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Lecture 2 Edwards and Franklin
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(In most course books, this part is called the 18th century literature. And Jonathan Edwards is not included and is put to the colonial period. However, Philip Freneau should be included in this chapter.)
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(Putting these two characters together, the author may means to compare these two. The comparison is mentioned several times in the text on P27 and P32.)
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1. Historical Background
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⑴ American Revolution
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(Strict rules made by English government prevented the economic development of the colonies. It was unfair. So American Independence War broke.)
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◆ 1775, Lexington, beginning of the Independence War
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◆ June 4th, 1776, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence
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◆ 1778, alliance with France, turning point for American army
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◆ 1778, English army surrendered
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◆ 1783, formal recognition from Britain government
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⑵ Enlightenment (启蒙运动)
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(Review English Literature, 18th century, Addison, Steele and Pope, Classicism)
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◆ Originated in Europe in the 17th century
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◆ Resources: Newton’s theory; deism（自然神教派，课本P28，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）; French philosophy (Rousseau, Voltaire)
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◆ Basic principles: stressing education; stressing Reason (Order) (The age has been called Age of Reason.); employing Reason to reconsider the traditions and social realities; concerns for civil rights, such as equality and social justice
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◆ Significance: accelerating social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanism; making spiritual preparation for American Revolution
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◆ Representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson etc.
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◆ Influence on literature
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In form: imitating English classical（古典主义）writers
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In content: utilitarian tendency (for political or educational purpose)
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2. Jonathan Edwards (1703—1758) (last important figure in Puritan tradition)
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⑴ Life
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◆ Born in a very religious New England family
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◆ Graduated from Yale
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◆ Worked as a minister and was an important figure in “Great Awakening” (a serious of religious revivals which occurred in the 1730s and 1740s on North America continent)
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◆ Dismissed from his position because of fierce religious controversy at that time
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◆ Lived and meditated in solitude; wrote some books (P29)
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⑵ Analysis
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◆ Influenced by the new ideas of Enlightenment, such as empiricism
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◆ Still a pious Puritan
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◆ His sense of God’s overwhelming presence in nature and in soul anticipated the Transcendentalism. (P32)
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◆ First modern American and the country’s last medieval man
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3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
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⑴ Life—Jack of all trades
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◆ Born in a poor candle maker’s family in Boston
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◆ No regular education
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◆ Became a apprentice of a printer when he was 12
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◆ A editor of a newspaper and published lots of essays when he was 16
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◆ Went to Philadelphia when he was 17
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◆ A successful printer and publisher
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◆ Retired when he was 42
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◆ A scientist with lots of inventions and a famous experiment (kite, electricity, thunderstorm)
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◆ A famous statesman (the only America who once signed all the four documents that created the new country) (P33)
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◆ An example who made American Dream come true
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⑵ Literary works
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◆ Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理的年历》
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Modeled on farmers’ annual calendar; kept publishing for many years; includes many classical sayings, such as “A penny saved is a penny earned.” (P34)
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◆ The Autobiography—first of its kind in literature
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Writing when he was 65
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An introduction of his life to his own son
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Including four parts written in different time
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Puritanism’s influence, such as self-examination and self-improvement (timetable, thirteen virtues, life style)
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Enlightenment spirits (man’s nature good, rights of liberty, virtues includes “order”)
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Style: simple, clear in order, direct and concise (“Nothing should be expressed in two words that can as well be expressed in one.”) (Puritanism’s influence)
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Popular, still well-read today, his values and style influenced lots of Americans
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4. Homework
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Preview Chapter 3.
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