语法与10种词(页 1) - English - 考研论坛精简版

2007-12-12 10:00 csuwyl

您所查看的帖子来源于考研论坛(bbs.kaoyan.com) 语法与10种词

语法与10种词
......................................................................................
构词口诀:先合成,再转化,后派生。10万个为什么页底陆续... 日新月异 <θηδэ*∫)+ZY'GI([lxV
1.合成:book书+shelf架=bookshelf书架 2.转化:book预定 3.派生:book书+ing行为=booking约定
教学目的:了解各国语言的词法都是由词根符号而发展形成的。这就是“英文=中文”的理论基础。-zv h8H*KX;g
yqv{t6Koc
第1课 10大词法定义：句子是由词法够成，词是语言的最小单位。
\0IH9zua
1.名词-----事物的名称。>>>作主语...如：book/a car key drinking water(复合名词)...
+^%YQGhv
2.数词-----数数用。  >>>作主语...　如：one first...1mC^4a/vG,kL
3.代词-----代替名词用。>>>作主语...　如：I... cUc|9j SI6V
4.形容词---修饰名词用。>>>作表语定语... 如：good ...
5.副词-----修饰动词用。>>>作状语...　如：often ...Sj6o)kB
6.动词-----人的动作。>>>作谓语...如：play ...
!oa6}EG0}l4]#c
7.连词-----连接词&句子。>>连接用...  如：and ...
8.介词-----起介绍作用。>>>作状语...如：in ...a^M C1n d1d)@5W
9.冠词-----能确定范围的词。>作定语...　如：a an the (共3个)
10.感叹词--发出感叹。>>独立使用... 如：Bother.去你的！Boy!哇！(好家伙!)6Nni]f'i"w\w9Q
......................................................................................eBcjRQ{1jh

第2课 10大语法定义：语法决定词法的排列顺序.*DWO~HV?7lY

1.主语----句子的主题或动作的发出者.如:My head aches.我头痛.(动态句)
2.谓语----动作.如:They sang and danced all night.他们一整夜又唱又跳。!S]U.W5l*Q
3.宾语----动作的承受者。如:The firm gave Tom a watch. ]$y-hq#J0{^
那家商行赠与TOM一块表.*TOM=间接宾语

4.表语----解释主语。 如:Cowards are cruel. 懦夫不仁。
5.定语----解释主语&宾语。如:The door opened. 　  这扇门开了。
6.状语----解释谓语动词。如:They are not cowards.  他们不是懦夫。&x`3Rg2M
7.补语----宾语的动作。 如:He made her laugh.   他让她笑。
3Z(B6kq Jy+F(id\
8.同位语--与主语。如:All you boys need to work harder."}(I'^8?d6nV-U W:A
你们全部男孩都需要再努力了。
*The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.那位教授兼作家正在会上发言。v }g+O5}r$i^

9.插入语---使句子表达得更充分些.如 To tell you the truth,I don't like chicken,either.说实话,我也不喜欢吃鸡肉。$pLz!ceL#Q9[!C8A
i@3Nl3Y;g%K^g
10.独立语---独立成句.如:Hi.你好！Yes?什么事情？
......................................................................................

第3课语法&词法 Z-`2RgF9X)[

定义:语法决定词法,词法不能决定语法.通过词法的千百万化才能激活信息载体--语法。M})u!sO'N
......................................................................................
g^VRz
第4课主语定义:只要充当主语就具有名词性质.或主题或动作的发出者.(主从关系)j+q_0S}!tB'@2Kg4qE

1.名词如 A doll is a toy.洋娃娃是一种玩具。(判断句)
  　 English is a world language.英语是一种世界性语言。(判断句)m3{O"lbR$y*X
"b5M:J]Z
2.并列主语如 Tom and Mary are flying to Hong Kong. Tom和Mary正飞往香港。a&SvC%w$so#f6}

3.代词 如 It's no use asking me.这问我没有用。(Qgp.P3U8}9p~&F+p!Z
  　  Either will be fine.两个都好. (描写句)
t9m)J~XK2V O7R
4.数词  如 One must work.人必须工作。One=人:vO'ek"XaP@ri
  　 2 and 5 are factors of 10.2和5是10的因子。Q.t*uaC
  　 One of your aircraft is missing.你们的一架飞机失踪。d~mL!{ Q
  　 2005 was when my son was born.2005是我儿子出生年。
l`3Mr5S"l2afLW
5.动宾结构如 Let's try again.让我们再试一次。

6.动名词 如 Walking is good exercise.走路是很好的锻炼。
,Yt~6tF/lt7Z7B9iT
  　 Smoking is bad for the health.吸烟有害健康。
  　 Being a good awimmer was my dream.成为一名游泳键将曾是我的梦想。

7.疑问代词如 Who's the boss in this office?谁是这间办公室的主管？(判断句)#h+pT9MU-]
8.副词 如 There is a dog here.存在句 那儿有一只狗。*There=虚拟主语#U:I!\_"y
9.不定式如 To see is to believe.眼见为实。(判断句)E t[;Ff0A!`o z)o
 To forgive is divine[di`vain].原谅别人是神圣的. (描写句) 9X7Z:GwHt1zL\

10.形容词如 Red is my favourite colour.红色是我喜爱的颜色。(判断句)   
  　 The old and the young don't always understand each other.
  　老年人与青年人不是总能够相互理解。

11.句子/扩张主语如 Where love is there is faith.哪里有爱哪里就有诺言。(动+存)9z1T Q7Ssu_z"[?y%N
  　 What you said might be true.你说的也许是真的。(动+描)
  　 When he did it is a mystery. 他何时干了这件事是个迷。(动+判)dqVS"u*g
......................................................................................
;j!cQ5G)O${
第5课谓语定义:只要充当谓语就具有动词性质。(确认关系)
~SbnG7F
1.动词  如 I insist on seeing it. 我一定要见到它。
2.形容词如 She longs for fame.她渴望成名。:R a![9{I;NY&V
   = She longs after fame. L.V_9wp
8Q$u[9S0N2^-L uI
3.形容词如 The judge fined him heavily. 法官重罚了他。
4.be动词如 Exercise is good for health.运动是有益健康的。(描写句)
cF5A_L
5.并列谓语如 We sang and danced all night.我们一整夜又唱又跳。
je(H;`H Oy
6.句子/扩张谓语如 We were talking and laughing.我们又说又笑。
8k'\ A;S%w:J0x
 We finished lunch and went shopping. (动态句)
 We fished all day,but didn't catch a thing.我们钓了1天鱼,但一条也没钓到。
U}.f},s_QO#t
 We fished all day,but we didn't catch a thing.(译文同上)
 We fished all day；we didn't catch a thing.(译文同上)
 We fished all day；however,we didn't catch a thing.(译文同上)G7pVl"{8V
...................................................................................... ,qJ0dkE-p7I+?
9B9Hp#]/z}SX3x
第6课宾语定义:只要充当宾语就具有名词性质。是动作的承受者。(主从关系)'@3D i kUQ N.\
5]*Oq?]&I9_)Q
1.代词/名词/动词如 Say it to me.(Say me it.×) 对我说一说这事。$zK.C0IS"yy pn
.W Lw7W"[l
 They gave it to him.(...him it×)他们将它赠与他。*it=直接宾语Dbj"} @xn
 Wish you success.祝你成功。   　 

 I gave the car a wash.我把汽车冲洗了一遍. *the car=间接宾语

2.并列宾语如 I met Tom and Mary.我遇见了Tom和Mary。
 　  =I met both Tom and Mary.我遇见了Tom和Mary。 *并列宾语 8C6JL$}5m Kw&p

*I met neither Tom norMary.我即没遇见Tom也没遇见Mary.
*neither+nor=not+or再如:↓
 　  =I didn't meet either Tom orMary.(译文同上)
%D{8jk"`r |9Y$eg6y
3.分词短语如 I recall seeing him.我记锝见过他。
   如 I enjoy sitting in the sun.我喜欢坐着晒太阳。 L:z YU7^n4e!{

4.不定式 如 Rabbits love to eat carrots.兔子爱吃胡萝卜。
5.介词短语如 Can you do with a sandwich for lunch? 你能吃三明治来将就午餐吗？KfT+[ Wa-a wXG

6.句子/扩张宾语如 Imagine you are a fish.幻想你自己是一条鱼。( 判 )

　 Do you know where she is? 　   　你知道他在哪儿吗?( 动+判 )
　 Tom doesn't know when he will finish work,does he?( 动+动 )

 TOM不知道他什么时侯会完成工作,他知道吗？AWA:CUN
 I wonder When he did it.我想知道他何时干了这件事。 w yc0^!P*G/u;_[jK^
6aXl V2b/A4p}V[
　 He gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.*介词on后=宾语
　就如何学一门外语他提了一些建议。U)QX1c(G"hd:Se
...................................................................................... k1wrzC?)i^7a ^Ud
2Z/u"r*cGx VXl.l
第7课表语定义:只要充当表语就具有名词&形容词的说明性质。(解释关系)iYEAyrcE
*tx)q]-c*qoZ%J
1.形容词如 She is very humble.她非常谦虚。(描写句)3|2dFr(b'H:D1Tx
  There is not much left.没有太多剩下的了.=所剩无几。(存在句)
c+D]%yn:X
2.并列表语如 It was cold and wet.天气又冷又潮湿。(描写句)
  　It wasn't cold or wet.天气不冷也不潮湿。*否定or=and%z&Zv5Xs'zg}[
   =It was neither cold norwet.天气即不冷也不潮湿. *not+or=neither+nor

2.名词如 Some friends can be a bad influence.有些朋友能带来不良的影响。yH w/iD \3d8y
+q{o#P^N
 We're living a happy life.我们正过着幸福的生活。
 They are running a race.他们正在跑一场比赛。!trHQ5y;v

3.动词如 Now it's your go.如现在轮到你走了。tn6xUg]c
4.不定式如 My housework is to clean the floor.我的家务是去清洗地板。
5.句子/扩张表语如 He is not what he used to be.他不再是过去的他了.(判+判)
0[bf~*B.|1r
　如 This is what comes of being overconfident. 这就是过于自信的结果.;NAI^TC

　 The question is whether he has signed the contract.
问题是他是否在合同上签了字。

 The question is When he did it.问题是他何时干了这件事。(判断句)'Td"|/u/Hs0?oHy
......................................................................................
SR,R[1iH7K`M
第8课定语定义:只要充当定语就具有形容词的修饰性质。(递进关系)+oDU9h3[WW

1.冠词如 They own a car.他们拥有一部车。
2.过去分词如 I don't like canned food.我不喜欢罐装食品.(动态句)R(?hD ? nTsL
3.现在分词如 I haven't finished reading the newspaper yet.
我还没有看完报报纸呢。

4.分词短语如 It's no use asking her.=There's no use asking her.j+Y5[j#B.@?
*asking her修饰use&o-x)U|!Xl$|
 问他毫无用处。(判+存) *It's=There's V,T$bC%T
 Is it any use trying to phone him?=Is there any use trying to phone him?T3w)E2g+q X2@/H
 *trying to phone him修饰use.给他大个电话有用吗?(判+存) *It's=There's#bSrA([AMdH2g
%w;?eoh'a-SL
5.副词如 This b** is very helpful.这里的这本书是很有帮助的。(描写句)
6.介词短语如 That's the end of the story.那就是故事的结尾了。( 判 )

 The girl with long hair is my classmate.留长发的女孩是我的同学。\B dGcDo1z`:[
#W$f9]CC"P \c7E
7.并列定语如 The old building opposite our school is being pulled done.
*被动/现/进 ~usS2[T

 我们学校对面的一座旧楼正在被推倒.*The old是building的并列定语

8.间隔定语
如 The horses in the meadow were being pestered by flies.*[`medou]牧草地F}#?2t~*y*@:ck

　牧场里的这些马匹不断受蝇滋骚着.*The和in the meadow =是horses的并列定语
Lrc,]:o f
9.句子/扩张定语如 Have you got the letters I sent you?
你已经收到我寄给你的那封信了吗?(动)
8\ B`-w%h:\3Ty5dr
　　 The man who stole the money ran away. 偷钱的那个人跑掉了。(动+动)!Y7zJ6ykEV;i
　　 He is the man whose car was stolen.　他就是汽车被盗的那个人。(判断句)cj._)Bd-e0M Ai
......................................................................................

第9课状语定义:只要充当状语就具有副词的性质。副词修饰:动词/副词/形容词/句子。!h-E%KIso2g`t(T
(因果关系)

1.名词/代词如 The fire lasted an hour.大火持续了一个小时.(动态句)
 He explained it to me.(...explained me...×)他对我解释了那件事。
%O*@&U~h)M u
2.副词如 The night is yet young.夜色还不深。(描写句)
4MX1E,f LlpX
3.介词短语如 I've been waiting for half an hour.我已经持续等了长达半个小时了。
 All of us passed apart from Tom. 除了TOM外，我们都通过了。*j0T)@Y'O6^^L%z#T
J H*NNHN5j6b4FW
4.介词短语如 I have no money with me.我没有带钱。(占有句)'X'Xt?7u3lzep
5.不定式 如 It is very impolite to do so.是不礼貌的，这样做。(描写句)
IDJ3t%S0R
6.动名词如 It is worth seeing. 它是值得一看。XbmF4}'L9e

 What harm is there in trying?试一试又何妨？(存在句)0yLUt5E@
 Forgive us for being late.原谅我们来迟了。(动态句) Kj8@/Q3zXg

7.并列状语如 There's a meeting at the school at 6. 'uh-P@](i/YCXX
六点钟在学校有一个会。(存在句) ? L+n~9^b
4w/K)c0M"icz
8.句子/扩张状语如 We'll go wherever we like. yN.G,\!j u:^
*wherever引导的动态句作地点状语 H4JtM~2FpEz$A
我们喜欢去哪就去哪.
......................................................................................
N G3ntwY
第10课补语定义:只要充当补语就具有说明宾语(or被动主语)的补充性质。(递进关系)

1.名词如 They made him captain of a ship.他们推举他为船长.(动态句)
G+_@1{ l9V7{
2.形容词如 They called him foolish. 他们认为他很傻的。(动态句) 2|~GWE+Wzkmm

 They made Tom redundant. 他们使TOM成了超编人员。(动态句)
 I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳,它能使我保持健康a.
`)mJOupU
3.动词如 He made her laugh. 他让她笑。(动态句)

4.现分短语如 Do you know the man talking to the boss?
你认识正在同老扳说话的人吗？

*I fould him lying on the floor.=He was lying on the floor.
我发现他躺在地板上.(动态句) 5Z9|HX*HdJ[

*I saw the car heading for me ,so I stepped aside.　
我看到汽车朝我驶来,所以我让到一旁。

5.过分短语如 We preferred the house painted white.4q!y _;sVp8p0I
我们倒喜欢那座漆成白色的房子。gf)S,i0\&l
QRrJA:UA|S
6.句子/扩张补语如 Give the public what it wants want.应满足公众的要求。(动态句)x!O^h*U:w.c
  　   =Give the public what they want want. * what引导的(动态句) = 补语
......................................................................................
R[#v.\j$c
第11课同位语定义:只要充当同位语就具有实词的同位性质。 (并列关系)n8M#g%w w Ia2|hW1Y

1.代词  如 We all had a good time on the beach. X;o:tn7t*^
在海滩上我们都玩得很开心.>占有句/过去时'~&]3mi)Xy'\.Z4@r

　   如 You yourself said so.你自己说的.>动态句/过去时
......................................................................................
dHDh#a V
第12课插入语定义:只要充当插入语就具有再次强调的插入性质。(递进关系)+q6Kn2L!E6h8]7fF

1.短语如 To her delight,she passed the exeaination.
使她高兴的是,她通过了这次考试。
@H-K"?7W$?S1P$QJ
　Being your father,I have a duty to give you advice.
作为你的父亲,我有责任劝告你。

　=As your father,I have a duty to give you advice. (}#b0I]$i&y[&\
*这里as=Being,表示‘是’的意义。
,XEv/RQ-m.u
*He wants me to take the job.I'm afraid,hawever,that I am not fit for it.    　   　 他希望我接受这工作,但我恐怕自己不能胜任。
2h2^~!M7}v"{hR2CT
*E-mail,as well as phone calls,is playing an important part in daily communication.f9S9oRJ?z5[;gwT
像电话一样,电子邮件在日常交流中也起着非常重要的作用。hT1ZY9|)H6W
/l[I5EL
It's not a very nice flat.On the other hand,it's cheap.[$B'Q rpl
这套房子虽然不大好,可是它价钱便宜。|"x-GN/zx9q
......................................................................................]5sMlFd
第13课独立语定义:只要充当独立语就具有独立短句/小句的性质。(递进关系)
"Y/A]vPhO1N
1.独立语如 The sooher,the better. 　　越快越好。:}:X*T7X&\\Ws

  　如 Just so so. 　   　　还可以。*s3w/x$co.^K
  　如 No pain,no gain!   　　不付出就没有收获！ u0DM6x a6Pi*KD
  　如 Too clod to write.Humbug!　　太冷了,没法写字？胡扯！
...................................................................................... -E7dL2y%P|V

★句子种类总结：6Zg2a"C1e G7PQ
x.ACU:c|o'V}D
从使用目的来看,可分为四类：
...................................................................................... e}7}B$j

陈述句n8_:SKvtN)_Ls#l
肯定陈述句【回答特殊疑问句】
I’m a student.回

否定陈述句【回答特殊疑问句】
She is not a worker.
$h8} oEr7H
疑问句4Mk'HLdNH&M
一般疑问句;S)PJ3tib&L:ma
Are you a student?6wp3l2{"rD5U%Sh~

特殊疑问句
What’s your mother?

选择疑问句
Is it old or new?

反意疑问句yv,GYPDP|{-ep
He is a student, isn’t he?$B)G}Z0hl
(gC}^;c(Bkk q*~;r
祈使句
肯定祈使句
Open the door.O"mS|/A].N
C JhIMfMl9Ib
否定祈使句)Pe5ooY1n4Q d
Don’t be late.Cv,pW:s+pYC%u&N3x|
"WA \9@l sK.{V5E
感叹句
what--引导#qekq&{GS
What good news it is!%j9WR*gYT8V.A8T

how--引导
How kind you are!Z;fT$u*x7coV
6?7{|M"ig[X

...................................................................................... v-dE*D7B,b
从句子结构上分，可分为：简单句/并列句/复合句3类。例如；
?WW(y*_fg|,\
I have a book.（简单句）我有一本书。mY H{P

He is a boy, but he knows a lot.（并列句）他是个孩子,但是他懂得很多。7^?_^+mD/R
"f B|8O vJ ^#|
When we were talking, he came up.（复合句）我们正在谈话的时候，他来了。
......................................................................................
T9q~1Z0bF
1.陈述句

用来叙述或否定一件事情或一种看法的句子叫陈述句，句末用句号，通常用降调。例如：

She has caught a cold.她感冒了。j-q/a!qi `
&Qk8M*e*O
He is not here. 他不在这儿。!j7eY3CT+f
0zX \X6nD
You can’t finish the work yourself.你不能自己完成这项工作。TQd8zXm4W
......................................................................................
9h^;Iq_c
2.疑问句 ⑴一般疑问句~q[.F0L{?3g_+t
7pL*o}D6A
一般疑问句用来询问一件事或一个情况是否属实，通常用yes或no来回答。
这种疑问句句末用问号、用升调。基本结构为：助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语例如： D0|-WglC

-Is he reading a book? 他正在看书吗？ ^0s`z3gCu

-Yes, he is.是的，他在看书。
;n6qBUC+Z p)a7gT
-No, he isn’t.不，他不在看书。,F6|s6Ah1@z

-Do you get up early? 你早起吗？!ONcJTsi

-Yes, I do.是的，我早起？1`-_8B(s7n-k)hcZD`

-No, I don’t.不，我不早起。

-Can he play the piano? 他会弹钢琴吗？

-Yes, he can.是的，他会。M ?o@'\
]1yLC0AO0M
-No, he can’t.不，他不会。"^m-o\n
......................................................................................

(2)特殊疑问句?r2Vy9K
"c!?4v}[#S
用疑问词引导的疑问句叫做特殊问句。这种问句不能用Yes或No来回答，用降调。其基本结构是：Oq;{x%]1jh7x
&cU$ycq6`!]
①疑问词+一般疑问句……②疑问代词（主语）+ 谓语……③疑问词（定语）+名词+一般疑问句……,js} DB

例句：-What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做什么？

-I went to the park.我去公园。v G)n(Y*W!SD
W0wl*t ul\
Who told you the news? 谁告诉你这消息的？BC/CpV

When will he arrive? 他什么时候到？csT9@`J0LN&D@

Whose book is this? 这是谁的书？9o%D X0d~xX-w]k`-K
......................................................................................

选择疑问句6sr Q"q&z)Ws{` D
x*akrS A6q_
提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种情况回答，这种问句叫选择疑问句。
中间用or连接，不用yes或no回答，语调一般是前升后降。例如：

-Is he a teacher or a doctor?他是老师还是医生？-He is a doctor.他是医生。"d|-zrGzU+s
......................................................................................
D)B5W] a P0_IP
（4）反意疑问句
zy5K-wGa:o8L ON
在陈述句之后附上一个简单句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问，n*?1E/r4b
这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句。如果反意疑问句的前一部分为肯定式，后)?a K N+TTl_5B
一部分就用否定形式；如果前一部分为否定形式，则后一部分用肯定形 c?Z@ D@MJG
式。反意疑问句的否定句用缩略形式。须用yes或no回答。其基本结构
是：陈述句+疑问尾句
......................................................................................
E#EJ0G$L;\!@hz
例如：-She is a student, isn’t she?她是个学生,对吗？-Yes, she is.是的，她是。

-He likes sports, does he?他喜欢体育运动，对吗？-No, he doesn’t.不，他不喜欢。
......................................................................................
9Rdv#l7g"s
3.祈使句7IZ.h;k2SVG$A$qd

祈使句是用来表示命令、请求或建议的句子，主语（you）通常被省略，,mW#Z0\O!RI4q
句末可用句号或感叹号。例如：

Sit down, please! 请坐下。Be careful! 小心！Don’t open the window.不要开窗。BD6s#[o w,@)h~
...................................................................................... ;XDH5b#zcFB6y

感叹句：
感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子。句末用感叹号。其句型是：8R7m%oX5g8BSXe
What+名词+主语+谓语、How +adj./adv. +主语+谓语、How+主语+谓语'VBMt b5m9V
`*AEw(a.|?9mG
例句：
What a lovely girl she is!她是个多么可爱的孩子啊！(AmS5r&T]eM

How lovely the girl is! 这女孩多么可爱啊！How they work! 他们工作多努力啊！
......................................................................................j)U)ja6O%f}
★句子成分总结：

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分，句子成分是由一个单词或词组在句中的功用来划分的。

成分l[m-U0zA
位置
作用
词类
例句Ys*@$GX:`E3K

主语1W@$`PZ'x1_c#E8p
句首5x4^vG}:s3\Y U
动作发出者
名词、代词、名词性词语、从句
The boy gets up early.4q4r;Ek-dh5OG,H,L

谓语|%Hck3K7Ig
主语后5W1Z#S ~ A)SD0F}
主语的动作、状态
动词
We work hard. PfqD-d
%se^*k4x
宾语YT2i4mxB*OoN,Zf+T
及物动词后，介词后 vr"A6{W6wVZV_
动作的承受者
名词、代词、名词性词语、从句
I saw a film last night.`:C m8wp VM7_/p

表语
系动词后
说明主语的性质、状态
名词、代、数、形、副、分词、介词短语等
The boy is strong.Epd AtaeNF

补语
宾语后、谓语后{-Q%fZ8L i
补充说明主语、宾语v5bZ@5rKHE
与表语同QG @C4w
I find it interesting.pIb"S:K

定语
名词前、后a2ehz$i(L M|7jLK`
修饰、限制名词
形容词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、分词、动名词等;hc%\-twE:~ t
It is a good book.
8]n6PpP{Z.[sq%Z
状语
句首、中、末6rT~!n6_e'K
修饰形容词、副词、动词等!n5D:Afx%va6dEN
副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、从句等4JJJ(u"R-?V
He ran fast.'hcz8gpvdq

同位语
被修饰词后et4Ee1KL~
重复指代、说明名词!ek%f/LW^WjS&H
名词、名词性词语、从句等
We each have a book.

z!lZ&pr-s4c
注意：①谓语的形式变化由主语的人称和数来限制、决定，这就是主谓一致关系。
它一般依据三项原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。例如：

She loves music. 她喜爱音乐。（语法一致）

The children are taken good care of.孩子们得到很好的照料。（语法一致）!x-b^Zj9v[\+_
/k+u BQ~Ja;]x|
Our family is a big one.我们家是个大家庭。（意义一致）z2Gg[(d&?Z,ft}'hB

The family are fond of music.这家人都喜欢音乐。（意义一致）5o$gf|qf"i[5yZ|

Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错。（就近一致）H-{l5q)?Q6Y(x
......................................................................................G|I*XA9d
Qz+uQYA
②宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语，前者表示谓语或动词所向或所为的人或物；$`2B V#ev
后者指谓语或动词的直接接受者。可接双宾的动词有：give、answer、teach、show、refuse、save、lend、send、pass、leave、bring、allow、offer等。例如：

He gave me a pen yesterday.他昨天给我一枝钢笔。-hAQB| I*a+zi

Please answer me the question.请回答我的问题。Pass me the book, please! 请把书递给我。 f;e G3M3o;Bt
......................................................................................c5B/|4{X2gd
"p;\Hj JkG*\1Z
**简单句的基本句型BC7y4VC{S{

只含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。
句子由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等组成。一般有五种基本句型。

主语+不及物动词：SV（主、谓）They came. 他们来了。The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。R'v,bB"QC/Hs
'U{X [Pz1fEf}^
主语+连系动词+表语：SVP（主、系、表）She is happy. 她幸福。Today is Sunday. 今天是星期天。)VgX3]+l8{%I
b4z#t6|z8]MrG
主语+及物动词+宾语：SVO(主/谓/宾)We need some help.我们需要帮助。
He wants to see a film. 他想看电影。!e!sJ~3x
H%D:xL!p4s,]SI
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语：SVOO（主、谓、宾、宾）j+mGdf\h,b6i
:Ofr[y,T&s_7N
Father sent me a new bike.父亲送我一辆新自行车。`0fw7zt*s
:gi jR(H!]{`
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语：SVOC（主、谓、宾、补）6Q3Dt @|p0D|
?ynZ8L P:W$y/B^0M
I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。We made him our moniter. 我们选他当班长。
Xu~{,nV9X
此外,简单句还有一种句型:“There be”存在句。其基本句型是：@c9gZ4T J*bf Jj

There +be+主语+状语/定语 psi W&Rw

There are some books on the desk.桌上有一些书。
3t\N\"Mqf
There isn’t any milk in the bottle.瓶子里没有牛奶。
......................................................................................

***并列复合句
ru_Q(tZ2}%u^^
由两个或两个以上的简单句，用并列连词连在一起的句子叫并列复合句，
其中每一个简单句叫并列分句。常见的并列连词有：but、and、or、so等。+j EU`8D)|dk @j
7wp7^}%q x
句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句

He is old, but he is still strong.他老了，但他仍然强壮。

He lost his job, so he was unhappy these days. 他丢了工作，因而这些天心情不太好。
q ?T;X;G\}*V
I went home and she stayed at school. 我回家了，她留在学校。
......................................................................................3L1fm-]#p#B
wN.c0^kd
***主从复合句
Q j6v(kq gX!dp
主从复合句由一个主句和一个或更多的从句构成。可以分为：状语从句、名词性从句"^9gW:Z?3s&t
（主语、表语、宾语、同位语从句）。#G&] b4m9~2^e#f'A t

**状语从句dUt#DmWF.{,y
......................................................................................,G#NHT8h5J#U~
3L8BE!d-UU$U2V
状语从句是表示时间、地点、方式等内容的主谓结构。状语从句在句中作状语。
状语从句的分类及连词如下表：
NQ"_7X9@y;~2g+o`HN,Z
状从分类z)Pr o;C,V(T!U|QQ w
连词
!Z ^CZ^O'u!Ll
时间
when、while、as、before、after、since、till、until、once、as soon as、whenever
uyr/`sit:h
地点p,A'@2H Vk.T
where、whereveru*h4[ ` a9x,`)u

原因cBRo-^}BN
because、since、as、now thatS!\sAo K

目的F3VO8\}AE,EK.Y7dJ
so、that、so that、in order that、in case2K;N+T$q9q"@s-g
r[zW;wR8bY2{S
条件)G N6|,wPlmq*\.U
if、unlessDg'f(eT sl
r"z${\&b.hx%S$h4g!G/Kq
方式Vy0tl yg }#fvf
as、as if(as though)/Dy|^#xse1BO

结果
so、so that、such…that
b o]Z[oo
让步
though、even if、however

比较8h!Me\r
as、than._8vIw0eecZ#t
#a0w$e-G.o
PsXy jp o:kyl9QU
例句：
......................................................................................

We stooped talking as soon as he came in.他一进来，我们就停止了说话。（时间状从）2ib uVq:H4Q
4N6?!KSaDT
When he stood up, he dropped the glass.他站起来时，将杯子掉在了地上。（时间状从） AW:ae*iF
[M#z4c^0b\I9h
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。（地点状从）a({%mt t zR O

He did it because he wanted to do it.他做那件事，是因为他想做。（原因状从）ZMh i Y&`
4o[K5MhE:f:i
I read it louder in order that everybody could hear.
为了让大家听得见，我大声朗读。（目的状从）

You will make progress if you work hard.你如果努力，就会取得进步。（条件状从）p%HLiy.DOt3~
Kf.r[UG0M
All plants need air as they need water.
所有植物都需要空气，正如它们需要水一样。（方式状从） Q2a?.JR f'y

They missed the bus, so they were late for class.;I Z]x?:pk
他们误了车,所以上课迟到了。（结果状从）

He went on with his work though he was very tired.5p2Rm/k{tl
尽管很累,他还是继续工作。（让步状从）uq#]3Y?A;E|(l

He runs faster than I.他跑得比我快。（比较状从）
......................................................................................%RA}V6C8VYq
定语从句.@:cTh e4M+_h

作定语用的从句叫定语从句。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和从句之间起联系作用，)?(k3AC1V*q|
并充当句中的一个成分。L3p3H3V th2Q
iIqW.AT!nx#\bV
**由关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词
例句Y)fRy3Hgd
:Lv3x+mQ$F D
that
指物C:j|9?Q6IQa'MG
This is the book(that) I bought yesterday.(作宾语)
yp/cu#C2ni#J
指人
Who is the man that stands there? (作主语)&R6teE0fP.u

which
指物
This is the house(which) I want.(作宾语)
y:]@1[5@&X)R
The house which belongs to me is over there.（作主语）S:h5LI:n'K'\

who whom
指人T6uY}x}:}-K'}
That’s the lady who teaches me. (作主语).r5jsh6pH?1z

That’s the girl(whom) I teach. (作宾语)
)~ \+||MT~&M
whose
指人zm&X)\X5p"n }"?5}(?v
Do you know the girl whose name is Mary.(作定语)4rb+Jwz2vR

指物
The house whose door is newly painted is mine. (作定语)
f*ip2N NorE%Y

** 由关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词
例句
'~eKM{2` Bm
when指时间
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(F]me~ e5o9?

where指地点
The hotel where we are staying is expensive./`:a6me3R,e

why指原因:v0`J6By8d+_3~bF
I don’t know the reason why he left.tk @w n s
-t2}} Ud7v![riP0^l
usKx r1k@5^9d
(3)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句/p8hUhz X

①限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。8Q{#Fx?1uK
这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开。例如：

They have a daughter who is at school.他们有一个还在上学的女儿。
u8DgU'FS^8Z
That’s the day where he was born. 那就是他出生的那天。

②非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意
思仍然很清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that。例如：

They have a daughter, who is at school. 他们有个女儿，她还在上学。

I like the book, which I bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书，我昨天买到它。
3Gsnzb1qD
注意：that可以用来表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词，代替关系副词when、where、why，
在口语中that可以省略。6o7IF1x!b,Qz6u
i'A)_[H n9?2N{
The house (where/that) he lives is near here. 他住的房子在附近。
,d#ixK/[)p1s}(J(E
The reason(why/that) he was absent was that he was ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。
b Xr#j:n`d\9m
**that和which在从句中作主语时，不能省略；作宾语时，在口语和非正式文体中经常省略。B,^7?}|!F%Ce'S
Whom也常省略。whom、which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。2l4vQZ6_,J-e
为了使关系代词紧跟着它所修饰的词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。如：

This is the place in which we worked last year.
'y|,Jy'x G"q
This is the place which we worked in last year.这是我们去年工作过的地方。

下列情况只能用关系代词that：指事物的先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词或all、no、
only any、every、little、much、the very等修饰时，常用that引导定语从句。如：
tRp!O&o
This is the best film that I’ve ever seen. 这是我所看过的最好的影片。"_ U k oc,Ma
;`K&fx:F,\3cqfRG
The only thing that I want to do is to swim. 我唯一想做的事，就是游泳。
8b/M"@)dH!cU
先行词是不定代词如：all、little、much、may、everything、anything等，
常用that引导定语从句。如：
D7Q3gXq6p$q|EL"h
She saw much that was bad. 她看到许多不好之处。K,Xepc;q#OYl

疑问词who、which等提问时，关系代词用that。如：Dexkt`

Who is the girl that I met just now? 我刚才碰到的女孩是谁？uV_1KLhVQ
~&O)[ ]1uI(P/y
先行词指人和物两个词时，需用关系代词that。如： xnyP5P

Look at the girl and the dog that are crossing the street.4dob{6r,WOA
瞧,正在过马路的那个女孩和那只狗。
......................................................................................
**宾语从句
`FZ;W&b2S*X&Mw
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句，它可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语和某些形容词的宾语。(xhQ2kvd@W,w;O
引导宾语从句的连词有that(在口语中常省略)、从属连词if、whether和疑问代词what、which、
who、whom及疑问副词when、where、how、why等。例如：9UUOi!kgs$XM

He told me that be was wrong. 他告诉我说他错了。h1Q5I,L'mX
%^4kSEWC
I’m surprised that he left. 我很吃惊他离开了。&u'T LZ2}

I don’t know whether he likes the film. 我不知道他是否喜欢这部影片。

Are you sure when he arrived? 你能肯定他是何时离开的吗？
4qg V~bB@+y |!i
注意：如果主句的谓语是过去时,宾语从句的时态应转成相应的过去时。如：
*z^mWP6y^7c
He said that he would come again.他说他会再来的。3n ]0UKea
:C P@:WK8C
He wanted to know who had stolen the money.他想知道谁偷了这笔钱。/I:y;Ar#caZ{)u
@'ZGJ~qW0p}
She asked me if I was going to the cinema.她问我是否去看电影。/Mo.f!Wp@y2k

在动词think、believe等后面的宾语从句中的否定词经常前移。例如：

I don’t think he is right. 我认为他不对。KuQ {#}/or$S \G
.?,[ MF ufd
I don’t believe he has finished the work.我相信他没完成工作。

转载请注明出自bbs.kaoyan.com,本贴地址:http://bbs.kaoyan.com/viewthread.php?tid=2065728

2008-5-12 14:55 sihaiweijia11

up![em:18]

页: [1]

查看完整版本: 语法与10种词

热门搜索：出国留学 | MBA | 英语口语 | 职业培训 | 英语培训 | 笔记本 | 求职