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2009年考研英语大纲样题
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word （s） for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.
In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.
9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.
Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.
1. [A] as to [B] for instance
[C] in particular [D] such as
2. [A] tightening [B] intensifying
[C] focusing [D] fastening
3. [A] sketch [B] rough
[C] preliminary [D] draft
4. [A] illogical [B] illegal
[C] improbable [D] improper
5. [A] publicity [B] penalty
[C] popularity [D] peculiarity
6. [A] since [B] if
[C] before [D] as
7. [A] sided [B] shared
[C] complied [D] agreed
8. [A] present [B] offer
[C] manifest [D] indicate
9. [A] Release [B] Publication
[C] Printing [D] Exposure
10. [A] storm [B] rage
[C] flare [D] flash
11. [A] translation [B] interpretation
[C] exhibition [D] demonstration
12. [A] better than [B] other than
[C] rather than [D] sooner than
13. [A] changes [B] makes
[C] sets [D] turns
14. [A] binding [B] convincing
[C] restraining [D] sustaining
15. [A] authorized [B] credited
[C] entitled [D] qualified
16. [A] with [B] to
[C] from [D] by
17. [A] impact [B] incident
[C] inference [D] issue
18. [A] stated [B] remarked
[C] said [D] told
19. [A] what [B] when
[C] which [D] that
20. [A] assure [B] confide
[C] ensure [D] guarantee
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.
21. From the second paragraph we learn that [A] the objection to euthanasia is diminishing in some countries. [B] physicians and citizens have the same view on euthanasia. [C] technological changes are chiefly responsible for the new law. [D] it takes time to appreciate the significance of laws passed.
22. By saying that “observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling”(Line 7-8, Paragraph 2), the author means that [A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia. [B] there is a possibility of similar bills being passed in the U.S. and Canada. [C] observers are waiting to see the movement end up in failure. [D] the process of bill taking effect may finally come to a stop.
23. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will [A] undergo a cooling off period of seven days. [B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient. [C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering. [D] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia.
24. What is the author’s attitude towards euthanasia? [A] Hostile. [B] Suspicious. [C] Approving. [D] Indifferent.
25. We can infer from the text that the success of the right-to-die movement is [A] one a matter of time. [B] far from certain. [C] just an illusion. [D] a fading hope.
TEXT 2
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
26. According to the text, making monetary policy changes [A] is comparable to driving a car. [B] is similar to carrying out scientific work. [C] will not influence the economy immediately. [D] will have an immediate impact on the inflation rate.
27. From the text we learn that [A] there is a clear relationship between inflation and interest retes. [B] the economy always follows particular trends. [C] the current economic problem are entirely predictable. [D] the present economic situation is better than expected.
28. The text suggests that [A] the previous economic models are still applicable. [B] an extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation. [C] a high unemployment rate will result from inflation. [D] interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
29. By saying "This is no flash in the pan" (line 5, paragraph 3), the author implies that [A] the low inflation rate will continue. [B] the inflation rate will rise again. [C] inflation will disappear entirely. [D] there is no inflation at present.
30. How does the author feel about the present situation? [A] Tolerant. [B] Indifferent. [C] Disappointed. [D] Surprised.
TEXT 3
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
31. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business [A] has been striving to expand its market. [B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion. [C] tried but in vain to control the market. [D] has been booming for one year or so.
32. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that [A] the technology is popular with many Web users. [B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions. [C] there is a radical change in strategy. [D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners.
33. In the view of Net purists, [A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture. [B] money making should be given priority to on the Web. [C] the Web should be able to function as the television set. [D] there should be no online commercial information without requests.
34. We learn from the last paragraph that [A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce. [B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers. [C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago. [D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power.
35. The purpose of the author in writing the text is to [A] urge active participation in online business. [B] elaborate on various marketing strategies. [C] compare web business with traditional commerce. [D] illustrate the transition from the pull to push strategy.
TEXT 4
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "Shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
36. The author says that old family firms [A] were ruined by the younger generations. [B] failed for lack of individual initiative. [C] lacked efficiency compared with modern companies. [D] were able to supply adequate services to taxpayers.
37. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in [A] the separation of capital from management. [B] the ownership of capital by managers. [C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes. [D] the participation of shareholders as land ownership.
38. The text indicates that [A] some countries developed quickly because of their limited liability companies. [B] the tide of industrialisation benefited British shareholders greatly. [C] shareholders contributed a lot to the fast growth of the British economy. [D] the system of shareholding impaired the management of modern companies.
39. We learn from the text that [A] shareholders often cast negative influence on the well-being workers. [B] owners of traditional firm enjoyed a good relationship with their employees. [C] limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly. [D] trade unions had a positive role between workers and the management.
40. The author appears to be very critical of [A] family firm owners. [B] shareholder. [C] managers. [D] landowners.
Part B
Sample One
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41）_ ____.
Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42）____ _. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43）____ _. There are also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44）__ ___. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45）_ ____. About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
Sample Two
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
[A] “I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't－ it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it.
[B] “Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge an the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. if their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the fore a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.
[C] "I've got real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in ears or on a heat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
[D]"Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair-too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E]The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately .This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F]“So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problems of mine and help me out in my future work..”
[G]A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators , managers and/or executives of various department throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation---how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G——41. ——42. ——43. —— 44. ——45. ——F
Sample Three
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview . There are two kinds . One in the familiar “tombstone” that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional” resume——descriptive, fun to read , unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a “tombstone” for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those un-requested “tombstone” lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
(41) Put yourself first
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm , you have to feel important about yourself.
(42) Sell what you can do ,not who you are :
Practice translating your personality traits . character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas . There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work .
Toot your own born!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it.
(43) Be specific , be concrete , and be brief!
Remember that “brevity is the best policy,”
(44) Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has bad disappointments in work.. If you habe to mention yours , look for the positive side.
(45) Never apologize:
If you’re returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent , simply write a short paragraph(summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience . Don’t apologize for working at being a mother ; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself .Take four or five hours off, nit necessarily consecutive , and simply write down every accomplishment in your life , on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns . As you study your list , you will cone closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns ,give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills ,budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered . It may take four drafts or more ,and several weeks ,before you’re ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction . When you’re satisfied . send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that regard job hunting as serious work, work doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you?
[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote : “Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available”
[B] One resume I received included the following : “Invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule , reconciled accounts weekly , and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.” Notice how this woman focuses on results , specifies how she accomplished them , and mention her reward—all in 34 words.
[C] For example , if you have a flair for saving , managing and investing money . you have money management skills.
[D] An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement “Ready to learn through not so well educated”
[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred .The result is , of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
[F] A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced .She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved .Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvellous story wasn’t in her resume . She answered , “It wasn’t important.” What she was really saying of course was “I’m not important ”
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of heading and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (4~5). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Watching related expenses and making wise choice
[B] Paying attention to details
[C] Weighing your financial goals and expectations first
[D] Maintaining realistic expectations
[E] Narrowing the search
[F] Not too special
Eating better. Exercising. Investing. There are a lot of things you know should be doing. The problem is that getting started always seems to be the hardest part. For many investors. mutual funds are a good way to go, but trying to sort through the number of available choices—now more than 10,000—makes this important task appear overwhelming. Let’s look at some ways to cut that number down to a reasonable size, as well as other factors to consider when selecting your first fund.
41.
Before you begin examining potential investments, it’s important to take some time to access your own goals and risk tolerance. If you start with a clear objective in mind, as well as an understanding as to how you might react if your investment loses money, you’ll be less likely to purchase a fund that doesn’t fit your needs. And that’s what often leads it disappointment. It is important to look for funds that are appropriate for both your goals and your investment temperament.
42.
One way to begin your search for a good fund is to use the Morningstar stat rating. The rating is a useful tool for narrowing the field to funds that have done a good job of balancing return and risk in the past. To assign rating, Morningstar uses a formula that compares a fund’s risk-adjusted historical performance with that of other funds within four rating groups—domestic stock funds, international stock funds, taxable bond funds, and municipal bond funds.
43.
Funds that invest solely in a single market sectors, called specialty funds, often have impressive returns and may be great additions to a diversified portfolio. However, the success of such funds depends largely on the fortunes of a particular market sector. Hence, specialty funds probably aren’t the best way to start. For your first fund, look for a diversified stock fund that has exposure to different types of stocks.
44.
There’s no free lunch in fund investing: in addition to the sales fees that some fund companies charge, fund investors must also pay management fees and trading cost. Unfortunately, you don’t necessarily get what you pay for—no one has ever shown that more expensive funds provide greater returns. Look for funds with reasonable costs. The expense ratio, which expresses annual costs as a percentage amount, is probably the best number to use when comparing mutual fund costs.
45.
Whatever the market does, try to take it in stride. You’re in for the long haul, so don’t worry about the market’s day-to-day gyrations. Relax and resist the temptation to monitor your first investment daily. Check in on your mutual funds once a month, and give your portfolio a thorough exam every 6 to 12 months. And consider adding to your fund each month. An automatic investment plan makes it a relatively painless process.
Finally, remember that the ultimate measure of your success as an investor depends not on your owning the best-performing mutual fund. Only one fund will be the top performer over the next decade, and there’s no way to predict which one it will be. Meeting your own financial goals should ultimately be the yardstick by which you measure your investment success.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually pout. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 46) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 47) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract "?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 48) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans , or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice . Better to start with another, more fundamental, question : is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. 49) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake – a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view , which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow : the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh other's interests against one's own. This is turn requires sympathy and imagination : without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough , for most, to engage sympathy. 50) When that happens, it is not a mistake : it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
Section III writing
Part A
51 Directions
You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:
1) detailed information about the books you want,
2) methods of payment,
3) time and way of delivery.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay to
1) describe the picture,
2) deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures, and
3) suggest counter-measures.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write your address. (10 points)
参考答案
Section I Use of English
1.D 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.D 20.C
Section II Reading comprehension
Part A
21.D 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.A 30.D 31.A 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.A 36.C 37.A 38.B 39.D 40.B
Part B
Sample One: 41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C
Sample Two: 41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.D
Sample Three:41.F 42.C 43.B 44.A 45.D
Sample Four: 41.C 42.E 43.F 44.A 45.D
Part C
46.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为假设前提的，而这种共识并不存在。
47.有些哲学家主张，权利只存在于社会契约中，它是责任与权益相交换的一部分。
48.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这种对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全漠不关心。
49.持这类极端看法的人认为，人与动物在各有关方面都不相同，因而对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
50.这种反应不应为过，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄。
Section III Writing
51.(略)
52.(略) |
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发表于 2008-8-20 20:21
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