精华1
威望5
K币33 元
注册时间2006-7-31
在线时间0 小时
最后登录2006-10-29
新手上路
- 精华
- 1
- 威望
- 5
- K币
- 33 元
- 注册时间
- 2006-7-31
|
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???????? 3?????¤?????ú???ò?é
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???????? 2???????¤??
???????? 3???????¤???¨±???????????
???????? 4?????ú?á?¤??: ?é?á???????á???????á?????ú?÷?á???ú?ê?á???????á???????á????
???????? 5?????ú???¤??
???????? 6?????????¤??
???????? 7??°±?ù?á?¤??
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???????? 9???à???¤??????????????????????????
???????? 10??????·???
???????? 11???ú???????????????á?à?????ú????
???????? 12?????ü?????ú????????????·??????ú?????·?¨?ú??????????
???????? 4???????ú??·??à Microbial taxonomy
???????? ·??à?÷???????÷?ú?????????×????????°??ü???é???????à???????????à????
???????? ????????????·??à?????¨???ü????
???????? ????·??à???????ü??
???????? ?¨????·??à????:
???????? ??,??,??,??,??,??,??
???????? ????×??ù±???·??à????,?ü?????ó??±í?????÷?????à?????×???????????à?ü?????????????ü????×??÷?????ì???ú?ê??×?????
???????? ????????·?????(±???),??,?à??,?ú?ê(?·??)
???????? ?ú?ê(?·??)(strain): ±í????????????????·?????????°?·±???????????????°???????ó?ú??
???????? ?¨?????ü??
???????? ?ü??°??????ú?????ú?ü??·¨???·,??????????????·¨??
???????? ???? + ???? +?ü????
???????? ???ó?????ú: Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani & Chalmers 1919
???????? ????:????,?ó???××???,??°??è???÷???????ò?ú?í???÷??
???????? ????:??????,????,?ú±í?????????????÷??
???????? ???·?¨?????ò???????¨?????±???????????ó??sp.±í????
???????? ????
???????? ???ú?? Fungi
???????? ???ú?? Eumycophyta
???????? ×????ú?? Ascomycetes
???????? ??×??????? Protoascomycetes
???????? ???????? Endomycetales
???????? ???????? Endomycetaceae
???????? ???????? Sacchromycetoideae
???????? ?????? Sacchromyces
???????? ???????? S. cerevisiae Hansen
???????? ????·??à????
???????? 1?????????÷?¨????????????
???????? ??°?????????×????ó??????????????·???????
???????? ?à????????- ?ú????°?????- ????????????
???????? 2???ú?í?ú??·???
???????? ???????ó???????????????????à??
???????? ?ú???ú???????à???ú????????·???
???????? ?????ú?????à??·???????
???????? 3???ú???§???÷
???????? ?à???????????÷???à??????????????
???????? 4???ú???·
???????? 5???????§·???
???????? ?ü?ê??·??????ì?????×??GC??????DNA????????
???????? ????·??à·?·¨
???????? ?¨????????·??à·¨
???????? ???ú?????????????ù?????????÷????·??à???÷???????????ú?í?ú?????÷??
???????? ?¨????????·??à·¨
???????? ?ù?????à???÷·??à?????????÷?????à????
???????? 1???????ú?ê??????×÷???????·?¨???à???÷?¨50-60 ????
???????? 2??±????ú?ê????×??ó?à????
???????? ??????????·?????×???
???????? ---------------------------------?? 100%
???????? ×??????¨?? --- ???§???¨??
???????? >85%????????>65%??????
???????? 3???????????????ó????×??????÷×??×??
???????? ?¨????·?×???????·?·¨
???????? 1??DNA???ù×é????GC%
???????? ?à?????????÷???????????????ò???¨??????????
???????? ??±?>10%??????????<10%????????????
???????? 2?????á·?×?????
???????? ±??????ù???ò????????
???????? 3??16s rRNA???????á±à??·???
???????? ????rRNA?ú?ú?????????????á?????????ò·?????
???????? ?ü?ê?????????ì??????????????????????????????·???
???????? ????·??à????
???????? ?????ú????
???????? ???????????ú???¨???á?·??8°???1973
???????? ???????????????ú?§???á?·??9°???1984
???????? ???ú??Ainsworth (1973)????
???????? ??????Lodder·??à????
???????? ?ú?????¨?¤×÷?????ú
???????? 1???????????ú???????à??
???????? 2?????¨??????±????????¨??±ê
???????? 3???é???¨???????¨???á
?????ì???ú???§±???(??)
?????????ú???à?????????á??
???????? ·???°?????????
???????? ??°????????????ú???????ú??·????ú????
???????? ???÷?????????????¤????????
???????? ???????ú?????????ú?????ú??
???????? ???÷???????????¤????????
???????? 1???????ú Bacteria
???????? ?????ú?????ó?à?????÷?????????ó??
???????? ???ú??????°??????ó????1um×ó????1000±???????????????????????×???
???????? ???????ú?????????ó??
???????? ?¨?????ù±?????
???????? 1???ò?ú
???????? Coccus???ò???ò?ü?ò?????ù??????????·?????????·?????????????????????°??????????ò?ú????????????·???????????°?·???·??ò?°·????ó?é???????ì??????
???????? 2?????ú Bacillus (Bacterium)????×??ò???ù???????¤±????????????ò???¤???????ú?????à×??à????
???????? 3???????ú
???????? Spirillum??????°??????ú??×????ú????????°?·??????????ù?????¤?????????????????à????±???·??????úVibrio?¨?ú?????????????ú??????C×??????????ú?¨????×???????1??????
???????? ???????? Spirochaeta ??±?????±?????
???????? ???ú??????????????±????????·???????°?ì?¨?????????à???ù?¨???°×é?????ú??????
???????? ?ì??????
???????? ??°????×?????ú?¤????????????×????????????????????????????ì????????
???????? ???????????í???ò?????¤??×è°???°?·?????????
???????? ?????????????à???±???¤????°????????????±·????ò?????????????à??????
???????? ?¨???????ú?ó??
???????? ????????????????????
???????? ?ò?ú?±??0.5-1um
???????? ???ú?±??0.5-1um ???¤???±??1-??±?
???????? ?????ú?±??03-1um???¤1-50um
???????? ???ú?ó??????????????±?????
???????? ??°?????10-13-10-12g ????g???ú
???????ú??°??á??
???????? ???????ú??°??á????·?×??ú???§????????????????????×?????????????????
???????? ???á??·????ù±??á?????????á????
???????? ?ù±??á??????°???±???·?????????°???????????°?±????¤??????
???????? ?????á??????°???±???·???????????????????±????????¤????????
???????? ?¨?????ù±??á??
???????? 1????°?±? cell wall????????°?±í???????á?????????????á????
???????? ??????1????????°???????2??±??¤??°??????ú????????????????????3??±????????§????4????????°?·???±??è??5?????¨??????×÷????6?????ú???????????ù?????í???????ú??????????????????????
???????? ??????????
???????? Cristein Gram??1884·??÷?¨Koch???é????
???????? ??????????(??????
???????? ·???????±???????????????×????????????????????ú G+
???????? ·????????????????????????????????????????????ú G-
???????? ?á???????÷??????°?±?×é???°?á?????ì?ì??????
???????? ?¨1?????????????ú Gram positive
???????? ?????????????ò?ú??????Staphylococcus aureus
???????? ??°?±???????????????????20-80nm
???????? ????·?????×?????????????×é??
???????? ?ù?????????????ù????
???????? ???§×é?????÷?????????????×±??á
???????? ?????? peptidoglycan (??????°?±?????
???????? ?ó·?×??????????í?à????????????????
???????? ??????
???????? 1????????????N-????°?±??á?¨NAM????N-??????????°·?¨NAG???¨??â-1??4?????ü?à????????
???????? 2????????L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala
???????? 3) ????????????????????
???????? ?????????ò??·?????NAM??????????????????????×é??????×??á????
???????? ???????????ú??°?±???????·??????????????ú????????·??¨???ú?ú??????
???????? ?×±??á teichoic acid (???á??
???????? G+??????·???
???????? ?à???????×?á?????????¨???×?á?????ü??NAM?à????
???????? ?ù???à??????????????????????????????5???à????
???????? ?÷??????????±????????????·?????ü????????????×???????±????????????????????????á?????ú????????
???????? ?¨2?????????????ú Gram negative
???????? ???ó?????ú??????
???????? ??±???????2-3 nm?????¨????·?×???????????????????
???????? ??G+??±???????????DAP???ú L-Lys????????
???????? ??±??????????????°°×?????????à??·??????????à???????????×???????????????à????????±???????·???8-10 nm??
???????? ???à?? lipopolysaccharide LPS
???????? G-??????·???
???????? ?á?????à??A + ?????à?? + O-?à??
???????? ??????1?????????????ù????2???ü??????????×???3?????¨G-±í????????4?????ú????????????
???????? ????×???????LPS???¨???ù±??è????
???????? D-AA????????
???????? G+??G-±???
???????? ???????????ú??
???????? ????°?±?????°??¤?????????????????¨?????????????????????°°×????
???????? ?¨3????°?±??±?????ú
???????? 1?????ú????protoplast?????¤???????????ú????????°?±??ò???à??????????°?±??????ó???ù????????·?????°???G+??????
???????? 2???ò????spheroplast????????·???°?±?????°???G-???????????¨??????
???????? ?????????????????????¤±??????????????????ú????????????°?????·???????
???????? 3?????ú L??????????×?·???±???????±??ì???????ê????°?±??????????à???ù±í?????? "?????° "×????ú????
???????? 4???§???????¤????????????
???????? 2????°??¤ cell membrane
???????? ????°?±?????°??????????????á?í????????????°??????¤????7-8nm??
???????? ???§×é?????°°×???×?????°°×????????75%?????à???à???¤?????????à??
???????? ?¤?á???¨??????
???????? ??????1???????????????¤????????????2????????????????????????????3???????ú????????????4????±??????¤??????????5??±???×??ú????????????????
???????? 3?????? mesosome(????????
???????? ??°??¤??????????
???????? ??????1???????????????ü????·?????
???????? 2????±?????????·???????????????????
???????? 4????°??? nuclear body
???????? ??????
???????? ???????÷????????·?????????????
???????? ???????????¤???????????¨???????á???ò??????°?·????°??·???????°???±?????
???????? ??·???DNA???·×??????????????á??????????±?????×??????ú???¨??°·????°·???ù??????
???????? ????????±???
???????? 5???????? ribosome RS
???????? ???????°°×??????×??á????RNA+?°°×??
???????? ???????????????à??????????70S
???????? ???????????????á????????????70??80S
???????? ?à??????????????mRNA?????¨??????????RS?á????????
???????? ??????
???????? 6????°????°??????
???????? ?????????÷??×?????????????????????
???????? ?÷????·????????°°×?????á?????à?°???????????ú???????????????á??
???????? ???????ú??°???????????????????????°????ü???????ò?ú???ú?????¨??????
???????? ????????????
???????? ?¨?????????á??
???????? 1?????¤ capsule?????????ú??°?±?????????×??????è?????÷??????????????????????????????
???????? ??????????????·¨???ì??
???????? ??·???90%???????????à???à???¨??????
???????? ??????1????????????2????????????????????????3???????????ú??·?????4???ü??????
???????? 2??±??????ú??
???????? ±???flagellum?????????ú±í?????????????¨×?????×??????????ú?????÷????
???????? ?±??20-25nm???¤?????ú??????±????????ò????????·¨???ì???ü??·¨???ì??????
???????? ???§??·????÷?????°°×????
???????? ?á????G+??G-??±???????????????±?
???????? ±???×??ú??????????????×÷??·??à??????
???????? ±???×??ú×??????¨??????????
???????? ?÷?????????¨?ú???é
???????? ?ú??fimbria (pilus )???í?àG-???????????ú??±í????±?±????ü?????????à?????±??????×?????
???????? ?±??7-10nm ,?¤2-3um??
???????? ???ú???¨F?ú????
???????? 3?????? spore, endospore
???????? ?????ú?ú?¤???¨?×????????????°??????????????ú??×???????????????????????????
???????? ??????°??????????????????ù????????·±????????
???????? ??????????????°?·????¨????·??ú??
???????? Bacillus, clostridium, Spirillum, Vibrio, Sarcina
???????? ?á??×é?????????????????¨???ù40%????±?????????????????????à¤-2,6-?????á???¨DPA-Ca ??
???????? ??????????????????·????????§????????????????????????????????
???????? ?????á????????????·??¨×??§??
???????? °é???§??
???????? ???? cyst????????
???????? ???????ú·±????????????
???????? 1??·±??·????????????÷????????????????
???????? 2???ú?????????ú??colony?????????ò??????????°????????à???ù±í??·±????????????????????×???°???????
???????? ????°ü?¨?ó??????×?????????±?????±í??×?????±í?????ó??????????????????
???????? ???à????????clone
???????? ?ú??lawn
???????? ???????????????ú
???????? ??°??á?????ú?????????ú???ú??????
???????? 2????·????ú Actinomycetes
???????? ?ò?ú????·???×?????????????×?·?????°??????ú??
???????? ??°?·??????????????????ú??·á??????????????????????????????????
???????? ?ó?à???????ú?ú?????????ú???à???ì??????????
???????? ???????????ú?÷?????ú????
???????? ???????????á??
???????? ???ú?????????±??0.2-1.2um?????á????????????°???
???????? ?ú??·??????ù???ú???¨?????ú????
???????? ???ú?ú??
???????? ??×???
???????? ?ú??×é???ú????·??????à??
???????? ·????ú???????????ú????
???????? ????·±??
???????? ????????×????÷???ú??????????????·±???????ú????
???????? ??×?????·??????á??·???
???????? ??????×?
???????? ·????ú?ú???·?¨·?????????
???????? ?????ú±í???°?????ú
???????? ?¨?????????ú?? Streptomyces
???????? 90%???ú?????ú??·????????????ê???????úS. rimosus, ?????????úS. griseus
???????? (???????????ú??Micromonospora
???????? ?????ú?ú?????ù???ú??????×??ú????×???
???????? ?¨???????¨???úNocardia
???????? ??·????ú????????????????
???????? ?¨????·????ú??Actinomyces
???????? ?????ù???ú????????????×????á????
???????? ?¨???????????ú??Streptosporangium
???????? ??????×???????????×???
???????? ·????ú?????ú?ì????
???????? 3???????ü???à???????ú??
???????? ?????????ó????G???à??????°??°?ú????
???????? ??????????????
???????? Rickettsia???é?????ú????????????ר??????????°??????ú?????????¤?à?????????????±??0.3-0.6um???????????÷??°?????????????°??ò×??ò??×???????????G-???¤?è?????????????ê???????ê?????ú???ú??????????????
???????? ?????§????Mycoplasma???é?????ú????????????????????????°?±?????°??¤???????à??G-???±??0.2-0.25um?????????????????????ú????×???????°????ú?????????¤?à???????????ó???????????°?ú????
???????? ??????????Chlamydia???é????????????????????????????????ר??????°??????ú??G-??"???????ú?? "??
???????? ?÷?à???????ú????????±???±í??
???????? ?????úCyanobacteria????????????????·?????????×÷?????????ú?????????????????????????????????¤???????????ú?¤??????
???????? "??·??ú?? "??
???????? ò????úBdellovibrio?????ú?????????ú??????????????????????????????G-???ú??·?????
???????? 4?????????ú yeast
???????? ·?·??à??????????????°????ú?????????ú?à???????? "???????ú?? "???????à???????????÷??·????????????????á???·??????????
???????? "?????ú "??
???????? ?????????ó??...
???????? ?????????ó??
???????? ????°?????±???????°??????à?ù???????ò?????????°????
???????? ?ó????1-5um X 5-30um??????
???????? ??????°??á??
???????? 1????°?±?????0.1-0.3um????????????????????×é???¨???????????????????°°×???à???????????????¨heliase??????±?????±????ú??????
???????? 2????°??¤?????????ù±??à?????????????¨?ó??????????????????°??÷·????????????°???ú?à???÷?????÷???????????ü????????·????ú??????
???????? 3????°????°??????
???????? 4????°????????????????????¤???ó?????×???????????????????ò?????????????¤????????????
???????? 5?????????????????·×?DNA?????ü?????????? "?????¤?§ "???????±?è?????á???ò???????????????±??±?×è????
???????? ?·×? "2um???? "??????DNA??????
???????? 6????????????°?????80S????????70S??
???????? ?????ú?????÷
???????? ?????ú?à???????ó??????
???????? ????·±??·??????ú???·
???????? ?¨????·±??·???
???????? 1??????·±??
???????? (1)???? budding??×???±é·????¨??????
???????? (2)???? fission???????¨??????????
???????? (3)??????×???????×???????×?????????×???
???????? 2??????·±??
???????? ?ú?ú×?????×?????×?????????????--????--????·???
???????? 3????????×?????
???????? ??????×???×??×????°?
???????? ???±?????????¨25-30??80%??
???????? ???????÷?¨
???????? ???±???ú??×??à???ù
???????? ?¨?????ú???· life history(life cycle)
???????? ?????ú????????·????×???????????ò?????????ò?????????????°?ó?à?????????????????????·??
???????? ?????ù±??à????
???????? 1?????ú????????????·±?????¨???ú??
???????? 2????????????±????ú??????±???????
???????? 3????????????±????ú??????±???????
???????? 4???????ú???????ó????±???????????±?????????
???????? ?????ú???????à????
???????? ??±???????°???????????
???????? ??±????????·???à????
???????? ???ú????????????????
???????? ?????????????????ú
???????? ????????
???????? 5???????ú molds
???????? ·?·??à????????×????ú???????¨?????ú????·??????????ú?ú?ó??×??????????ú??
???????? ?????????????ì
???????? ?????????ú???¨hyphae)???????±??3-10um???ú?????????ú?????¨mycelium??
???????? ?ú???????????à??????°??????????ú
???????? ???????à??°??????????ú
???????? ?ú???????????ú?????ì???à???ù?ü??????
???????? ???ú?ú?????ò?????ú????????·±???÷?????¨??????????
???????? ??°?±???100-250nm???à??????????
???????? ?????à?????ú±???·?±???
???????? ????·±?????ú???·
???????? ?¨????·±??
???????? 1????????×????÷??·???????????·??????????ó??
???????? ??????×??????ú??×????????ù?????·??
???????? ·??ú??×??????ú??×???×???±é
???????? ????×???·???×????ú??????????
???????? ??????×??????ú??????
???????? 2????????×?
???????? ????×?????×????¨???÷???????÷??
???????? ??????×?????×????ì×?????
???????? ×?????×????????à?ù??×???????×?????
???????? ????×?????×??ú???÷
???????? ?¨?????ú???·
???????? ???ú??????????×??????????????¨???ú?¤??·?????×??ó??????????????×???????
???????? ?????ú??
???????? ?è????????×?????×???????×???
???????? ???ó?à???ú??±?????
????·??à
???????? ?????????ú?????°????·±?????÷·??????????à????×??ú????×????ú??????×??ú????°????ú?à??
???????? Ainsworth ·??à??????
???????? ???????????????ú
???????? ???ú???????????ó?????ú
???????? (??)???????ú
???????? 1?????à×???????×??ú675????×????ú45?????¨?????à????10?à????
???????? 2?????????°°×????????AA?à??18??×ó??????±???????±??èAA?????????à?????ú???????à???ó??????Lys??????°???????
???????? 3?????à??·??????à???±???????????ú???????????à??????±???·??????????????????à???ú?????à?????????????????ò??????????·??????????·??
???????? ???°???à?????ú???ú???ó???·?????????????ó·??????????????????????????à?ú?¨????????·????à?ú???????????ú?????ú?????·?ú???¤??????????
???????? ?à?????????à????????×??????????????????á?ü??????????
???????? 4????????????×????????ú?????????à????×÷?÷???·????????????????
???????? ?¨???????????ú
???????? 1??×???????×??ú345????×????ú28???????ü11????
???????? 2??????????20?à??·??????÷????°??????ú?????°??????°??????÷?????à???????????à???????ú?á???ì?à?????????à???¨PSK?????ò???à?????í???à?????é???à??????
???????? ??°????ú?????á
???????? ???ú?????ú??·????ú±?????
???????? ????????????±???
???????? 6???????? virus
???????? ·???°????ú????????±?????°??????÷??
???????? 1????????·???????????????????????
???????? 2??????°??á????·?×??ú?????????á???°°××é???????????????????????à?????á??
???????? 3??ר??????°??????ú???????÷ר?????????????ú???????????????÷×??í??????
???????? 4???????ú????????????????????????
???????? ??????????????????????????°??á????ר??????°??????ú????????°???????°????§?ó·?×????÷?????????????÷??°????????ú?ü???÷??
???????? ?ù?????÷????????°?????·??????à?????????????????????????????????????ú????????
???????? ?????????á????°???????????
???????? ???????????á???????§×é??
???????? 1???ó????nm, ?à??100nm×ó????????
???????? 2????????×? virion (??????????
???????? ??·??????á--????core ??????
???????? ?°°×--????capsid nucleocapsid
???????? ?????? capsomere
???????? °ü?¤?¨?à???ò???°°×??envelope
???????? ??????×????????????????????¨TMV??
???????? ???????????¨????????
???????? ?????????á???????????ù??
???????? ?°°×????????????±??¤???????????á???°???ü?ò×??????????¨???????ì???????¨????????
???????? 3?????ú?? phage???à??òòò?×????á???????????·????????????????????????????????
???????? 4????????????????°ü?????????ú°?
???????? ????·±???¨???????ú????????
???????? 1???ü????·????×????????????m.o.i
???????? 2?????????·??DNA?¨??????×???????°?????????????°?????×???????
???????? 3????????°ü?¨DNA???????°°×????????????DNA???ú?????×??×?????
???????? ????????×?????
???????? 4?????ì?¨×°???????±·ü??
???????? 5???????¨??·???????????
???????? ???????????ú?????ú?¤·??????????????ú?¤??
???????? ?????ú?¤?ú????
???????? ????????????±??????????ú??·????????ú???????ù????
???????? ???????ú???????÷????
???????? 1?????????ú????·??????????÷??°??????????????ú???????????ú??
???????? 2???????????ú???????ú?????????÷?ó?????????????????????????÷DNA?á?????????÷DNA???????????????±??°????????????????????????ú???????????ú???????????????ú?????????????????ú???????ú?????????????úlysogenic
???????? bacteria
???????? ?????????ú??????×???
???????? 1????????????????virion??
???????? 2???°???ú???¨prophage??????×??ò?????????÷????????????????????
???????? 3???????????ú??????????????
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???????? 1.???????????? ??G ?ú ±????á ?ú ???? ?ú ????
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???????? ×?·???????????
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???????? G+HSO3- ?ú ????+????oHSO3-+CO2
???????? 2G ?ú 2????+???á+????+CO2
???????? G+ADP+Pi ?ú 2????+2 CO2+ATP
???????? G+ADP+Pi ?ú ?é?á+????+CO2+ATP
???????? ?¨?????é?á·???
???????? ·????ú?????????é?á???? EMP???????????????é?á·????¨?????é???ú????
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???????? mesenteroides
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???????? ??????G+2ADP+2Pi ?ú 2?é?á+2ATP
???????? ?ì????G+ADP+Pi ?ú 1?é?á+????+CO2+ATP
???????? ???ú??±????á?ú 2·?×??????ú?ú?ê?á?ú???ú?÷?á ?ú?????á ?ú ?é?á
????
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???????? ?¨????±??á·???
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???????? ±??á ?ú ±??á???¨·???????
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???????? 1??V??P?????é?¨Vagex-Proskauer??
???????? ?ú???????ú?ú2??3-??????±????à???????????????????????????????????á?ò???à???ú?????????ì????????????????-??·??????á??????·?????????VP·?????
???????? ?ó?????ú???ú?ú?ò???ú?ú2??3-????????VP·?????????
???????? 2???×?ù?ì?¨M.R??·???
???????? ?ó?????ú?ú?á?à????pH????4.2,
???????? ?×?ù?ì????±??ì??·??????????ú???????ú?ú2??3-?????????ú?á???¨pH5.3?????×?ù?ì·?????????
???????? 3???í?????×?á?????????·?????????¨pH7.3??,??pH6.2?????????ú?×?á?? HCOOH ?ú
???????? CO2+H2???×?á??????????????????×÷????
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???????? 2?????????í·????????????à????×??????????????????????í·????????ó?????ò????????°ü?¨??????????
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???????? ???????????????????????????¨??-??????????????C1???? Cx????
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???????? ?????????????????????ú???????????????¨???????????????????????ú??N-??????????°·??
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???????? ????????·????¨Lipase????×÷??????????±??????ú??????????·??á????·??á?¨????-????????·???????·?????°???·??????????ú????
???????? ?ù?????à????????·???
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???????? 1???×?é??????
???????? 2?????é????????
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???????? b:?????????×?ù??????
???????? c:?????×?ù???? ? ??????
???????? 3??·?????????
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???????? ±??¨??±????ú?ù?è·??ú???·?¨???????????? ?ú??????????
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???????? ?°°×???¨°????? ?????¨°?????
???????? ?°°×?? ?? AA
???????? ??°????ú·????°°×????????????????·????ì?????°°×???????ó?à?????ú????·????ì???°°×????????·???±????°°×???°?°°×?????????ú????
???????? ?ù??????×÷????????????·???°±?????¨×÷??????????°±?ù???????ü???????????¨×÷?????????????ù???????ü????
???????? ???? decay ????°? putrefaction
???????? °???°±?ù?á??·???
???????? 1????°±×÷??
???????? ???ú???????????????ú??×÷???ó·???°±???ú???§?????????¨??????°±??×÷????
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???????? ?¨2????????°±×÷???????????????????????ú??±?????·??á??°±??
???????? ?ì??°±?á ?ú?ê?á+NH3
???????? ?¨3????????°±????±?????°±??
???????? °±?ù?á???????ú?ú???á??°±??
???????? °±?ù?á+?? ???á+ NH3
???????? ?¨????±???·?????????°±???ú????±?????·??á??°±??
???????? ?ì??°±?á ???ú?÷?á+ NH3
???????? ?¨4????????°±???????ù°±?ù?á?¨????°±?á????????????????°±??
???????? Ser ?ú °±?ù±????á ?ú ??°±?ù±??á ?ú±????á + NH3
???????? H2O
???????? ?¨5?? Stickland·???
???????? ????ר???á?????ú???ó×????????ú???á?????????ú?¤?±????????°±?ù?á×÷??????????????????????°±???í????°±?ù?á×÷????????????????????°±????????????????????????°±??????????ATP?ú????????·???±?????Stickland·?????
???????? ????????Ala??Leu??Val??Ser??Phe??Cys??His??Asp??Glu??
???????? ????????Gly??Pro??Hyp??Orn??Arg??Trp??
???????? ±?°±?á+2??°±?á 3???á+3NH3
???????? 2??????×÷??
???????? ?¨??°±?ù?á??????×÷?????ú?????ú°·???????????????ú°±??°·??????×÷????·???°±?ú???à?????????????????????ú?á??×??ó°???·??á??-??????·???·?????
???????? °±?ù?á????????????????ר???????ù±?????????°±?ù?á???????????????????ü??·?????
???????? ·?????·????????????????????????????????¨???ò?????ù?????¨?ù???????¨?±??????±???????°?×÷???ó???ú?ú?????????????????¨???????????????í??????????·????ù?·????°±?ù?á????????
???????? ????AA?ú??????°·??????Lys-??°·??Orn-??°·
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???????? 1?????á???é?????????ú????·?????°±?á?ú?????á?????????×?ù°±?ù±??×??·????ú???ì???????????á???ò?????ù?????ú??·?·?????°±?á?ú?ú???á?????¨?ú????
???????? 2???ò???????é???í?à???ú??·??????ò°±?ù?á?¨?×°±?á??°??×°±?á???ú?ú?ò?????????????°°×???à???ù???????????????????????ú?à???ó???ì?????ú?ú?ò???????ò???????????ò?????ò?ò???ú??
???????? 3?????????ú??
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???????? 1????????ATP??????ATP?ú?ú??????·????¨?×???????×?á?????????×?á?????????×?á????
???????? 2?????????ú?ú?????????÷????NADH2 ??NADPH2
???????? EMP ??TCA ?ú?ú??NADH2??3?????ò??
???????? 1????H???¨?????ú????????·????ú??????
???????? 2???¨?????ü???ú?úATP??
???????? 3????????°???????????
???????? ??NADH2??????×?????×÷????×?±???NADPH2????????
???????? NADP+ NADH2 NADPH2+NAD
???????? ??????????HMP????NADPH2???×?á?? ??
???????? 1G 2 NADPH2+CO2+5-P-??????
???????? NADPH2???????ú?????¨??·??·???????×?á??·????ú?ú??
???????? 3????·?×??°???????¨???????ú?????????ú?ú???????ú????????12 ????
???????? ?ú?????????ò
???????? 1?????????????á?¨OA?????????ò
???????? PEP+CO2 ?????? OA+Pi
???????? PY+CO2+ATP ?????? OA+ADP+Pi
???????? PEP+CO2+GDP ?????¤?? OA+GTP
???????? PY+CO2+NADH2 ?????á?? ?????á+NAD
???????? ¨?-KD+CO2+NADH2 ?????? ?ì?????á+NAD
???????? ???????????????á???ú???????????á???·???????????á??
???????? 2??????PEP?????????ò
???????? PY+ATP PEP???? PEP+ADP+Pi
???????? PY+ATP+Pi PY???¤?? PEP+AMP+Ppi
???????? OA+GTP PEP???¤?? PEP+GDP+CO2
???????? OA+PPi PEP??×??×?á?? PEP+Pi+CO2
???????? ×???×??á??
???????? ???????à????
???????? ?¨????????????
???????? 1???¨?????·Calvin cycle?¨?????ú??????×????ú??
???????? ?¨???????×?á?ì???·??·????????×????
???????? ??CO2???¨?????¨CO2????????CO2?????????ú??
???????? ???ü????1??5-???×?á???????????????×?á???????¤????
???????? ×?·???????
???????? 6CO2+6H2O+18ATP+12NADPH2 G+18ADP+12NADP+18Pi
???????? ?í?????ú?×?é???ú???á???????¨??A?????????????????ú??????????TCA??????????×???CO2???¨??????
???????? 2??EMP????????
???????? 3?????ì?ú×÷????
???????? 4??????±?×÷?????ó?????????????×?á??????????????
???????? ?¨?????à??????
???????? E.coli?????????????è1???à????????
???????? 1??????×é·?????°?????????(UDP??????????????
???????? 2??????????AA?ú??UDP-NAM-?????¨Park ?????á???????ò??L-Lys, D-Glu, DAP, D-Ala,
???????? D-Ala ( ???ètRNA??????????????2D-Ala D-±???-D-Ala(?à?????à????
???????? ???×??????°???????????
???????? 3?? UDP-NAM-????×????¤?????????????????¨???ú????
???????? -C55?à?ì?ì?????????á??????·???NAM-???????×???????¤???à??UDP-NAG?á??????????????????????
???????? ???ú??????????????????
???????? 4????????×???????°?±????ú?¤?????¨?????????ò???????????ú????????
???????? 5??????°??¤???à???????????????à???¨×????ù×÷?????????¨??×?????×÷??????????????????D-±?-D-±?????????????AA???í??????????DAP???????????í??D-Ala??·???
???????? ???????????????à??????D-±?-D-±????á???à???????ò×?????±????????ì??????????·¨????????×??á?????????????????? "?í±?
???????? "?????×???????????à???????????ú?¤?ú??×÷????????????°???×÷????
?????à????????
???????? ?¨?????ú??????
???????? ·?×?N2?¨?????????ú??×÷??????NH3????????
???????? 1?????????ú?? ?¨???????????ú????
???????? ??×??ú?????ú?????????á?????????á???°?÷???????à????
???????? ?????ú?????ú???????????ú???ù???ú????·????????ú??·????ú??
???????? ???????????ú???ù???????????ú????
???????? 2???????ú??
???????? ???????????????????????à???ù???ú?¤?????á??ATP??????????????????????????
???????? ×?·??????? Mg2+
???????? N2+6e+6H++12ATP 2NH3+12ADP+12Pi
???????? ??????
???????? ?????? ×é·????????ú?°°×?¨MoFd??
???????? ×é·??ò???ú?°°×?¨AzoFd)
???????? ???????????????????§?????è?á????????????
???????? ??????????
???????? ??×????????ú?????°°×?¨Fd?????????????°°×?¨Fld??????????
???????? ??????????2e??N2 2NH3?è6e????????????
???????? ???????×??ר??????????????????????·?????
???????? C2H2?úC2H4??
???????? N2O?úN2+H2O??
???????? HCN?úCH4+NH3+CH3NH2??
???????? 2H+?úH2??
???????? ????C2H2?úC2H4 ?????????à???×?ì??????×÷???????????????????§??±ê??
???????? N2 2NH3???·??×??ú?????ú??????????????·????????ì?????????ú?????ú·??????ù????°??????????ù??????
???????? ?¨????°±?ù?á????
???????? 1???±?????à???ù???ü????
???????? 2???¨??×?°±×÷????????????°±?ù?á??
???????? Glu + ±????á ??-???ì???á + Ala
???????? Glu + ???????á ??-???ì???á + Asp
???????? ???à·???????°±?ù????????????????
???????? 3?????ú????°±??×÷???ò??????×÷???ú????°±?????¨?????¨??·??????ü???ú??????°±?ù?á?¨°±????×÷????
???????? ??-???ì???á+NH3 ??°±?á?????? Glu +??
???????? NH3+ATP Glu ¨?-KD??PY??OA
???????? Gln?????? ×?????
???????? ADP+Pi Gln Glu??Ala??Asp
???????? 4?????°??????°±?ù?á??
???????? °??°??????????20??°±?ù?á???ù×é??
???????? ?¨????3-?×?á??????????°±?á??°??×°±?á????°±?á
???????? ?¨????4-?×?á?à???????×?á??????±????á????°±?á?? ??°±?á??±?±?°±?á
???????? ?¨????±????á??±?°±?á,??°±?á????°±?á
???????? ?¨??????-???ì???á????°±?á??????°± ??°±?á????°±?á????°±?á?¨???ú????
???????? ?¨???????????á???ì??°±?á ?ì????°± ?×?ò°±?á ??°±?á ?ì??°±?á ??°±?á?¨???ú??
???????? ?¨?ù??5-?×?á??????+ATP??×é°±?á
???????? ???ú°±?ù?á??Ala, Glu, Asp, Gly??°±?ù???ù?ú????°±?ù?á??
???????? ???ú°±?ù?á???????ú°±?ù?á???°????????
???????? ?¤???ú?ú°±?ù?á
???????? ×????????°°×??????·¨?ú?ú??1957?ê??????·???·¨?ú?ú???ü?ê?????ú??????·¨??
???????? 1????×???·¨
???????? ·????????á+NH3 Asp?? L-Asp
???????? ±????á+NH3+±?·? Tyr?? Tyr
???????? 2???ê????°??????????????????????ú???????í?ú?????????×??????
???????? DL-Ser+±????á+±?·? ?ú?? L- Tyr
???????? ±????á+ NH3+???á ?ú?? L-Trp
???????? 4?????ú???÷??
???????? ?ú??-?ú??·???-??????-?ù?ò±à???ú?ù?ò?÷??
???????? ??
???????? ?·???ò×??°?ì ?·???÷??
???????? ?ú???÷??????????????????
???????? ?????÷?????????????????ú??×è????·????ú????×è??
???????? ??
???????? ?????÷????·????¨???ú????????????????????????
???????? ?????÷???÷???ú??
???????? ?¨????????????????
???????? Karstrom ?????? Monod ??????
???????? ×é???? Cohn ×é????
???????? ???????????¨???×???????×???ó?à???é?????????§????????
???????? ???????????????????±?????????????????????????????????????????????????????¤????
???????? ??????????????
???????? ??×?×??§??
???????? Monod & Jacob, 1962
???????? ?÷???ù?ò ??×?×?
???????? P R t P O z y a t
???????? mRNA RNA?à????
???????? ?????????±???á????
???????? ×è???? ?????????±????????
???????? ?¨???????ú??×è???¨·???×è????
???????? ?÷?????????ú?????????????ú???ò?????ú?????????????????ò?à??????????????×÷????
???????? ??E. coli Met, Arg????????
???????? ?ú?????÷???ù?ò ??×è?????¨×è?????°°×??
???????? ?????ú???á???±±??¤????????×??ù?ò?á????×è???á???ù?ò×????????ú?????¨×è?????????????÷????
???????? ?¨????·????ú????×è???¨???????§????
???????? Monod????E. coli ???ì????????????·????????????????ü?????????????????ú?¤??
???????? ?ù???????ú??????????×è???????ú?????????ù?è???????????????ú??±??×·????????ù×è???????????????§????
???????? ???ó?à????????????
???????? ???????§?????????????????±???ì??????????????????·????ú??????????
???????? cAMP?¨?·?????á???????ü?????ò×???
???????? ????·????ú?????????°°×?¨CAP???á????????RNA?à???????????ù?ò?á????????×????? cAMP?¨?????±???°?ì?á????????×?????
???????? ?????????????ú???ú????????cAMP??????????????????????????????????·??????ü???????????????????????ê??
???????? cAMP??????????????????×???????????
???????? ATP ?????á?·???? cAMP ?×?á?????? AMP
???????? ?¨????·???????
???????? 1??????·????????????ú?????????????????????????ú?????±×÷??????×÷?????????à?????????ú??Asp×?°±?ù?á??????6-53
???????? 2????×÷·????????????????ú?????±????????×?±??????ó???à???????? ??6-54
???????? 3?????¤?????à??????????????·?????·?±??????????ú??????????6-51
???????? ???ó?????ú??Asp×?°±?ù?á????????6-52
???????? 4?????ò·??????????ú???????????????????????ú????????????·??§???????ú???????????ú???????????????ú????????????????????????????6-57
???????? ???ì??????°??ú??Ile??????
???????? 5??????·??????????????????ú??????????·??????????????è?????????????????°?ì????6-55
???????? ???ó?????ú??Gln????????8?????ú??????????6-56
???????? ?÷???????¨±?????????
???????? ·????????ú????±?????
???????? ?×???????¨??????????
???????? ?¨??????????????????
???????? ?????????????¨?????????????í????????????????????±?????????±??ó????????
???????? ??-X ?? + X ?¨X????·?×?????????
???????? ??????
???????? ???ó?????úGln????????AMP?????????á???±?¨??????×???????????????????????AMP??????????
???????? ????????°??ú?????á???????????????¨???????????????????¨????????
???????? ?????ú???÷??????
???????? (???????????ú???ú???ú?ú??????
???????? ·????÷??×???????????????·?·¨??????
???????? 1???????????ú???¨???¨?????????±????????????·????÷????
???????? ???????????????????±?????????????ú?????????????¨?????ú????????
???????? Ea Eb Ec
???????? A B C D E
???????? Ec ?±?§??????C?????¨??????E??
???????? ·??§???????????????ú????
???????? E1 F G
???????? A B C D E
???????? E2 H I
???????? E1?±?§??????I??????E?úG???ó??·?·?????
???????? Lys?ú?ú????Ser?±????????6-62
???????? ?????á?ú?ú????à????±????????6-63
???????? 2????????·?????±??ê?¨????·?????
???????? ?????????ú???????à???ù???à??????????????±??ê????????????·????ó???????ú????????°±?ùPhe/Tyr, 7-????Trp/Trp
???????? 3????????°??¤??????
???????? ?¨???ú?í?§?ò?????§·?·¨????±??¤????????°????ú??????????????°?????????·?????????
???????? ?¨???????????ú???ú???ú?ú??????
???????? ?????ú???ú???¨??????°??ú?¤?ó?????????÷???????ú??????????????????????????×??????????????ú???ú?ú?????ú????????°??????????ú?ú?????ú???÷????
???????? ???¨????±????????????·?????????á???ú???????????ú??????????±??????????í?à???????????ò???????????ú?????????·?????????????ó?à???÷??
???????? ?à?????ú?ú???????????????????????????ú?ú???????????é???????????????????à?ú?à???????????????????é???ì???à???ù?????ú?¤?×?????????????????????????????±?????é????????×è???????ú?¤?????ú?à???????????????ó???÷??????????????·?·¨??????
???????? ?????????ú???ú?ú????·?????????·?·¨???í???????????à???¨?????????ú???ú?ú?????????????ó???°?ì???×?á???????°?ì?? ???????? ?¨?????????ú?ú??????
???????? ?????????ù?ò???ú????????????
???????? 1??????????
???????? ???????????????????????±?????????à???ù????????????????×????×???????????¨????
???????? 2??????×è?????¨??
???????? ????·????ú?????????¨??????????×è????????????°ü?¨???ú??×è????·????ú????×è?????????ó???ú?ú??????±???????·á?????????à???ù?????????ì???????????à?????????à?¨??±????ú??×è?????????ú?ú×è????????????????????
???????? 3????????±??ú?ú???è???????ò????×è??????±???
???????? ?¨1???ú?¤?????¨?????????????????è????????×é??????±??ê??
???????? ?¨2?????????ú?????????????????ú??×è??????±?????
???????? ?¨3??????±?×è?????????×??×÷?¨????????????????????·????ú????×è??????±?????
???????? 4???????ù?ò??°?
???????? ?????????ì?ù?ò???????ú???????????????ú????
???????? ?¨1???????ù?ò×???·¨
???????? ?¨2??phage×???·¨
???????? 5????×????ú?ú???¨???ú????×????ú????
???????? ????????×????ú
???????? ?????ú???????????à????????????a, b, ???à???ú?????????????¤??????×÷?????????????????????±????????
???????? ???????¨?÷??????????????????????·???????
???????? ????????
???????? ?à?ú???·???¨?¨?ú??????????????????????????
???????? ?¨?????÷???à??
???????? P150±í??
???????? ???????????ú?????é???ì???ú?????????ò???????????ò???ú??×÷???????????????????????????????????á???·??????
???????? 1???ì???ú???¨×??????ò???ú???????ú???????????????????????????ì????
???????? 2??×????ú???¨×????ò???ú????ר???á????ר?????????ò?????????????????????????ò??????×?????
???????? 3?????ú?????????ú??-???ò???ú???????ú??-????·??ò???ú??ר???á????ר?????????ò??????????????°????????ò??
?¨????????×÷??
???????? ??·??????????????ü????????×???????
???????? ?§????????×???·?????
???????? °?·?????????????????CO2??????
???????? ?????×?á??????????????????·?×???????×??????¨????×??????ú?úATP??·?????
???????? 1???·???????×?á??
???????? ??????×?????×????????????ú??????????????????×??????????ú?úATP???????ú?ú??????????·????????????????ú?????à??P151????6-33
???????? ?????ú????????×??ò??????·????????????ò??×?????????????·????ú?ú??ATP??
???????? H2S + NAD S + NADH2 ?????ò
???????? NADH2+NADP NAD+NADPH2
???????? 2??·??·???????×?á??
???????? ??????·????????????ú?úATP??????????????·????????????????????ú?????à??
???????? ????????×???????????P151,??6-34
???????? 3???????ú×??¤??????×÷??
???????? ?????????ò?ú????????????????????×÷???????ù??????×??ò?????????×?á??·??????¨×??§??
???????? ????????×????ú
???????? ???ú??????????,?¨???¨?????·????CO2
???????? ?ú???÷??·??????????×?á???????????ú?ú?????ò??×???????P148,??6-30
???????? ???ú???????±???????????????????ü?????????ì???ú???????ú???§????????6-31
???????? 1?????????ú
???????? ??°±???????????á-?????á???ú
???????? ?????á?????????á-???á???ú
???????? NH4++1?O2?úNO2-+2H++H2O+66?§?¨
???????? NO2-+?O2 ?úNO3-+18?§?¨ ??6-32
???????? 2???ò???ú
???????? ?????????ò?ò???????ò??????????°ü?¨???????????????????ò?????ú??×??à???ò???úThiobacillus??
???????? S2-?úS?úSO32-?úSO42-
???????? ?????ú?ò?á???á????????????????????????·¨?±????
???????? 2S+3O2+2H2O ?ú2H2SO4?¨T. thiooxidans)
???????? 4FeSO4+O2+2H2SO4 ?ú2Fe2(SO4)3+2H2O(T. ferrooxidans)
???????? ?ò?á?°?ò?á???ú?????§????????
???????? CU2S+ 2Fe2(SO4)3 ?ú2CUSO4 + 4FeSO4 +S
???????? FeS2 +7Fe2(SO4)3 +8H2O ?ú15FeSO4 + 8H2SO4
???????? 3???????ú
???????? ????×????ú??H2 +?O2 ?úH2O+56.5?§?¨
???????? 4???ú???ú
???????? ?????ú?????????ú?????????à????
???????? ×????ú×??á
???????? ???????ú?à?? ?÷?????????? ?????? ?ú?¤?ò×??? O2??·?
???????? ???ò???ú S2-??S2O32-??H2 CO2 - -
???????? ×??????ú S2-??S2O32-??H2 CO2 - -
???????? ?ì?????ú ???ú?? ???ú?? + -
???????? ?????ú ?? CO2 - +
???????? ????×??????ú?ú?í?à??
???????? ?à?? ?????ù???°??×????? ?????ú??
???????? ?????á???ú NH4+ NO2- H2O
???????? ???á???ú NO2- NO3- H2O
???????? ?ò?????ú H2S??S??S2O32-??Fe2+ SO42- H2O Fe3+
???????? ?????ú H2 H2O
???????? ?ú???ú Fe2+ Fe3+
???????? ×?????×??????ù??O2
??????
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