a result, they can pay for the expense to do that kind of things. There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.

As far as I am concerned, the spreading of foreign culture in our society is not a bad thing. But as a popular saying goes, every thing has two sides. This phenomenon is without exception. My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand, people should take a proper attitude toward this phenomenon. On the other hand, our society is expected to appeal to the general public to resist its bad effect. I am sure that my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

本文的得分是18分，因为基本符合20-17分的评分标准：

1． 包括了问题中的三个要点：

第一段， 描述图画；第二段，阐述图画含义；第三段，提出建议措施。

2． 结构规范清晰

图画作文一般写三段，各段的内容分配上面已经阐述。这是大的结构安排。本文到了这一点。具体到各段，还有小结构的安排问题。例如，在第一段中，如果涉的图画有两幅，每幅图至少用一句话描述。本文就是这么做的：

As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman puts “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style.

在第二段中，一般根据题目的提纲的提示，要么阐述一段所说的现象的原因，通常写2-3条，要么举例说明图画所反映的问题。在本文的第二段，考生在首句交代本段要从三个方面阐述原因：There are at least three good reasons for this phenomenon，接下来以三个关联词提示三个原因：In the first place…Secondly…Last but not least…。

在最后一段中，考生明确告诉阅卷老师自己提出了建议措施：My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand…On the other hand…。

三．用词准确、句子结构有变化

像disregard （第一段末）、cope with（末段中间）与 appeal to（末段倒数第二句）等词与词组的使用表明考生的用词比较准确。与此同时，像被动语态、形式主语、各种复合句的使用也说明考生的句子结构不单调。

除了上面的优点，范文也有一些不足之处，使它被扣掉2分。最严重的问题是：第二段的三点理由其实只是两点，因为第二点 “Secondly, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things.” 仅仅是对第一点的具体说明，而非与第一点相并列的另一点。

综上所述，一篇高分大作文既要注意整体结构上的完整与规范，如包含提纲中的全部要点，又要注意微观上，即段落内部结构的完整。


考研倒数17天：大小写作得分多多--大作文分类

    核心提示：第十四天：大小写作 得分多多---大作文分类大作文，就是考研大纲里所说的短文写作，比小作文的要求更高。
第十四天：大小写作 得分多多---大作文分类

　　大作文，就是考研大纲里所说的短文写作，比小作文的要求更高。首先是数方，要求根据提示信息写出一篇160-200词的短文。但是提示信息的形式不止一种，涉的题材也有多种，因此备考办法也有一些区。下面结合审题来大作文的分类。

　　一、大作文审题

　　大作文的题目给考生提供信息，形式如下：

　　1.主题句 2.写作提纲 3.规定情景 4.图、表

　　对于不同的提示信息形式审题时要注意不同的问题，而且要注意各类提示信息形式的混合，如同时使用提纲与情景等。如果题目中已经给出主题句，就要以为本文的主题陈述，并根据题目的其要求对此主题进行论述。如果题目中已经给出写作提纲，那就要严格按提纲写作。即使是规定情景与图表作文也有这一问题。总之，无论属于哪种提示信息形式，考生都要根据题目中的要点(一般为三点)进行写作，否则就会被扣分，甚至被判为跑题，大作文得零分。试看惨痛教训：下文是1999年一位考生的作文，虽然语言出色，但是文章的落脚点(population growth)与题目的提示信息(effect of population on wildlife and possible reason)相偏离，最终被判为零分。

　　1999年作文题

　　Directions:

　　A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.

　　B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.

　　C. Your essay should cover these three points:

　　1. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildlife

　　2. possible reason for the effect

　　3. your suggestion for wildlife protection

　　考生文章(零分)

　　According to the figures given in the bar charts, it took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then the world population increased rapidly, adding up to two billion in 1930. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years. From then on the global population was on the rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which is another billion people in 15 years.

　　There are at least two reasons, I think, for the sharp increase in world population….

　　In my opinion, the chief reason for the population growth was not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

　　二、大作文题材

　　大作文所选用的图画与图表一般涉及与人们的生活有关的社会现象和问题，主要包含下列题材：

　　1.教育  2.职业道德  3.身体健康  4.家庭关系  5.环境保护  6.人口增长  7.文化交流

　　按照上述题材，历年的考题可以分类如下：
         
          1998年：职业道德；1999年：人口增长与环境保护；2000年：环境保护；2001年：教育；2002年：文化交流；2003年：教育；2004年：教育；2005年：家庭关系；2006年：教育。

　　由此可见，涉及一般品德与个性教育的题材较多。而且，上面的几大题材通常是考试出题的重要方向。为了考试时有话可说，考生可以根据上述几个题材准备一些各个题材常用的核心词汇。例如，涉及赡养老人的题材时，可以积累下列表达法：

　　support one’s aged parents赡养年迈的父母

　　betray one’s own conscience违背自己的良知

　　shirk the responsibility推卸责任

　　pay back one’s parents’ love回报父母的爱

　　综上所述，根据题目的提示信息形式审题，按照不同题材准备核心词汇，是写好大作文的重要前提条件。


考研倒数18天：大小写作得分多多--小作文语言

    核心提示：第十三天：大小写作 得分多多---小作文要点

　　除了格式与语言问题以外，文章是否包含题目中的所有要点也是小作文的重要评分标准之一。首先，数应达到100词左右；其次，小作文题目中提到的要点(一般为三点)应该在文中全部提。所以，审题要仔细，不能遗漏问题中的要点。根据这一要求，小作文一般写3-4段。仍然以2005年的小作文题为例说明这一点。

　　Directions:

　　Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.

　　Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

　　题目中的指令是Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology，很明显作文应包括三个要点：告诉老板自己的辞职决定，陈述辞职的原因并表示歉意。范文包含了上述三个要点：第一段告诉老板自己的辞职决定，第二段给出了辞职的三个原因，而末段表示了歉意。

　　Dear Mr. Wang,

　　I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. There are a few factors involved that I find intolerable.

　　First of all, the salary has proven to be much lower than you originally promised, and I have a large family to support. In addition, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, so it is exhausting for me to spend over three hours commuting every day. Most importantly, I feel rather disappointed and left out on the job itself, as in the past two months I was never given any really important responsibility.

　　I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　综上所述，可以用3-4个段落对应题目中的几个要点，一般是一个段落写一个要点。在阐述要点时，各个段落分工如下：

　　第一段：交代写信的目的；

　　第二段：从两三个方谈论信的主体内容，各个方面之间以关联词相呼应，给人层次分明的感觉，像范文第二段中的关联词first of all, in addition, most importantly就使得第二段充分而连贯；

　　第三段：阐述第三个要点，如果有的话；

　　最后一段：从交际的角度来完成此信，如获得恩惠后表示感激、造成麻烦时表示歉意等。

考研倒数19天：大小写作得分多多--小作文语言
2007-1-4http://www.** 进入论坛
    核心提示：二、文体规范所谓文体，就是考研大纲中所说的语域问题。
第十二天：大小写作 得分多多---小作文语言

　　格式以外，小作文的语言也很重要。除了一般作文的要求，如没有语法错误、用词丰富、句子结构有变化以外，小作文还有特殊的要求，如文体方与交际方面的要求。下面以前一天的范文为例剖析这几点。

　　Dear Mr. Wang,

　　I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. There are a few factors involved that I find intolerable.

　　First of all, the salary has proven to be much lower than you originally promised, and I have a large family to support. In addition, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, so it is exhausting for me to spend over three hours commuting every day. Most importantly, I feel rather disappointed and left out on the job itself, as in the past two months I was never given any really important responsibility.

　　I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　一、遣词造句

　　首先，本文用词准。例如，current position中的current，(spend over three hours) commuting中的commuting，(any really important) responsibility中的responsibility。其次，句型多变。有并列句，如第二段首句。还有较多的复合句，包含主句与从句，如第二段的第二句与第三句。当然，衔接手段也很丰富，具体内容会在明天的总结中谈到。

　　二、文体规范

　　所谓文体，就是考研大纲中所说的语域问题。小作文主要考查两类文体，即式文体与非正式文体。写给团体或机构的书信一般使用正式语言，即不用缩略语和口语用法。非正式文体主要涉写给朋友的书信，可以使用缩略语和口语用法。上面的信是写给团体负责人的，所以用语正式。

　　三、交际原则

　　所谓交际原则，就是要针对不同场合使用不同语言，使交流得以进行。落实到小作文的书信，就是要恰当地使用礼貌语言。上面文中的末句就体现了这一原则。不同的应用文有不同的用语，考生应该加以熟悉和背诵，使考试时能运用自如。针对不同应用文的具体套话。

考研倒数20天：大小写作得分多多--小作文格式
2007-1-4http://www.** 进入论坛
    核心提示：在两篇作文中，小作文，就是应用文满分为10分，得高分比大作文容易一些，因为它更加套路化，对语言的要求也不如大作文那么高。 (10 points)范文(选自胡敏编著的《2007年考研英语高分作文》)：Dear Mr。综上所述，注意格式是小作文得高分的第一步。
第十一天：大小写作 得分多多---小作文格式

　　作文与阅读一样极为重要。在两篇作文中，小作文，就是应用文满分为10分，得高分比大作文容易一些，因为更加套路化，对语言的要求也不如大作文那么高。可是考生的实际得分却不是很理想，2005年的平均分不到6分。出现这种问题的主要原因在于写作的格式、语言和要点等方注意不够。我准备用三天的文章来阐述这几个问题。今天介绍的是小作文的格式问题。下面以2005年的小作文考题为例说明这一问题。

　　Directions:

　　Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.

　　Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

　　范文(选自胡敏编著的《2007年考研英语高分作文》)：

　　Dear Mr. Wang,

　　I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. There are a few factors involved that I find intolerable.

　　First of all, the salary has proven to be much lower than you originally promised, and I have a large family to support. In addition, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, so it is exhausting for me to spend over three hours commuting every day. Most importantly, I feel rather disappointed and left out on the job itself, as in the past two months I was never given any really important responsibility.

　　I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　由上面2005年小作文考题以范文可以了解小作文格式主要涉及称呼、文与落款。

　　一、称呼

　　1.Dear Sir or Madam

　　这是对于不认识的团体或组织的负责人的称呼。

　　2.Dear Mr. xx/Ms.xx

　　这是对于认识但是关系很正式的团体或组织的负责人的称呼，也可用来称呼认识但是关系较正式的个人。上面的小作文中的称呼就属于这一情况。

　　3.Dear John/Mary(or any other name)

　　这是对关系较亲密的人的称呼：直呼其名。

　　二、正文

　　正文格式传统上采用缩进式，即每段开头空四个母，段落之间不空行。现在流行的格式，尤其是打印文件的格式，一般采用齐头式，即每段开头不空格，但是各段之间空一行。上面的范文就属于齐头式。考试时可以根据自己的习惯选择一种，但要给人留下格式清晰的印象，为自己争取同情分。

　　三、落款

　　由于考试时不要求使用真实姓名，落款时可以使用下列万能格式：

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　上面的范文就使用了这一格式。

　　综上所述，注意格式是小作文得高分的第一步。